introduction to archaeological field methods and techniques

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ARCL1006: Introduction to Archaeological Field Methods and Techniques 2011–2012 CORRECTED VERSION Year 1 core course, 1 unit Kris Lockyear ([email protected], Room 204c, Tel: 020 7679 4568) This document is available via Moodle as a PDF file.

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Page 1: Introduction to Archaeological Field Methods and Techniques

ARCL1006: Introduction to Archaeological Field Methods and

Techniques 2011–2012CORRECTED VERSION

Year 1 core course, 1 unit

Kris Lockyear([email protected], Room 204c, Tel: 020 7679 4568)

This document is available via Moodle as a PDF file.

Page 2: Introduction to Archaeological Field Methods and Techniques

Contents

1 The Course 31.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Week-by-week summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Basic texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 Methods of Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 Teaching methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Aims, Objectives and Assessment 82.1 Aims of the course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 Objectives of the course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 Learning outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4.1 Summary of Deadlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4.2 Assignment 1: Experimental archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4.3 Assignment 2: Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4.4 Assignment 3: Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4.5 Assignment 4: spreadsheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4.6 Assignment 5: Environmental assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4.7 Assignment 6: Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4.8 Assignment 7: Field training course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.4.9 Word length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.4.10 Submission Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.4.11 UCL-wide penalties for late submission of coursework . . . . . . . . 122.4.12 Keeping Copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4.13 Citing of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Schedule and Syllabus 133.1 Teaching schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2 Tutorial and practical groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3 Lecture schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.4 Autumn Term: lectures 1–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.5 Spring Term: lectures 11–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.6 Summer term: lecture 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.7 Practicals and tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.7.1 Practical 1: The Experimental Archaeology Course . . . . . . . . . . 263.7.2 Practical 2: Interpreting Aerial Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7.3 Practical 3: Interpreting Geophysical Survey Plot-Outs . . . . . . . 26

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3.7.4 Practical 4: Interpreting stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7.5 Practical 5: map reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.7.6 Practical 6: Using Computers in Pre-Excavation Planning . . . . . . 263.7.7 Practical 7: Environmental archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.7.8 Practical 8: Animal bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.7.9 Practical 9: Plant remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.7.10 Practical 10: The Field Training Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.7.11 Practical 11: Archive Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4 Additional Information 284.1 Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.2 Libraries and other resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.3 Attendance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.4 Intercollegiate and Interdepartmental students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.5 Dyslexia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.6 Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.7 Health and safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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Chapter 1

The Course

1.1 Overview

An introduction to archaeological field methods and techniques based on lectures, smallgroup practical classes and fieldwork. The majority of the teaching will take place in thefirst two terms, with a four-day experimental archaeology field-course taking place at theend of the first week of the first term. During May / June there will be a two-week fieldtraining course and a one-week archive archaeology course.

The elements covered by the course will include:

• survey techniques including aerial survey, geophysics and field walking;

• excavation strategies and recording including planning and photography;

• conservation;

• sampling strategies for environmental and dating evidence;

• post-excavation, publication and archiving.

The development of basic computing skills, the use of reference collections, and theanalysis of raw data, will all be an integral part of the course.

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1.2 Week-by-week summary

Lectures

Autumn Term27/09 The Experimental Archaeology course (BS)29/09 Creating experiments: on-site lecture (BS)

1 7/10 Introduction to the course, archaeological field methodology (KL)2 14/10 Aerial Archaeology (KL)3 21/10 Surface survey (KL)4 28/10 Geophysical survey (KL)5 4/11 Integrating spatial data: archaeology and GIS (ML)

11/11 Reading Week6 18/11 Excavation (NG)7 25/11 Recording stratigraphy: the Harris Matrix (NG)8 2/12 Excavating deeply stratified urban sites (TW)9 9/12 Excavating under the sea (JF)10 16/12 Recording: drawing and photography (KL)

Spring Term11 10/01 Using Computers (JO)12 17/01 Recording: surveying techniques (KL)13 24/01 What is conservation for? (JH)14 31/02 Environmental methods (AR)15 07/02 Targeting environmental sampling (AR)

14/02 Reading Week16 21/02 Sampling for animal remains (LM)17 28/03 Sampling for plant remains (DF)18. 06/03 Choosing samples for dating (MR)19. 13/03 Post-excavation (TW)20. 20/03 Publication (SDH)

Summer Term21. TBA West Dean and the field course

Table 1.1: Lectures: Term 1: Fridays 11–12am, Term 2: Tuesdays 11-12 (Jevons LectureTheatre, basement of Drayton Building, 30 Gordon Street, corner of Euston Road). Staff:AR: Arlene Rosen; MR: Mark Roberts; SDH: Sue Hamilton; ML: Mark Lake; KL: KrisLockyear; JO: Jose Oliver; JH: James Hales; BS: Bill Sillar; JF: Joe Flatman; TW: TimWilliams; NG: Nick Garland; LM: Louise Martin; DF: Dorian Fuller.

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Practicals Dates and practical groups

Autumn Term1. EA field course 29/09–02/10 No fixed groups2. Aerial photo practical (KL) 20/10 (G5–G8); 27/10 (G1–G4)3. GS printout practical (KL) 3/11 (G5–G8); 17/11 (G1–G4)

10/11 Reading Week4. Stratigraphy/Harris Matrices (KL) 24/11 (G5–G8); 1/12 (G1–G4)

Map reading (NG) 08/12 (G5–G8); 15/12 (G1–G4)

Spring Term5. Computing practicals (JO) 12/01; 19/01; 26/01. (all groups)6 Environmental worksheet (AR) 02/02 (G1–G4); 09/02 (G5–8)

16/02 Reading Week7. Animal remains (LM) 23/02 (G1–G4); 01/03 (G5–G8)8. Plant remains (DF) 08/03 (G1–G4); 15/03 (G5–G8)

Summer Term9. Small group field teaching centred on ex-

cavation techniquesTwo weeks in May/June

Table 1.2: Practicals: Thursdays — see the the above timetable and the First Year Notice-board for further details. Staff: KL: Kris Lockyear; NG: Nick Garladnd; AR: Arlene Rosen;DF: Dorian Fuller; LM: Louise Martin.

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1.3 Basic texts

The principal text is Renfrew and Bahn (2008) and multiple copies are available in thelibrary. Many of the techniques were used in the Bullock Down report (Drewett 1982)which will be referred to frequently during the course. There are various other texts onarchaeological field methods including Drewett’s textbook (1999) and that by McIntosh(1986).Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. The

development of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. Issue desk:inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre.

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: an introduction. London: UCL Press, chapter 1.inst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.

McIntosh, J. 1986. The practical archaeologist : how we know what we know about thepast. New York. inst arch ah mci.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods, and Practice, Lon-don, fifth edition, chapter 1. Thames and Hudson. issue desk inst arch ahren; inst arch ah ren.

1.4 Methods of Assessment

This course will be examined by means of seven assignments (A1–A7):

1. A3 and A6, two essays, each of 1500 words (20% each)

2. five practical assignments:—

A1: a 1000 word experiment assessment (10%)

A2: a stratigraphy assignment (10%)

A4: a 500 word analysis of pre-excavation strategies using computer spreadsheets(10%)

A5: completion of a site assessment work sheet (10%)

A7: assessment of the Field Training Course (20%)

Details of the assignments are given in section 2.4. If students are unclear about the natureof an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator.

The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student’s approach tothe assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

Please note that you must complete all seven assignments to complete the course.

1.5 Teaching methods

The course is taught via twenty lectures, eight practicals and two field-courses. The tworesidential field-courses include the experimental archaeology course at the start of the yearwhich lasts four days, and the field training excavation at the end of your first year whichlasts two weeks. You will have lectures every Tuesday (term 2) or Friday (term 1), andpracticals on Thursdays. Attendance at all elements of the course is compulsory.

The lectures are designed to introduce you to the topics and provide necessary theoreticalbackground to the techniques. The practicals are designed to allow you to see the methods

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in practice and get some hands-on experience. The field-course is designed to teach youfurther practical skills and to see how elements introduced in the lectures work on a ‘real’excavation.

1.6 Workload

There will be 20 hours of lectures and 11 hours of practical/seminar/laboratory sessionsfor this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 90 hours of reading forthe course, plus 90 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work, and 89 hours forfieldwork. This adds up to a total workload of approximately 300 hours for the course.

1.7 Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites for this course.

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Chapter 2

Aims, Objectives and Assessment

2.1 Aims of the course

The aim of this course is to provide you with a broad understanding of archaeological fieldtechniques and methods, their aims and limitations, and to provide you with some practicalexperience.

2.2 Objectives of the course

This course is designed to give students:

1. An overview of the methodological issues surrounding archaeological fieldwork.

2. Practical experience of excavation, and other practical skills and tasks.

3. An understanding of survey techniques including desk-top, aerial, geophysical walk-over and collection.

4. An understanding of environmental aims and methods.

5. An understanding of the process of designing a project from initial survey to finalpublication.

2.3 Learning outcomes

1. Improve upon your group working skills.

2. Expand and improve basic computing skills.

3. Experience of academic research, writing and referencing.

2.4 Assessments

2.4.1 Summary of Deadlines

The deadlines for the assignments is as follows:

A1: 7/10/2011

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A2: 11/1/2012

A3: 2/2/2012

A4: 10/2/2012

A5: 5/3/2012

A6: 27/4/2012

A7: during and on the last day of your course

2.4.2 Assignment 1: Experimental archaeology

You will each be given a Field Notebook in which you are asked to keep a detailed account ofone experiment which you were involved with during the Experimental Archaeology Course.Please see the separate hand-out with the details of this assignment. It would be helpful ifyour description of the experiment included drawings and photographs, and your write upshould be c. 1000 words long. Submission deadline: 7/10/2011.

2.4.3 Assignment 2: Stratigraphy

You will need to complete and hand-in the stratigraphy worksheet that you were workingon in Practical 3. You should complete the matrix and answer all the questions on the sheetprovided. Submission dealine: 11/1/2012

2.4.4 Assignment 3: Essay

Write a 1500 word essay on one of the following:

A3 (a) You are designing a survey project to look at the development of a landscape fromthe Neolithic to the early middle ages EITHER on an area of chalk downland insouthern England OR in semi-arid, scrub covered landscape in the Mediterranean ORin an agricultural, alluvial and loess landscape in Romania. Discuss the design ofyour survey. What might it include? How might it be integrated? What might bethe problems? Submission deadline: 2/2/2012

A3 (b) What issues would you have to consider when planning an excavation of a deeplystratified urban site. How would these differ from excavating a shallow rural site onchalk? Submission deadline: 2/2/2012

2.4.5 Assignment 4: spreadsheets

The assignment directly relates to the tasks performed in your computing practicals (Prac-tical Element 5 — see section 3.7.6, page 26). You should submit two pieces of work:

1. your completed Excel Workbook, gaz[your initials].xls for Practical Element 5;

2. all your comments on the tasks, which should not total more than one side of A4paper.

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These will be given equal weight in the assessment. You will be assessed on accuracy,your grasp of the computing principles involved, and the strength of your archaeologicalarguments.

You may submit these on paper or as email attachments to [email protected]. If thelatter, please submit a green form in the usual manner to J. Medrington in Room 411A andwrite ‘work submitted by email’ and keep a copy at least until receipt has been confirmed.(Jose Oliver). Submission deadline: 10/2/2012.

2.4.6 Assignment 5: Environmental assessment

Complete the worksheet given out during practical 6. You will be provided with a series ofsketches of a segment of landscape with a large complex settlement site located within it.Attached to this is a series of questions which you are asked to answer. I will mark onlythat which is written in the spaces on the work sheet, so do not continue onto extra sheets!(Arlene Rosen). Submission deadline: 5/3/2012.

2.4.7 Assignment 6: Essay

Choose one of the following:

1. Choose two publications relating to a similar/comparable type of excavation or fieldproject (e.g., the excavation publications of two Neolithic burial mounds, or twoRoman villas, or two landscape surveys) and write a 1500 word essay which discussesthe various ways in which each report uses text, imagery, format/layout, and specialistreports to present the information, and the effectiveness of this for each report. Choosetwo publications which are available in the Institute of Archaeology library. Write upyour analysis in such a way that it is understandable to the marker without themnecessarily having access to the two publications concerned: to facilitate this you caninclude in your essay up to a maximum of six A4 pages made up of photocopies fromyour chosen reports — to provide examples of styles of text, layout and imagery whichcharacterise your chosen reports. Please provide a full bibliographic statement of thereports which your analyses are of and also provide their library location codes. (NickGarland/Kris Lockyear).

Assignment deadline: 27/4/2012

2. Write a 1500 word essay on the following:

The London Archaeological Archive Research Centre (LAARC) holds sitearchives from Londons archaeological excavations. This archive provides apowerful archaeological resource, but also creates a costly liability of lookingafter the stored finds. Discuss what the conservation requirements of a largearchaeological archive are, and consider the advantages and disadvantagesof conserving this archive of archaeological finds in the long term. (NickGarland/Kris Lockyear)

Assignment deadline: 27/4/2012

3. Excavations on a Romano-British farm on chalk downland in southern England haverevealed remains of a large central domestic building, outbuildings of unidentifiedpurpose, a large enclosure ditch, ditched field boundaries and lynchets, rubbish pitsand water holes. Create an environmental sampling strategy to include: research

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questions, type of sample, location of samples, biological and geological categories ofmaterial. Do not forget to include an assessment of taphonomy, residuality and howthe site will be dated.

Assignment deadline: 27/4/2012

2.4.8 Assignment 7: Field training course

During the field training course you will be required to keep a detailed Field Notebook. Inthis you should:

1. keep notes on the lectures and demonstrations;

2. record the tasks you have undertaken in each session and reflect on them;

3. include any work-sheets, results from tasks etc.

Obviously, the work for the course will be hand-written. You should aim to keep a notebookwhich will form a useful source of reference in the future, and also be a portfolio of yourwork. You should reflect on the methods you are being taught, how useful they are, howapplicable to the situation at hand, and how applicable to other situations.

The details of the assessment will be given at the start of the course.Submission deadline: during and on the last day of your course.

If you are unclear about an assignment please discuss this with the relevant course co-ordinator or the member of staff setting the assignment in advance. Assignments 2, 4 and5 will be explained in the relevant practical classes so it is essential that you attend them.

2.4.9 Word length

Strict new regulations with regard to word-length were introduced UCL-wide with effectfrom the 2010–11 session. If your work is found to be between 10% and 20% longer than theofficial limit you mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a minimum mark of a minimumpass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your work is more than 20% over-length,a mark of zero will be recorded. The following should not be included in the word-count:bibliography, appendices, and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions.

2.4.10 Submission Procedures

Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to Judy Medrington’s office(Room 411A) by the appropriate deadline. The coursework must be stapled to a completedcoversheet (available from the web, from outside Room 411A or from the library). Latesubmission will be penalised unless permission has been granted and an Extension RequestForm (ERF) completed.

Please note that new, stringent penalties for late submission were introduced UCL-widefrom 2010–11. Late submission will be penalised in accordance with these regulations unlesspermission has been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed.

Date-stamping will be via ’Turnitin’ (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy,students must also submit their work to Turnitin by the midnight on the day of the deadline.

Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin shouldemail the nature of the problem to [email protected] in advance of the deadlinein order that the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may beappropriate to waive the late submission penalty.

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If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephoneor (preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF

Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree Handbook)for further details of penalties. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission

The Turnitin ‘Class ID’ is 297930 and the ’Class Enrolment Password’ is IoA1112Further information is given on the IoA website. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/turnitin Turnitin advisers will be available to helpyou via email: [email protected] if needed.

2.4.11 UCL-wide penalties for late submission of coursework

• The full allocated mark should be reduced by 5 percentage points for the first workingday after the deadline for the submission of the coursework or dissertation.

• The mark will be reduced by a further 10 percentage points if the coursework ordissertation is submitted during the following six calendar days.

• Providing the coursework is submitted before the end of the first week of term 3 forundergraduate courses or by a date during term 3 defined in advance by the relevantMaster’s Board of Examiners for postgraduate taught programmes, but had not beensubmitted within seven days of the deadline for the submission of the coursework, itwill be recorded as zero but the assessment would be considered to be complete.

• Where there are extenuating circumstances that have been recognised by the Boardof Examiners or its representative, these penalties will not apply until the agreedextension period has been exceeded.

2.4.12 Keeping Copies

Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic)of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should returnit to the marker within two weeks.

2.4.13 Citing of Sources

Coursework should be expressed in a student’s own words giving the exact source of anyideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct quo-tations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between invertedcommas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity which can carry very heavypenalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation,referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the IoA ‘Coursework Guidelines’ at:http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.

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Chapter 3

Schedule and Syllabus

3.1 Teaching schedule

Lectures for the main course are held every Friday in Term 1, and every Tuesday in Term2, 11–12am. The lectures will be held in the Jevons Lecture Theatre, basement of DraytonBuilding, 30 Gordon Street, corner of Euston Road. Practical classes are held in Room 412apart from the computing classes which will be held in the 5th floor cluster room.

3.2 Tutorial and practical groups

Students will be divided into eight groups for practicals and laboratory work (G1–G8).There are no fixed groupings for the Experimental Archaeology practicals and students willbe able to choose the activities which they wish to participate in on arrival at the Exper-imental Archaeology Field Course. Students will be divided into groups for the SummerTerm field training course. Please see the First Year notice-board for the exact times of allARCL 1006 practicals which usually take place in room 412. Computing practicals will bein the fifth floor cluster room. Practicals will take place at least once a fortnight. Pleasecheck your timetable (see Table 3.7) very carefully!

3.3 Lecture schedule

The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supple-mentary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCLlibrary system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC)number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computercatalogue system. Readings marked with an X are considered essential to keep up with thetopics covered in the course. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essentialreading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copy-right) or provided via the on-line reading lists. You should check the on-line reading list firstbeforehand: http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/displaylist?module=07ARCL1006.

3.4 Autumn Term: lectures 1–10

Introduction (Kris Lockyear)

An introduction to the course, its aims, and its organisation.

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Introducing the Experimental Archaeology Course (Bill Sillar)

These lectures will prepare you for, and introduce you to, the Experimental Archaeologycourse.

Broadly speaking experimental archaeology is the use of modern experiments, of manyvarying methods, to help us explain and understand processes, the use of materials, thefunction and nature of structures, the nature of subsistence, and many more aspects of thelives of people who have lived in the past.

Lecture 1. Who, where, why, what and when (Kris Lockyear)

This lecture will first outline the structure of the course, its aims and methods. It will thenbriefly outline the development of field methods, principally in the UK and then go on toexamine the structure of modern field practice in Britain.

Reading

Andrews, G., 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP 2). London: EnglishHeritage. inst arch daa 100 ens. Available through the on-line reading list.

Barker, P. A., 1993. Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, chapter 2. London, Bats-Xford, 3rd edition. issue desk inst arch al bar; inst arch al bar. Availablethrough the on-line reading list.

Bowden, M. 1991. Pitt Rivers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Especiallychapter 7). inst arch ag 10 pit

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: an introduction. London: UCL Press, chapter 1.inst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.

Hope-Taylor, B. 1977. Yeavering. An Anglo-British centre of early Northumbria. Lon-don: HMSO. inst arch daa 410 n.7 hop (An example of an early large scalearea excavation.)

Kenyon, K. M. 1952. Beginning in Archaeology. London: Phoenix House.Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods, and Practice, Lon-X

don, fifth edition, chapter 1. Thames and Hudson. issue desk inst arch ahren; inst arch ah ren.

Woolley, Sir L. 1953. Spadework. Adventures in Archaeology. London: LutterworthPress.

Wheeler, R. E. M. 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford.(Especially chapter 2). inst arch al whe.

Lecture 2: Aerial Photography (Kris Lockyear)

Aerial Photography is a survey technique which has made a major contribution with regardto the discovery and recording of archaeological sites and features. The various types ofphotographs and evidence will be reviewed.

Reading

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, page 3. Issuedesk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods, and Practice, Lon-X

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don, fifth edition, pp. 79–91. Thames and Hudson. issue desk inst arch ahren; inst arch ah ren.

Riley, D. N., 1987. Air Photography and Archaeology, London, Duckworth. inst archal 21 qto ril.

Riley, D. N., 1996. Aerial Archaeology in Britain, Princes Risborough, Shire. issue deskinst arch al 21 ril.

Wilson, D. R. 1975. Aerial reconnaissance for archaeology. London: Council for BritishArchaeology, Research Report 12. inst arch daa qto series cou 12. Availablethrough the on-line reading list.

Wilson, D. R., 1982. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists, London, Batsford.Xissue desk inst arch wil 12; inst arch al 21 wil. See also third edition 2000,Tempus Publishing, inst arch al 21 wil.

Lecture 3: Preliminary surveys: desk-top, walk-over and artefact collec-tion (Kris Lockyear)

Walk over surveys and the surface collection of artefacts are simple methods for locatingvariations in the character of the ground surface, especially the distribution and densityof artefacts lying upon it. The various systematic methods of survey, including collectionwill be outlined, and ways of displaying the results will be discussed. The importanceof understanding thorough desk-top studies (e.g., SMR and historical sources) prior tofieldwork, will be outlined and discussed.

Reading

Brown, A., 1987. Fieldwork for Archaeologists and Local Historians, London, Batsford.X(Chapter 2). inst arch al bro; teaching collection: inst arch 2574.Available through the on-line reading list.

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, pages 45–49,118, 125, 208–217. Issue desk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa410 s.10 dre.

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: an introduction. London: UCL Press, chapter 3.inst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.

Fasham, P. J., Schadla-Hall, R. T., Shennan, S. J. and Bates, P. J. 1980. Field-walking for Archaeologists, Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society. instarch al 14 fas.

Haselgrove, C., Millet, M. and Smith, I., 1985. Archaeology from the Ploughsoil,Studies in the Collection and Interpretation of Field Survey Data. Sheffield: Uni-versity of Sheffield. inst arch al 10 has.

Hayfield, C. (ed.), 1980. Fieldwalking as a Method of Archaeological Research, Directorateof Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings, Department of the Environment,Occasional Paper No. 2. inst arch al qto series dir 2.

Liddle, P., 1985. Community archaeology: a fieldworker’s handbook of organization andtechniques, Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Service. inst archal 10 lid.

Shennan, S. J., 1985. Experiments in the collection and analysis for archaeological surveydata: the East Hampshire survey, Sheffield. inst arch al 12 qto she.

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Lecture 4: Geophysical Survey (Kris Lockyear)

Geophysical Survey techniques have been increasingly important in the detection of buriedarchaeological remains. The main methods (soil resistivity; magnetic susceptibility; mag-netometery; radar; sonar and metal detectors) will be discussed.

Reading

Clark, A., 1996. Seeing Beneath the Soil, Prospecting Methods in Archaeology, 2nd edi-tion. London, Batsford. issue desk inst arch al 13 cla. Quite technical butstill useful.

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, page 99. Issuedesk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre.

David, A., 1995. Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. London: EnglishXHeritage. inst arch al 12 qto dav Available through the on-line reading list.

Gaffney, C., and J. Gator 2003. Revealing the Buried Past. Geophysics for Archaeol-ogists. Stroud: Tempus. inst arch al 12 gaf. The best introduction to modernarchaeological geophysics.

Gaffney, C., J. Gator and S. Ovenden 2002. The use of Geophysical Techniques inArchaeological Field Evaluations. IFA Paper No. 6. Reading, Institute of FieldArchaeologists. NB. Quite a thin pamphlet.

Johnson, J. K. (ed) 2006. Remote sensing in archaeology: an explicitly North Americanperspective. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. inst arch al 13 joh.Excellent and very useful book, and not just for North America!

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods, and Practice, Lon-Xdon, fifth edition, pp. 99–106. Thames and Hudson. issue desk inst arch ahren; inst arch ah ren.

If you would like to follow up this topic have a look at the journal Archaeological Prospection.Available online from volume 54, number 1.

Lecture 5: Field Survey and Geographical Information Systems (GIS):(Mark Lake)

All modern archaeology depends on the adoption of a regional approach to the study ofthe past since focusing on individual sites does not provide us with an adequate picture ofpast ways of life and how they were organised. The only way to obtain information aboutthe archaeology of whole regions is by means of surface survey. This involves the use of avariety of techniques, including aerial photography and other types of remote sensing, andsurface survey, as well as the collation of existing information.

Putting all this information together to build up a picture of the archaeology of a regionis a complex business but it has recently been made easier by the adoption of GeographicalInformation Systems, computing programs for the storage and manipulation of informationabout spatial distributions.

Reading

Binford, L. R., 1983. In Pursuit of the Past. London: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 6.issue desk inst arch ah bin; issue desk anthropology c5 bin; anthro-pology c5 bin. Available through the on-line reading list.

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Butzer, K. W., 1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Chapters 12–14. issue desk inst arch ah but; anthropology c but;geography h 58 but.

Conolly, James and Mark Lake 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archae-Xology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. issue desk ioa con 10, instarch ah con, Chapters 3 and 4.

Flannery, K. V., (ed). The Early Mesoamerican Village. New York: Academic Press.Chapters 12–14. issue desk inst arch df 100 fla; anthropology tk 95 fla;geography wn 63 fla.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods, and Practice, Lon-don, fifth edition, pp. 91–5. Thames and Hudson. issue desk inst arch ah ren;inst arch ah ren.

Lecture 6: Excavation (Nick Garland)

How do you decide how much to dig? Where to dig? How to dig? and why.

Reading

Andrews, G., 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP 2). London: EnglishHeritage. inst arch daa 100 ens. Available through the on-line reading list.

Baker, D., 1993. Model Briefs and Specifications for Archaeological Assessments and FieldEvaluations, Association of County Archaeological Officers. inst arch al 10 ass.

Barker, P. A., 1993. Techniques of Archaeological Excavation. London, Batsford, 3rdedition. issue desk inst arch al bar; inst arch al bar.

Collis, J. 2001. Digging up the Past. Stroud: Sutton. Chapter 2. issue desk ioa colX8; inst arch al 11 col. Available through the on-line reading list.

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. London: UCL Press. Chapters 5Xand 6. inst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.

Greene, K., 1995. Archaeology, An Introduction. London: Batsford. chapter 3. instarch al gre. Available through the on-line reading list.

Roskams, S. 2001. Excavation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Westman, A., (ed.) 1994. Archaeological Site Manual. London: Museum of London.

issue desk inst arch al wes; inst arch al wes. Available through the on-linereading list.

Lecture 7: Recording: stratigraphy and the Harris Matrix (Nick Garland)

This lecture will consider the methods for the recording, analysis, interpretation and pub-lication of archaeological stratigraphy, principally the Harris Matrix.

Reading

Barham, A. J. and Macphail, R. I. (eds) 1995. Archaeological Sediments and Soils:Analysis, Interpretation and Management. London: Institute of Archaeology. instarch ba 23 bar; inst arch issue desk ba 23 bar.

Courty, M. A., Goldberg, P. and Macphail R. I., 1989. Soils and Micromorphologyin Archaeology. Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.issue desk inst arch cou.

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheX

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development of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, various pagesbut look at pages 9–12 and the Roman farmstead excavation, pages 97–142. Issuedesk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre. Availablethrough the on-line reading list.

Harris, E. C. 1975. ‘The stratigraphic sequence: a question of time’, World Archaeology7: 109–121. inst arch pers. Available through the on-line reading list.

Harris, E. C. 1977. ‘Units of archaeological stratification’, Norwegian ArchaeologicalReview 10: 84–94. inst arch pers

Harris, E. C. 1989. Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy, second edition. AcademicXPress, London. (See especially chapters 7, 8, 9 and 11, although this is quite ashort book and fundamental). inst arch al har (028). Now available as a PDFfile if you send Ed Harris a nice email. . .

Harris, E. C., M. R. Brown and G. J. Brown (eds) 1993. Practices of ArchaeologicalStratigraphy, Academic Press, London. inst arch al har.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. 2008. Archaeology, Theories, Methods and Practice. 5thedition. London: Thames and Hudson. Pages 107–117. inst arch ah ren.

Roskams, S. (ed.) 2000. Interpreting Stratigraphy: site evaluation, recording proceduresand stratigraphic analysis: papers presented to the Interpreting Stratigraphy confer-ences 1993–1997. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 910.inst arch al 10 qto ros.

Westman, A. (ed.) 1994. Archaeological Site Manual. Museum of London, London. instarch al wes (one copy at issue desk).

Wheeler, R. E. M. 1954. Archaeology from the Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford.(Especially chapter 4). inst arch al whe.

Lecture 8: Excavating deeply stratified urban sites (Tim Williams)

This lecture examines some of the strengths and problems in excavating deeply stratifiedurban sites from health and safety to recording and publication.

Reading

None of the text books deal specifically with this topic so you will have to look through andsee what seems relevant. Take a look at the report of a deeply stratified site: the volumeedited by Milne is a good example but there are plenty of others.Collis, J. 2001. Digging up the Past. Stroud: Sutton. issue desk ioa col 8; inst archX

al 11 col.Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. London: UCL Press. inst arch

al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.Milne, G., (ed.) 1992. From Roman basilica to medieval market: archaeology in action in

the city of London. London: HMSO. inst arch daa 416 mil; issue desk ioamil 10.

Roskams, S. 2001. Excavation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. issue desk ioaros 1; inst arch al 11 ros.

Westman, A., (ed.) 1994. Archaeological Site Manual. London: Museum of London.issue desk inst arch al wes; inst arch al wes. Available through the on-linereading list.

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Lecture 9: Digging up the Sea: Maritime techniques (Joe Flatman)

The lecture introduces the particular methodologies of maritime archaeology.

Reading

Allen, M. and Gardiner, J. 2001. Our changing coasts: a survey of the intertidalarchaeology of Langstone Harbour, Hampshire. York: Council for British Archae-ology. inst arch daa qto series cou 124.

Bass, G. F. 1966. Archaeology Under Water. London: Thames and Hudson. inst archan bas; yates a 9 bas.

Delgado, J. P. (ed.) 1997. Encyclopaedia of underwater and maritime archaeology.London: British Museum Press. inst arch an del.

Flemming, N. C. 2004. Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea. London:CBA. inst arch daa qto series cou 141

McErlean, T., McConkey, R. and Forsythe, W. (eds.) 2002. Strangford Lough:an Archaeological Survey of the Maritime Cultural Landscape. Belfast: Blackstaff.inst arch daa 710 mce.

Muckelroy, K. 1978. Maritime Archaeology, Chapters 1–2. Cambridge: CUP. instXarch an muc including one at the issue desk.

Muckelroy, K. (ed.) 1980 Archaeology Under Water: an Atlas of the World’s SubmergedSites. New York: McGraw-Hill. inst arch an muc.

Lecture 10: Recording: drawing and photography (Kris Lockyear)

This lecture will looks at aims and methods for the graphical recording, representation andpublication of archaeological remains.

Reading

Barker, P., 1993. Techniques of Archaeological Excavation.(3rd edn). London: Batsford.issue desk inst arch al bar; inst arch al bar.

Dorrell, Peter G. 1994. Photography in Archaeology and Conservation. Second edition.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. inst arch al 20 dor.

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. London: UCL Press. Chapter7. inst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2. Available through the on-linereading list.

Hawker, J. M. 1999. Manual of Archaeological Drawing. inst arch al 30 qto haw.Roskams, S. 2001. Excavation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chapters 7X

(photography) and 8 (drawing). inst arch al 11 ros; issue desk ioa ros 1.

3.5 Spring Term: lectures 11–20

Lecture 11: Using Computers (Jose Oliver)

This section of the course consists of one briefing session and three practical computingsessions. The facilities available at the Institute and elsewhere in College will be describedin the lecture, together with an introduction to how computers can be used to solve simpleproblems involving archaeological data relating to pre-excavation planning.

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Reading

Beck, A, Maynard, M. and Rodger, R., 1997. A Student’s Guide to Excel 97. Leices-ter: Software Made Simple. Copies will be available in the practical sessions butyou are advised to purchase a copy if possible. inst arch cluster exc: bec.

Three hand-outs will be provided: one general one about the element, and two on specifictopics not covered in the Student’s Guide. Make sure you obtain a complete set.

Background Reading

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, pp. 45–9. Issuedesk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre.

Lecture 12: Surveying techniques (Kris Lockyear)

This lecture will look at different methods for surveying in archaeology giving a quickoverview from basic techniques to modern methods utilising Total Stations and GlobalPosition Satellites.

Reading

Bettess, F. 1998. Surveying for Archaeologists Durham: University of Durham. SeeXchapter 10 especially. teaching collection: inst arch 2518; inst arch al12 bet. Available through the on-line reading list.

Hogg, A. 1980. Surveying for Archaeologists and other Fieldworkers. London: CroomHelm. inst arch al 12 hog; engineering d10 hog.

Leach, P. 1994. The Surveying of Archaeological Sites. London: Archetype. inst archal 12 lea.

Lecture 13: What is Conservation For? (James Hales)

In this session we will discuss what we mean by “Conservation” and more specifically“Conservation on Site”, how it applies to archaeology within the UK and in the widerworld. The ramifications of both having and not having access to on-site conservation willbe discussed with particular reference to successful retrieval of material. project researchgoals, team dynamics, finances, timescales and logistics.

Reading

Roy, A. and P. Smith (eds) 1996. Archaeological Conservation and Its Consequences.Preprints of the Contributions to the Copenhagen Conference 1996 volume IIC.London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works.inst arch la qto roy

Payton, R. (ed.) 1992. Retrieval of Objects from Archaeological Sites. London: ArchetypePublications. issue desk ioa pay

Robinson, W. S. 1998. First aid for underwater finds. London: Archetype for the NauticalArchaeology Society, Portsmouth. inst arch la rob

Sease, C. 1992. Conservation Manual for the field Archaeologist, Archaeological Researchtools, Volume 4. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California.inst arch la sea

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Sease, C. 1999. The Role of the Conservator on an Archaeological Excavation, Field Notes:Practical Guides For Archaeological Conservation and Site Preservation Number1. Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology. inst arch fie

Stanley Price, N. P. (ed.) 1995. Conservation on archaeological excavations with par-ticular reference to the Mediterranean area. 2nd ed. Rome: ICCROM. inst archla pri

Watkinson D. and V. Neal, 1998. First Aid for Finds (3rd edn) Hertford: RESCUE —The British Archaeological Trust; Archaeology Section of the UKIC; The Museumof London. inst arch la qto wat

Lecture 14: Environmental Methods (Arlene Rosen)

Why should we assess (aims and objectives)? What factors affect assessment (preservation,suitability of contexts, dating and other chronological factors, etc.)? Practical approachesand problems. Assess, assess and assess again; the continuing role of the environmentalarchaeologist in field projects.

Reading

Bell, M. 1992 ‘The coordination of environmental and archaeological projects’, in N.XBalaam and J. Rackham (eds) Issues in Environmental Archaeology, pp. 21–33.London: Institute of Archaeology. inst arch bb6 bal; paper by Bell: teachingcollection inst arch 88. Available through the on-line reading list.

Evans, J. & O’Connor, T 1999. Environmental Archaeology. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.XChapters 6, 7 & 8. inst arch bb 6 eva.

Murphy, P. L., & Wiltshire, P. E. J. W. 1994. A guide to sampling archaeologi-cal deposits for environmental analysis. Unpublished manuscript. inst. arch.teaching collection 1178. Available through the on-line reading list.

Renfrew, C., & P. Bahn 2008. Archaeology. Theories, methods and Practice. 5thedition. London: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 2: ‘What is Left: the variety ofthe evidence.’ Chapter 6: ‘What was the Environment: environmental archaeology’— focus on those aspects which deal with preservation of evidence and the rangeof off-site and on-site contexts which can be studied. inst arch ah ren.

Lecture 15: Targeting Environmental Sampling (Arlene Rosen)

What is a sample? Sampling: just putting things into tubs? How to target sampling toincrease efficiency, accuracy and to reduce bias. Questions to be asked: what, where, how,when, and why? In what sequence should these questions be posed? What to do — andwhat not to do. How to put things into tubs!

Reading

Dobney, K., Hall, A., Kenward, H. and Miles, A., 1992. ‘A working classificationof samples types for environmental archaeology.’ Circaea 9 (for 1991): 24–26. instarch pers. Available through the on-line reading list.

Evans, J. and O’Connor, T 1999. Environmental Archaeology. Stroud: Sutton Pub-Xlishing. Chapter 8. inst arch bb 6 eva. Available through the on-line readinglist.

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Holden, T. and Gerber-Parfitt, S., 1992. ‘Environmental sampling, processing andsome preliminary results from Bull Wharf.’ London Archaeologist 6: 427-34. instarch pers; teaching coll. inst arch 118. Available through the on-linereading list.

Murphy, P. L., and Wiltshire, P. E. J. W. 1994. A guide to sampling archaeolog-ical deposits for environmental analysis. Unpublished manuscript. inst. arch.teaching collection 1178. Available through the on-line reading list.

Westman, A., 1994. Archaeological Site Manual. London: Museum of London. Read thesection on Environmental Sampling. inst arch al wes. Available through theon-line reading list.

Lecture 16: Sampling for Animal Remains: Vertebrates and Invertebrates(Louise Martin)

The term ‘animal remains’ covers a wide range of material, from mammal bones and teethto fish and bird bones, to mollusc shells and insect and parasite remains. The sampling andrecovery of these is influenced by what might survive in different situations, the questionsarchaeologists might ask of them, and the resources available for their extraction. Thislecture considers these factors and discusses the various methods for on-site sampling ofanimal remains.

Reading

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, pp. 21–22, 25–26, 31–32 & 141. Issue desk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa410 s.10 dre.

Levitan, B., 1982. ‘The sieving and sampling programme’, in Excavations at West Hill,Uley: 1979. Western Archaeological Trust, Occasional Papers No 10. inst. arch.daa 410 g4 lev

Murphy, P., and Wiltshire, P., 1994. A guide to sampling archaeological depositsXfor environmental analysis. Unpublished manuscript. inst. arch. teachingcollection 1178. Available through the on-line reading list.

Payne, S., 1972. ‘Partial recovery and sample bias: the results of sieving experiments’, inHiggs, E. (ed) Papers in Economic Prehistory, 49–64. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press. inst. arch ha qto hig (3 copies and 1 at issue desk: recommendedreading). Available through the on-line reading list.

Renfrew, C., and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice., 5thXedition. London: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 6: ‘What was the environment?’;Chapter 7: ‘What did they eat?’ inst arch ah ren.

Lecture 17: Sampling for Plant Remains (Dorian Fuller)

The particular nature of archaeological questions relating to both palaeoenvironments andpalaeoeconomies often determines the method and practice of recovering plant remains.This lecture will concentrate on these methods and how they vary depending on the natureof preservation, type of context, and the archaeological questions that plant remains areused to answer.

Have look at Bullock Down (listed below)and consider some of the difficulties withinterpreting this evidence and why it might be so scarce in these contexts.

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Reading

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society, pp. 13–15, 15,22, 27–28. Issue desk: inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10dre.

Greig, J., 1989. Archaeobotany Handbooks for Archaeologists. No. 4. Strasbourg:European Science Foundation. inst arch bb 5 gre; issue desk inst arch gre.

Holden, T., and Gerber-Parfitt, S., 1992. ‘Environmental sampling and processing,some preliminary results from Bull Wharf’, London Archaeologist 6, 427–434. instarch pers; teaching coll. inst arch 118. Available through the on-linereading list.

Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P., 2008. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practices, 5thXedition. London: Thames and Hudson; pp 245–253. inst arch ah ren.

Supplementary reading:Dimbleby, G. W., 1978. Plants and Archaeology, pp. 89–136. London: Paladin Pa-

perback. inst arch bb 5 dim; geography h 58 dim; issue desk arch dim.Available through the on-line reading list.

Renfrew, J., 1973. Palaeoethnobotany: The Prehistoric Food Plants of the Near Eastand Europe. London: Methuen; read chapter 2 (pp. 7–19): ‘The survival of theevidence’ and chapter 3 (pp. 20–29): ‘Problems of sampling and interpretation’.The contents of these two chapters are a bit outdated and superficial, but theynevertheless provide a useful introduction. inst arch bb 5 ren; geography h75 ren; issue desk inst arch ren and (for chapter 2) teaching coll.inst arch 123.

Renfrew, J., Monk, M., and Murphy, P., 1975. First Aid for Seeds. Rescue Publi-cation 6. Out of date but still a useful introduction. teaching coll. inst arch83.

Lecture 18: Choosing Samples for Dating (Mark Roberts)

Many different archaeological materials can be dated, but do they provide the dates thatarchaeologists need, at a price they can afford? To make sensible decisions about takingsamples for dating, we need to know what can go wrong, as well as what can go right.

Reading

Aitken, M. J., 1990. Science-based Dating in Archaeology. Longman. The standard workXof reference on all techniques. inst arch saj 10 ait; inst arch issue desk instarch ait.

Bowman, S., 1990. Radiocarbon Dating, London: British Museum Press. inst arch ajX10 bow; issue desk inst arch bow.

Any of the following:Clark, T., 1987. Scientific Dating Techniques. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical

Paper No 5. Contains good reading list. issue desk inst arch cla.Ballie, M. G. L., 1982. Tree-ring Dating and Archaeology. London, Croom Helm. inst

arch aj bai and geography h 58 bai; issue desk inst arch ba1.

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Eckstein, D., 1984. Dendrochronological Dating. Handbook for archaeologists No 2.European Science Foundation, Strasbourg. inst arch aj 10 eck; issue deskinst arch eck.

Gillespie, R., 1986. Radiocarbon User’s Handbook. 2nd ed. Oxford University Committeefor Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch aj 10 gil; issue desk inst arch gil.

Mook, W. G., and Waterbolk, H. T., 1985. Radiocarbon Dating. Handbook forarchaeologists No 3. European Science Foundation, Strasbourg. inst arch aj10 moo and issue desk inst arch moo.

Orton, C. R. 1995. Many a slip? Do ‘scientific’ dates answer archeological questions?Unpublished lecture notes. issue desk inst arch ort. Available through theon-line reading list.

Wagner, G. A., 1983. Thermoluminescence Dating. Handbook for Archaeologists No 1.European Science Foundation, Strasbourg. inst arch aj 10 wag and issue deskinst arch wag.

Lecture 19: Post fieldwork planning, analysis and reporting (Tim Williams)

This lecture will outline and discuss the important stages of work which must follow anyarchaeological fieldwork, i.e., the reporting and analysis of what was undertaken and found.

Reading

Andrews, G. 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP 2). London: EnglishHeritage. inst arch daa 100 ens Available through the on-line reading list.

Boulton, P. 1991. Signposts for Archaeological Publication, third edition. London: Coun-cil for British Archaeology. issue desk inst arch cou.

Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheXdevelopment of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. Issue desk:inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre. This volume isan example of an end product of the post excavation process.

Drewett, P. 1999. Field Archaeology: an Introduction. London: UCL Press, chapter 8.Xinst arch al 10 dre; issue desk ioa dre 2.

Grinsell, L., P. Rahtz and D. P. Williams 1974. The Preparation of ArchaeologicalReports, 2nd edition. London: Barker. issue desk inst arch gri

Lecture 20: Alternative Methods of Multi-Media Presentation and Publi-cation (Sue Hamilton)

The lecture centres around different ways of publishing archaeological fieldwork. It considerhow texts, images and pictures shape our perceptions and expectations of the past.

Reading

‘Statements’ of ‘official’ publication formats:Ancient Monuments Board (DoE) 1975. Principles of Publication in Rescue Archae-

ology. inst arch al 30 anc; issue desk inst arch anc.Andrews, G. 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP 2). London: English

Heritage. inst arch daa 100 ens Available through the on-line reading list.Boulton, P. 1991. Signposts for Archaeological Publication, third edition. London: Coun-

cil for British Archaeology. issue desk inst arch cou.

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Grinsell, L. B., P. Rahtz and D. Price-Williams 1974. The Preparation of Archae-ological Reports, 2nd edition. London: Barker. issue desk inst arch gri

The current debate on publication ‘styles’ and the use of imagery:Hamilton, S. 1996. ‘Reassessing Archaeological illustrations: breaking the mould’, Graphic

Archaeology, 20–27. IoA Teaching Collection: inst arch 1402.Hamilton, S. 1999. ‘Lost in translation? A comment on the excavation report’, Papers

from the Institute of Archaeology 10: 1–8. inst arch pers.Hodder, I. 1995. Theory and Practice in Archaeology. Routledge: London/New York.X

Chapter 18. teaching coll inst arch 326; issue desk inst arch ah hod.Hodder, I. 1999. The Archaeological Process. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. instX

arch ah hod.Molyneaux, B. L., (ed.) 1997. The Cultural Life of Images. Routledge (Theoretical

Archaeology Group): London/New York. issue desk inst arch al mol; instarch al mol.

Shanks, M., 1991. Experiencing The Past. Routledge: London/New York. short loancoll anthropology c9 sha; inst arch ah sha.

Tilley, C., 1989. ‘Excavation as Theatre’, Antiquity 63, 275–80. inst arch pers; instXarch teaching collection 1612.

An example of a standard project publication format:Drewett, P. 1982. The Archaeology of Bullock Down, Eastbourne, East Sussex. TheX

development of a landscape. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. Issue desk:inst arch dre; main collections: inst arch daa 410 s.10 dre.

Two examples of ‘non-standard’ project publication formats:Bender, B., Hamilton, S., and Tilley, C., 1997. ‘Leskernick: stone worlds; alternative

narratives; nested landscapes.’ Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63. instarch pers; science teaching collection 3961.

Pitts, M., and Roberts, M., 1997. Fairweather Eden: the Excavation of Boxgrove andthe First Europeans. London: Century. inst arch daa 410 s.8 pit.

Relevant web sites:http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.htmlhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/leskernick

3.6 Summer term: lecture 21

Lecture 21: The Field Training Course

This lecture will discuss the aims and organisation of the Field Training Course andprovide some details of the site. Details to be arranged.

3.7 Practicals and tutorials

Please see section 3.2 for general information regarding practicals and tutorials.

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3.7.1 Practical 1: The Experimental Archaeology Course

The Experimental Archaeology Course is an introduction to this very important and excitingarea of archaeology and allows you to become involved in experiments and even inventexperiments of your own. The course takes place within the first week of term, Thursdayto Sunday. During this course you will take part in activities that involve experimentationwith foods, materials, process etc., all of which have been designed to tell us somethingabout the past.

3.7.2 Practical 2: Interpreting Aerial Photographs (Kris Lockyear)

A practical aerial photography session (will ensure that students put into practice someof the methodology concerning the interpretation and recording of archaeological evidencecontained in aerial photographs).

3.7.3 Practical 3: Interpreting Geophysical Survey Plot-Outs (Kris Lock-year)

A session on interpreting plot-outs of various geophysical surveys.

3.7.4 Practical 4: Constructing a Harris Matrix (Kris Lockyear)

In this session you will be given the worksheet which forms assignment 2 of the course andwill be given detailed guidance on how to complete the task which involves constructinga Harris matrix from a series of plans, sections and context records, and answering somequestions on their interpretation.

3.7.5 Practical 6: Map reading: (Nick Garland)

In this practical we will look at how to read modern and old maps with an emphasis on UKOrdnance Survey maps.

3.7.6 Practical 6: Using Computers in Pre-Excavation Planning (JoseOliver)

An introductory computing exercise will take place on three consecutive Thursdays in theSpring Term (comprising three one-hour practicals in Room 501). Further information willbe provided nearer the time.

In addition to familiarising students with spreadsheets, this computing exercise willenable students to use Excel to solve simple problems involving archaeological data. By theend of this element you should be able to:

• create an Excel workbook; import, enter and edit data. Open, print and save work-sheets,

• perform simple calculations and functions (including the use of Function Wizard)

• sort a table of data with reference to a chosen heading

• summarise data by using the ‘histogram’ function,

• create a simple chart (using Chart Wizard),

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• create and analyse a simple two-way ‘pivot’ table (using Pivot Table Wizard)

You will also discuss your results from an archaeological point of view. The work from thesepracticals forms Assignment 4 (see section 2.4.5, page 9).

3.7.7 Practical 7: Environmental archaeology (Arlene Rosen)

In this session you will be given the worksheet which forms assignment 5 of the course andwill be given detailed guidance on how to complete it.

3.7.8 Practical 8: Animal bones (Louise Martin)

A practical ‘hands on’ session in which you will have the opportunity to observe, describeand compare a variety of animal remains.

3.7.9 Practical 9: Plant remains (Dorian Fuller)

A practical ‘hands on’ session in which you will have the opportunity to observe, describeand compare a variety of plant remains.

3.7.10 Practical 10: The Field Training Course

This two week course will provide a concentrated period of tuition, demonstrations andpracticals. Specific topics to be covered will include: basic surveying techniques; surfacearchaeology and standing buildings surveys; excavation techniques, context records, plansand section drawings; on-site photography; on-site environmental sampling; finds process-ing; on-site conservation; and health and safety. In advance of the training course there willbe an introductory lecture at the Institute (Lecture 21, page 25).

More information about the West Dean Project can be found at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/west-dean-project/index.htm.

3.7.11 Practical 11: Archive Archaeology

This short course will introduce you to an archaeological archive, e.g., the LAARC, andshow you how it works, and how to exploit the archive for research. Details to be announcedlater in the year.

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Chapter 4

Additional Information

4.1 Online Resources

This handbook contains basic information about the content and administration of thiscourse. If you have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organi-sation of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator.

The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.

This document is also available as a PDF file from the course website on Moodle.Many readings for this course are also available online, see http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.

uk/cgi-bin/displaylist?module=07ARCL1006.

4.2 Libraries and other resources

All the materials for this course should be available in the Institute of Archaeology li-brary. Some of the readings are available online, please check http://ls-tlss.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/displaylist?module=07ARCL1006. Many archaeological units and projectsnow put interim reports on the Web. A good place to start is either the ArchaeologicalData Service web site (www.ads.ahds.ac) or the Council for British Archaeology web site(www.britarch.ac.uk).

4.3 Attendance

A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify thelecturer by email. Departments are required to report each student’s attendance to UCLRegistry at frequent intervals throughout each term.

4.4 Intercollegiate and Interdepartmental students

Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of theInstitute’s coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington’s office.

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4.5 Dyslexia

If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Pleasediscuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Studentswith dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.

4.6 Feedback

In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from studentsduring the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the coursein an anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of thecourse. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to de-velop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute’s Staff-StudentConsultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.

If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel ableto talk to the Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they shouldconsult their Personal Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chairof Teaching Committee (Dr Mark Lake).

4.7 Health and safety

The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidanceon laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be issued in duecourse. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines and studentshave a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. This is particularlyimportant in the context of the laboratory and field work which will be undertaken as partof this course.

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