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Lectures by Dr. Jong B. Lee, PhD

Introduction to Biology

RPTSE BIO Fall 2015 Jong B. Lee, PhD, All rights reserved.

Introduction to Biology – Fall 2015

• Class Hour: Friday 6:00PM-10:00PM– Sept. 18, Oct. 02, Oct. 16, Oct. 23, Nov. 13, Dec. 04

• Class room:

• Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

• Course Website: will be given momentarily

mailto:[email protected]



• Description of Introduction to Biology

‒ This introductory course defines biology and its relationship to other

sciences. We examine the overarching theories of life from biological

research and also explore the fundamental concepts and principles of

the study of living organisms and their interaction with the

environment. We will examine how life is organized into hierarchical

levels; how living organisms use and produce energy; how life grows,

develops, and reproduces; how life responds to the environment to

maintain internal stability; and how life evolves and adapts to the

environment.

‒ 본 생물학 입문과정은 기초 생물학에대한 정의 및 다른 과학과목들과의관계를 통해 생물학의 다양성을제공한다. 생물학 연구를 통한 생명의중요한 이론을 검토하고살아있는 유기체의기본 개념 및 원리 및환경과의상호작용을 탐구한다. 우리는 어떻게 생명이 계층적으로구성, 어떻게 살아있는 유기체가 에너지를사용 및 생산, 어떻게 생명이 성장, 발전 및 재생, 어떻게 생명이 내부 안정성을 유지하기 위해 환경에 응답및 어떻게 생명이 진화하고 환경에 적응하는지를검토한다.



• Objectives

– Understanding the basic structure and function of living

organisms and biological concepts and understand a

wide variety of topics in an integrated phenomenon of

life (생명체의기본적인구조와기능및생물학개념을이해하고생명현상의다양한주제를통합적으로이해)

– To understand the basic concepts in the life sciences has

the goal to induce a deep thinking on life phenomena

(생명과학의기본개념을이해하여생명현상에대한깊이있는사고를유도)

– Understand the components that make up the organism

by chemical (생명체를구성하는성분을화학적으로이해)



• Course outcomes:

– The student will investigate the structure and function of plant and

animal cells.

– The student will investigate how plants produce food, and discover

that plants and animals use food to sustain life.

– The student will study the basic structure of DNA and understand

the basic principles of inheritance.

– The student will understand the characteristics and criteria used to

classify microorganisms, plants and animals into Domains and

Kingdoms.

– The student will understand that living things have evolved over

time.

– The student will investigate how living things interact with one

another and with non-living elements of their environment.

– The student will understand plant and animal structures and

functions.



• Class Discussion

– Communication is very important in achieving our

collective goals and objectives

– Feel free to voice your opinions and ask questions

anytime during a class period

– Remember you are here to learn and I am here to teach

and that teaching and learning are intertwined

– So you can help me teach you as much as I can help you

learn

– I urge you to be an active participant in the learning

process and recognize that it takes a team effort to

realize meaningful things in life



• Topic Covered

– Scientific Research of the Life (생명현상의과학적연구)

– Essential Chemistry of the Life (생명의화학적이해)

– Molecules Organization of the Life (세포의구성분자)

– A Tour of Life (세포로의여행)

– Response inside cell or Working Cell (세포내반응)

– Produce Energy of the cell (세포의에너지생성)

– Food production by photosynthesis (빛을이용한식량생산)

– Reproduction and development of the cell (세포의생식과유전)

– Gene development method (유전양식)

– Molecular biology of gene (유전자의분자생물학)

– Control of gene expression (유전자발현의조절)

– DNA control technology and human’s gene (DNA 조작기술과인간의유전체)

– Evolution (진화)

– The origin of species (종의기원)

– Ecology (생태학)

– Ecology and Biosphere (생태학및생물학)

– Population Ecology (조직군생태학)



• Textbook

– Campbell Essential Biology, 5th Edition, by E. J. Simon, J.

L. Dickey, J. B. Reece, ISBN-13: 978-0321788238, Pearson

Education, Inc.

• References

– Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, 4th Edition,

by E. J. Simon, J. L. Dickey, J. B. Reece, ISBN-13: 978-

0321772602, ISBN-10: 0321772601, Pearson Education,

Inc.

– Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 7th Edition,

by J. B. Reece, M. R. Taylor, E. J. Simon and J. L. Dickey,

ISBN-13: 978-0321696816, ISBN-10: 0321696816,

Pearson Education, Inc.



• Complete class syllabus and rule will be given today

– Class syllabus can be changed without pre-notification

– Please check at course website

• PLEASE READ Syllabus CAREFULLY, and let me

know if you have any questions



• Exams and Quizzes

– Mid Term: 30%

– Final Exam: 30%

– Project (or Report): 30%

o Team project will be given

– Homework assignments and class participation:

10%

– Total: 100%



• Requirements

– Attendance: Regular attendance is required and class

participation is expected. Roll will be called at the

beginning of class. If you are tardy for a class it is your

responsibility to let the instructor know after class has

ended.

– Homework or report assignments: All class assignment

should be completed prior to the next meeting. Late

assignments will not be accepted without the prior

permission of the instructor.

– Reports will be graded based on the technical content and

the presentation of the content material.



• Grade

– How to curve an exam and assign grades

We have all given exams where the grades end up

lower than we hoped.

If the class does significantly lower than I think they

should have, I will consider curving the exam. How

do I do it?

What’s the goal of the curve?

How do I curve an exam?

o Flat scale

o Least squares regression

o Linear scale



• Grading Policy

– Only neatly written problems will be graded

– A correct answer without a correct outline of the work

will not carry any grade

– All incorrect work must be clearly crossed out on the

page

– In cases where more than one solution is presented for a

problem, the solution with the most errors will be

graded

– Class attendance and participation in discussions are

not strongly recommended, it is mandatory



• Questions

– Please raise your hand or stop me at any time when you

have a question.

• Please do not talk to your classmates during the

lecture. If you absolutely need to speak with

someone, please feel free to go out the classroom

– Please shut down your cell phone!!!



• Class Materials

– Lecture notes will be provided prior to or after the

class time through School Secretary



• Course Schedule & OutlineWeek # Dates Topics

1 Sept. 18

Ch. 1 Biology Today

Ch. 2 Essential Chemistry

Ch. 3 Molecules of Life

Ch. 4 Tour of Lift

2 Oct. 02

Ch. 5 Working Cell

Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration

Ch. 7 Photosynthesis

Ch. 8 Cell Reproduction

3 Oct. 16

Ch.9 Patterns of Inheritance

Ch. 10 DNA: Structure and Function

Ch. 11 How Genes are Controlled

Midterm Exam - TBD

4 Oct. 23

Ch. 12 DNA Technology

Ch. 13 How Populations Evolve

Ch. 14 Biology Diversity

Ch. 15 Evolution of Microbial Live

5 Nov. 13

Ch. 16 Plants and Fungi

Ch. 17 Evolution of Animals

Ch. 18 Introduction to Ecology

6 Dec. 04

Ch. 19 Population Ecology

Ch. 20 Communities/Ecosystems

Final Exam and Project Presentation



• Read the syllabus in detail!

• Course information is subject to change, so

always check here for the latest info

• Welcome, good luck, and enjoy

Lectures by Dr. Jong B. Lee, PhD

Chapter 1

Introduction: Biology Today


Living in a Golden Age of Biology

• We are living in a golden age of biology

• Biology provides exciting breakthroughs

changing our culture.

– Molecular biology is solving crimes

and revealing ancestries.

– Ecology helps us address

environmental issues.

– Neuroscience and evolutionary

biology are reshaping psychology

and sociology.


• Biology is the scientific study of life: It’s a subject of

enormous scope that gets bigger every year.

The Scope of Life

• What is life?

: The phenomenon of life seems to defy a simple, one-

sentence definition.

The properties of Life

모든 생물에서공통적인특징 : 무생물과생물의구분

① 질서(order) : 모든 생물은복잡한 구조를가지고있다

② 조절(regulation) : 외부 환경은다양하게변할 수 있다. 그러나조절 기작은 생명이

유지될수 있는 범위내에서 생명체의내부 환경을 유지한다

③ 성장과 발생(growth and development)

④ 에너지의이용(energy utilization)

⑤ 환경에 대한 반응(response to the environment)

⑥ 생식(reproduction)

⑦ 진화(revolution)


f Reproduction

g Evolutiona Order b Regulation

c Growth and development d Energy utilization

The properties of Life

e Response to the environment


Figure 1.2.1

Life at Its Many Levels

• Biologists explore life at

levels ranging from the

biosphere (생물권) to the

molecules that make up cells

• At each new level, novel

properties emerge (새로운

성질의출현), properties that

were not part of the

components of the

proceeding level. “The

whole is greater than the

sum of its parts”Ex) Life emerges at the level of

cell

(생물권)

(생태계)

(군집)

(개체군)(유기체)

(장기군)

(장기)

(세포)(조직)


Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Organ Systems

and Organs

Tissues

Cells

Organelles

Molecules and Atoms

Atom

Nucleus

(생물권)

(생태계)(군집)

(개체군)

(유기체)

(장기군및장기)

(세포기관)

(세포)

(조직)


Biosphere (생물권)


Ecosystems (생태계)

Communities (군집)


Populations (개체군)

Organisms (유기체)


Organ Systems and Organs (장기군및장기)


Tissues (조직)Figure 1.2e


Organelles (세포기관)

Cells (세포)

Nucleus

Figure 1.2f


Molecules and Atoms

(분자및원자)

Atom

Figure 1.2g


• Population (개체군 ): Groups of interacting individuals of

one species (ex: A herd of zebras)

The next: Organisms organ systems organs

tissues cells molecules atoms

• The biosphere (생물권) is enriched by a great variety of

ecosystems (생태계).

All the environments on Earth that support life

• An ecosystem (생태계): consists of all organisms in a

particular area, as well as the nonliving, physical

components of the environment that affect the organisms

• Community (군집): All the organisms in a particular area


• Each organism interacts continuously with its

environment, which includes other organisms as well

as nonliving factors.

Ecosystems (생태계)

– Both organisms and environment are affected by the

interactions

– Ecology is the branch of biology that investigates

these relationships between organisms and their

environment


The dynamics of Ecosystem

The dynamics of any

ecosystem depend on

two processes

– Cycling of

nutrients

(recycle)

– Flow of energy

(one way)

Figure 1.3

Chemicalenergy (food)


The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform

all activities required for life

Cells and Their DNA

– All organisms are composed of cells

(unicellular and multicellular)

– Cells: basis for all reproduction, growth, and repair


• We can distinguish two major types of cells

– Prokaryotes (원핵생물): bacteria

– Eukaryotes (진핵생물): bacteria 이외의모든생물, 보통식물, 동물들


Prokaryotic cell

Nucleoid

region

Organelles

Nucleus

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

(bacterium)

•

Simpler structure•

•

•

Smaller

DNA concentrated innucleoid region, whichis not enclosed bymembrane

Lacks most organelles

•

Eukaryotic cell

Larger

More complexstructure

Nucleus enclosedby membrane

Contains many

•

•

•

•

types of organelles

(원핵생물)


• The prokaryotic cell (원핵생물)

is simpler and smaller and

contains no organelles (세포기관)

• The eukaryotic cell is more

complex and contains

organelles

• The nucleus (세포핵) is the largest organelle in most

eukaryotic cells

• Eukaryotic cells is subdivided by internal membranes into

organelles.


– Genes are the units of

inheritance that transmit

information from parents to

offspring (자식)

• The language of DNA contains

just four letters: A, G, C, TFigure 1.5

• Though very different in structural

complexity, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

have much in common at the molecular level

• All cells use DNA as the chemical material of

genes (유전자)


Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to

manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms

human insulin hormone production in bacteria

It is only possible because biological information is

written in the universal chemical language of DNA

How is bacteria able to produce human insulin?


Human genome의 sequence 해독 완성: 2001

– The entire “book” of genetic instructions of an

organism : “Genome”

– Human: 3.2 x 109 base pairs

– The genome sequences of other species

(E. coli (대장균), fruit fly (초파리), mouse) are

completed

– Genomics (유전체학) – a branch of biology that studies

whole genomes


Diversity is the hallmark (상징) of life

Life in Its Diverse Forms

– The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million

species (종) (insects: more than 1 million)

– Estimates of the total diversity range from 10

million to over 200 million species


Grouping Species: The Basic Concepts

• Biodiversity (생물의

다양성) can be both

beautiful and

overwhelming

• Taxonomy (분류체계)

is the branch of

biology that names

and classifies species

o It formalizes the

hierarchical ordering

of organismsFigure 1.7


DO

MA

IN

BA

CT

ER

IAD

OM

AIN

AR

CH

AE

A

DO

MA

IN E

UK

AR

YA

Kingdom Plantae (식물계)

Kingdom Fungi (균류)

Kingdom Animalia (동물계)

Protists (원핵생물) (multiple kingdoms)

TE

MC

olo

rized

TE

M

The Three Domains of Life

The kingdoms of life can now be

assigned to three even higher

levels of classification called

domains. (Bacteria (세균류), Archaea (고세균류), Eukarya (진핵생물류))


Bacteria and Archaea (고세균류) are both prokaryotic domains (원핵생물군)

Figure 1.8.2


DOMAIN EUKARYA

Kingdom Plantae 식물계 Kingdom Fungi 곰팡이 (균) 계

Kingdom Animalia 동물계 Protists 원생생물계 multiple kingdoms: Generally single celled

LM

Eukarya includes at least four kingdoms


• These three multicellular kingdoms (식물, 동물, 곰팡이) are

distinguished by how they obtain food.

– Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by

photosynthesis (광합성).

– Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead

organisms.

– Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other

organisms.

• Those eukaryotes that do not fit into the other three

kingdoms are referred the as the protists: generally

singled cells (amoebas..) and multicellular seaweeds


Underlying (근본) the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure

What can account for this combination of unit and diversity?

“Evolution”

Unity (통일성 ) in the Diversity of Life

Ex: The universal genetic language of DNA, in

another words, all life uses the genetic language

of DNA


The history of

life is a saga

(무용담) of a

restless Earth

billions of years

old

EVOLUTION: BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME

: Fossils

document this

history


Ancestral

bear

Common ancestor of

polar bear and brown bear

Giant panda

Spectacled bear

Sloth bear

Sun bear

American black bear

Asiatic black bear

Polar bear

Brown bear

30 25 20 15 10 5

Millions of years ago

• All of life

is connected

• Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life

extending back in time (화석기록과유전적정보를근거로)


The

evolutionary

view of life

came into focus

in 1859 when

Charles

Darwin

published The

Origin of

Species (종의기원)

The Darwinian View of Life


The Darwinian View of Life

생물의 다양성과 공통점은 진화로 설명된다

– 자연선택에의한종의기원 (1859년 11월, 찰스로버트다윈 Charles Robert Darwin)

– 생명의다양성에내재된공통점을어떻게설명할수있는지를진화를통해보여주었다.

– 진화를자연선택(natural selection)으로설명하였다.


Darwin’s book developed two main points

1) Contemporary species (동시대종) arose from a

succession of ancestors

◦ Darwin called this evolutionary history of species “descent with modification”

(변형되어혈통잇기 곧진화를일컬음)

2) Natural selection (자연선택; 진화의작동원리)

Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with

modification, he called this process natural selection.


Natural Selection

• Darwin was particularly struck by the

diversity of animals on the Galapagos

Islands.

• He thought of adaptation to the environment and the

origin of new species as closely related processes

– If some geographic barrier (an ocean separating

islands) isolated two populations of a single species,

the populations could diverge more and more in

appearance as each adapted to local environmental

conditions. Over many generations, the two

populations could become dissimilar enough to be

designated separate species


자연선택1) 단일 종의 딱정벌레 그룹으로 몸

색깔이 다르고 , 교배가 가능한개체들로 이루어진 집단이다 .자연선택이 적용되려면 개체군에는반드시 유전적 변이가 존재하여야 한다.

2) 딱정벌레의 천적인 새가 눈에 잘띄 는 노 란 색 딱 정 벌 레 를 잘잡 아 먹 는 다 . 결 국 노 란 색딱 정 벌 레 는개체수가 줄어들 것이다.

3) 눈에 잘 띄지 않는 색을 가진딱정벌레만 살아남아 번식하게된다. 결국 원래의 그룹과 달라진딱정벌레 그룹이 생기게 된다.

한 개체가 다른 개체들에 비해환경에 잘 적응하면 생식률이 높아지며 이는 자연선택된다.종의 진화는 오랜 시간에 걸쳐자연선택에 의해 야기된 미세한변화들이 축적된 결과라고 설명하였다.


천산갑 : 여러겹으로된비늘갑옷, 혀


범고래 : 음파탐지능력


• Conclusion:

“ Unequal reproductive success”

– It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin

called natural selection

– The product of natural selection is adaptation, the

accumulation of favorable variations in a population

over time


Observing Artificial Selection (인위선택)

Artificial selection is the selective breeding of

domesticated plants and animal by humans (humans were

substituting for the environment in screening heritable trait)


b Domesticated dogs descended from wolves

Domesticated dogs Gray wolves


The Process of Science (과학적연구과정)

• The word science is derived from a Latin verb

meaning “to know.”

• Science is a way of knowing.

• Science developed from people’s curiosity about

themselves and the world around them.

• This basic human drive to understand is manifest in two

main scientific approaches: discovery science(발견과학, 귀납) and hypothesis-driven science (가설-유도과학, 연역)


1. Discovery Science

• Verifiable observations and measurements are the data

of discovery science.

– In biology, discovery science enables us to describe

life at its many levels.

Ex) Darwin’s careful description of the diverse plants and animals, The sequencing of the human genomes,


• Discovery science can

lead to important

conclusions based on

a type of logic called

inductive reasoning (귀납)

: An inductive conclusion is

a generalization that

summarizes many

concurrent observations.

(specific general)


추론의대표적인방법

연역법 (Deductive Method): 일반적인 원리를가지고 구체적이고 특수한 사실을 증명하는 방법– 모든동물은죽는다. -- 대전제 (일반적원리)

o 사람은 동물이다. -- 소전제 (구체적 사실)

o 그러므로사람은 죽는다. -- 추 론 (구체적 원리)

귀납법 (Inductive Method): 여러 가지 구체적인사실에서 공통적으로 나타난 현상을 통해 일반적인원리를 이끌어내는 방법

– 사람은죽는다.

o 소도죽는다.

o 돼지도 죽는다.

o 개도 죽는다.

o 사람, 소, 돼지, 개는 동물이다.

o 그러므로모든동물은죽는다. -- 추론(일반적원리)


Observation:

My flashlightdoesn’t work.

Question:What’s wrong

with myflashlight?

Prediction:If I replace thebatteries, theflashlight will

work.

Experiment:I replace the

batteries withnew ones.

Experimentsupports

hypothesis;

make additionalpredictions

and test them.

Experiment does

not supporthypothesis; revise

hypothesis orpose new one.

Revise

Hypothesis:The flashlight’s

batteries

are dead.

2. Hypothesis-Driven Science

• The observations of discovery science stimulate us to

ask questions and seek explanations As a formal process

of inquiry , the scientific method consists of series of steps.


• In the process of science, the deduction usually

takes the form of predictions about experimental

results.

• Then the hypothesis is tested by performing an

experiment to see whether results are as predicted.

• A hypothesis is a tentative answer to some question.

: It is an explanation on trial.


The Process of Science: Is Trans Fat Bad for You?

• One way to better understand how the process of science

can be applied to real-world problems is to examine

a case study, an in-depth examination

of an actual investigation.

• Dietary fat comes in different forms.

: Trans fat is a non-natural form produced through

manufacturing processes.


• A hypothesis-driven study published in 2004

– Started with the observation that human body fat

retains traces of consumed dietary fat.

– Asked the question: Would the adipose tissue

(지방조직) of heart attack patients be different from a

similar group of healthy patients?

– Formed the hypothesis that healthy patients’ body

fat would contain less trans fat that the body fat in

heart attack victims.

• The researchers set up an experiment to determine the

amounts of fat in the adipose tissue of 79 patients who

had a heart attack.


• The results showed significantly higher levels of trans

fat in the bodies of the heart attack patients.

• They compared these patients

to the data for 167 patients

who had not had a heart

attack.

• This is an example of a

controlled experiment, in

which the control and

experimental groups differ

only in one variable—the

occurrence of a heart attack.


The Culture of Science

• Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier

research: They pay close attention to contemporary

scientists working on the same problem.

• Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific

culture: Scientists check the conclusions of others by

attempting to repeat experiments.


Science, Technology, and Society

• Science and technology are interdependent.- New technologies advance science.

- Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.

ex) the discovery of the structure of DNA about 50

years ago led to a variety of DNA technologies.

• Technology has improved our standard of living in

many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.

- Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled

the human population to double to nearly 7 billion in

just the past 40 years.

- The environmental consequences of this population

growth may be devastating.


There are many examples of natural selection in action

Evolution connection: Evolution in our Everyday Lives

– Antibiotics have saved millions of human lives, but

there’s a dark side: It has driven the evolution of

antibiotic-resistant populations of bacteria.

– The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is

one (예: 결핵균)

Figure 1.16


• It is important to note that adaptation of antibiotic-

resistant bacteria does not mean that the drugs created

the favorable characteristics.

• Instead, the environment screened the heritable

(상속가능한) variations that existed among individualsof a population and favored the ones best suited to

present conditions.


• Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species

fueled an explosion in biological research

– Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated,

most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories

– Dobzansky (1973)

“ Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of

evolution”

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology


연습문제

1. 발견과학과가설-유도과학의차이점은?

2. 진핵생물과원핵생물의차이점은?

3. 생명체에서통일성을나타내는화학적 기초는?

4. 다윈의 자연선택에서집단이 어떻게 환경에적응하게 되는지설명하라

5. 광합성 식물이 탄소와에너지의 흐름에작용하는 역할을설명하라

6. 과학기술이란무엇인가?

introduction to biology - new york institute of technologyiris.nyit.edu/~jlee26/pics/rptse/rptse bio...

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