Introduction to BALAAGHA

Art of Eloquence

Lesson Five

From AL-BALAAGHA AL-WAADHEHA

Modifications by

Sheikh Safdar Razi

Type of TASHBEEH Moshabah - Described

Moshabah behe – Source of Description

Wajhu Shabah – Point of Similarity

Adat – (Tools) Particles of Similarity

Sentence has the following Type of Tashbeeh

Aliyun Shojaa Kal Asad

Aliyun Asad Shajaa’a Kaaf MorsalMufasal (Also known as Regualr Tashbeeh)

Aliyun Asadun Fee Shojaa’atehe

Aliyun Asad Shajaa’a x MoakkadMufasal

Aliyun Kal Asad

Aliyun Asad x Kal MojmalMorsal

Aliyun Asade Aliyun Asad x x Mojmal and Moakad – aslo known as Baleegh

Absence of Some Components MORSAL - Unlinked – ADAAT is still present (both components are separated and unlinked because of the ADAAT. But in MOAKKAD when the ADAAT is removed both (Asad & Lion) are connected to each other in a way that the description is emphasized.

MOAKKAD - Emphasis- ADAAT is removed

MUFASAL – Detailed – WAJHU SHABA is present

MOJMAL - Vague : WAJHU SHABA is removed

When MOJMAL and MOAKKAD are combined then it forms BALEEGH.

Type of TASHBEEH Moshabah - Described

Moshabah behe – Source of Description

Wajhu Shabah – Point of Similarity

Adat – (Tools) Particles of Similarity

Sentence has the following Type of Tashbeeh

Sura Noor Ayat 35Allahu Noor wa Samawati

NOOR (light of Allah swt)ZOJAAJAT (glass of the lamp)

MISHKAAT (Niche)KOWKABON DORRIYON (shinning planet)

The spreading in the surrounding (not mentioned)

KAAF

KA-UNNAHA

MORSAL MOJMAL

م:ص8ب6اح3 ف:يه6ا ك6م:ش8ك6اة? نHور:ه: Hم6ث6ل ر8ض:و6ال8أ6 الس6Rم6او6ات: HورHن H6هRالل

ش6ج6ر6ة? م:ن Hوق6دHي 3Rي:RرHد ك6و8ك6ب3 ن6Rه6اك6أ6 Hج6اج6ةHRالز زHج6اج6ة? ف:ي Hال8م:ص8ب6اح

ل6م8 و6ل6و8 Hض:يءHي ز6ي8تHه6ا Hي6ك6اد غ6ر8ب:ي6Rة? و6ال6 ش6ر8ق:ي6Rة? 6Rال ز6ي8تHون:ة? مHRب6ار6ك6ة? H6هRالل Hو6ي6ض8ر:ب ي6ش6اء م6ن ل:نHور:ه: H6هRالل ي6ه8د:ي نHور? ع6ل6ى نHRور3 ن6ار3 Hت6م8س6س8ه

ع6ل:يم ش6ي8ء? :RلHب:ك H6هRو6الل ل:لن6Rاس: م8ث6ال63ال8أ6

[Shakir 24:35] Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth; a likeness of His light is as a niche in which is a lamp, the lamp is in a glass, (and) the glass is as it were a brightly shining star, lit from a blessed olive-tree, neither eastern nor western, the oil whereof almost gives light though fire touch it not-- light upon light-- Allah guides to His light whom He pleases, and Allah sets forth parables for men, and Allah is Cognizant of all things.

TAMTHEELTAMTHEEL TASHBEEH in a panoramic view

The description is not one thing, rather multiple WAJHU SHABA (Point of Similarities)

Point of Similarities create a picture of several descriptions.

TAMTHEEL - ExampleThe covering of the day by the night is like the waves of the ocean covering the land.

There is a movement within the picture

Poet describes the king who is leading the army:

The movement of the army around you is like the flapping of the wings of the eagle.

The Indirect TASHBEEH of DHIMNEE

In TASHBEEH of DHIMNEE the simile is indirect (both components are not linked, the clue is their existence together).

Example: In the example the two segments in one line of a poetry are initially not related, but both by being in one line indicates a simile. If these two segments were not in one line of the poetry the simile would not have been comprehended nor the connection and relation of simile between them. This is why this is an indirect TASHBEEH

Literal Translation of the poetry: And my poetry became in him in its position == and in the neck of a beautiful woman the necklace manifest the beauty.

Interpreted translation: My poetry's position became to him = the beautiful necklace’s on the neck of a beautiful woman.

Meaning: My poetry is embraced by him as the beautiful necklace is embraced around the neck of a beautiful woman.

The MAQLOOB (Inverse) TASHBEEHTo consider the MOSHABAH due to the point of similarity is more obvious in the MOSHABAH BEHE .

Lion is like Ali (as)

The bravery of Ali (as) is more obvious than the Lion, thus Imam Ali becomes MOSHABAH BEHE and the Lion becomes MOSHABAH.

This type is used when a description in the described exceeds the level of description in the source.

The Light of the day was like his forehead.

As the light of the day was like his forehead instead of saying his forehead was like the light of the day.

ISTE’AARAH (From Borrowing)Two types: Based on the existence of the source of description or its removal.

TASREEHIYAH (explicit): In this art either the MOSHABAH BEHE (Lion) is exists (TASREEH) and the MOSHABAH is removed (Ali) and something associated with it is kept in the sentence to indicate the removal of MOHABBAH such as Sword of Islam is like lion.

MAKNIYAH (implicit): Or either the MOSHABAH BEHE is removed and indicated (MAKNI) with something associated with it such as beardy beast or beast with beard or king of the jungle, and in this case the MOSHABAH exists.

ISTIA’AARAH TASREEHE (Explicit) ISTIA’AARAH MAKNI (Implicative or Indicative)

ISTIA’AARAH is a type of metaphor (MAJAAZ) , and it is TASHBEEH with the absence of either MOSHABAH or MOSHABAH BEHE therefore ISTIA’AARAH is divided into two categories:

1. TASREEHEYA (Explicit) – in which the MOSHABAH BEHE (Source of Description) is mentioned but the MOSHABAH (Described) is not mentioned. Imam Ali Chief of the Believer is like the glowing sun. In TASREEHE we remove Imam Ali but keep one of its

characteristic which is being chief of the believer in the sentence, therefore the sentence will be : Chief of the Believer is like the glowing sun.

2. MAKNIYA (Implicit) – in which the MOSHABAH BEHE (source of description) is removed and is indicated by one of its associate.

The oppressor is like the darkness (which is associated with night and was removed).

In this sentence the MOSHABAH is existing which is the oppressor, the MOSHABAH BEHE which is the night associated with darkness.. Therefore the sentence becomes “The Oppressor is like the night ”

ISTIA’AARAH MAKNI (Implicative or Indicative)

[Shakir 14:1] Alif Lam Ra. (This is) a Book which We have revealed to you that you may bring forth men, by their Lord's permission from utter darkness into light-- to the way of the Mighty, the Praised One,

Quraan uses Istia’aarah Maknia in this verse.

Quran is resembled like a guiding light or torchlight (MOSHABBAH BEHE which was removed) which takes people out of darkness and guides them towards light.

The Moshabbah is Quran,

Moshabbah behe (source of Description) is guide light which was removed and one of the associated thing -taking people out from the darkness to light is mentioned to indicate its removal

i.e. Quraan is like the torchlight which takes the people out of darkness.

م#ن! ل#ت/خ-ر#ج!الن'!اس! إ#ل!ي-ك! نز!ل-ن!اه/أ! ك#ت!اب8 ال!ر

الن'/ور# إ#ل!ى م!ات#ص#ر!اط# الظ'/ل/ إ#ل!ى ر!ب'#ه#م- ب#إ#ذ-ن#

ال-ح!م#يد# ال-ع!ز#يز#

ISTIA’AARAH MAKNI

[Shakir 19:4] He said: My Lord! surely my bones are weakened and my head flares with hoariness, and,

Prophet Zakariya (AS) is resembling the gray hair as a fuel which has been burned and leaves gray ashes.

My head has burned like the fuel , and become gray or white.

The fuel (MOSHABBAH BEHE was removed) and the burned (ISHTIAAL) which is associated with the burning was mentioned to indicated the absence of “fuel”.

The fuel is source of description and was removed and one of the things associated to fuel which is the process of burring was mentioned therefore it is ISTIA’AARAH MAKNI .

Note:The only thing is not there is the elderly age and it is indicated by the weakness of bones, but there is no MOSHABAH BEHE, like what is resembling his getting old.

س/ و!اش-ت!ع!ل!الر'!أ- م#ن'#ي و!ه!ن!ال-ع!ظ-م/ إ#ن'#ي ر!ب'# ق!ال!

ش!ي-بYا

Got burned: و6اش8ت6ع6ل !H6أ8سRالر ;HeadHoary - Whiteness of elderly Age; 6ش6ي8ب�ا

ISTIA’AARAH TASREEHE (Explicit)

م#ن! و!إ#ن'! Yق!س-و!ة ش!د'/أ! و-

أ! ف!ه#ي!ك!ال-ح#ج!ار!ة# ذ!ل#ك! ب!ع-د# م'#ن ق/ل/وب/ك/م ق!س!ت- ث/م'!م#ن-ه/ ف!ي!خ-ر/ج/ ي!ش'!ق'!ق/ ل!م!ا م#ن-ه!ا و!إ#ن'! ن-ه!ار/

الأ! ي!ت!ف!ج'!ر/م#ن-ه/ ل!م!ا ال-ح#ج!ار!ة#ع!م'!ا iب#غ!اف#ل الل'ه/ الل'ه#و!م!ا م#ن-خ!ش-ي!ة#

ي!ه-ب#ط/ ل!م!ا م#ن-ه!ا و!إ#ن'! ال-م!اءت!ع-م!ل/ون!

[Shakir 2:74] Then your hearts hardened after that, so that they were like rocks, rather worse in hardness; and surely there are some rocks from which streams burst forth, and surely there are some of them which split asunder so water issues out of them, and surely there are some of them which fall down for fear of Allah, and Allah is not at all heedless of what you do.

The meaning is: Your will (MOSHABAH) in your heart became hardened like the hard rocks

The will was removed and the heart which is associated with the will was mentioned. ISTI’AARAH TASREEHIYAH

Cont. ExampleIn Arabic language “heart” is used for three things : Physical Heart, reflecting intellect, and emotional heart.

In Arabic, heart is used as the place of making the will or intention. It is assumed that the sentences as follows: Your “will” inside your hearts became hardened like the rocks. – Which indicates prejudice of disbelievers.

Note: There are several ISTIAARAH TASREEHIYAH resembling the types of will with the types of stones, and all of these types of wills have been removed.

ISTIA’AARAH - Original and FollowedISTIA’AARAH (ASLIYA) Original

ISTIA’ARAH TABA’IYA (Follower)

The above two types of ISTIA’ARAH will be discussed in the second level.