introduction to arch week 14

The history and meaning of architecture:“

”Chronological table”; styles and periods -review with examples

…..from baroque to contemporary architecture

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BaroqueGian Lorenzo Bernini

Diagrammatic plan of the Basilica and Piazza of SanDiagrammatic plan of the Basilica and Piazza of San Pietro, Rome, showing Bernini's elliptical urban space and

the converging colonnades in front of the church

Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, 1650s

Plan of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, showing elliptical nave surrounded by chapels with high-altar

on the short axis opposite the entrance

BaroqueGian Lorenzo Bernini

Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, 1650s

Baroque Francesco Borromini

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Plan of the Church of San Carlo allePlan of the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, showing the

centres from which arcs describing the circles and ellipse are struck, and the

geometrical relationships of those centresgeometrical relationships of those centres to elements within the plan.

Convex-concave arragement of the entrance-front.

Baroque Francesco Borromini

Palazzo Barberini

Palazzo BarberiniThe famous helicoidal staircase by Borromini.

Baroque Santa Maria della Salute

The interior is less dramatic and colorful than is usual in Baroque churches. Figures of the prophets stand above the tall Corinthian columns in the angles of the octagon. An ambulatory surrounds the octagon with rectangular chapels at each axis except for the entrance and altar.

The church was designed in the then fashionable baroque style by Baldassare Longhena, a pupil of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio, and construction began in 1631. Most of the objects of art housed in the church bear references to the Black Death.

The Baroque and the Enlightenment

Etienne-Louis Boullée 1728–1799Born in Paris, Boullée was involved in many of the city’s largescale symbolic buildings including the national lib H l d i d i i hlibrary. He also designed visionary structures that were never realised including the Cenotaph dedicated to Newton, which was a complete spherical structure. Boullée also wrote the influential essay on the art of

hit t hi h t d l i l hit tarchitecture, which promoted neoclassical architecture.

The Baroque and the EnlightenmentSymmetrical and Rational Plan of the Château de VersaillesThis diagram shows the connection, along a central axis, between the gardens and the building of the Château de Versailles Both plansbuilding of the Château de Versailles. Both plans are symmetrical along the axis. The château was designed by the architect Louis Le Vau and the gardens by landscape architect André Le Notre in 1661.

The Château de Versailles, Paris, FFranceLouis Le Vau, 1661–1774Initially a small hunting lodge, The Palace of Versailles was extended by successive kings of France and designed to g gresemble its current form by Le Vau in 1661. It has been designed by architects and landscape architects and is an impressive connection of building and landscape interior and exterior linked bylandscape, interior and exterior linked by carefully considered views and axis.

The Baroque and the Enlightenment

St Paul’s Cathedral, London, UK, Sir Christopher Wren, 1675–1710This current cathedral was constructed after its predecessor wasdestroyed by the great fire of London. The dome of St Paul’s has a great physical presence on the skyline of London,and is an important visual feature and reference for the city

Sir Christopher Wren 1632–1723Wren studied both astronomy and architecture at Oxford University The Great Fire of London in 1666 gave him

feature and reference for the city.

Wren studied both astronomy and architecture at Oxford University. The Great Fire of London in 1666 gave himthe opportunity to be involved in the rebuilding of the city.He designed St Paul’s Cathedral in London, was involved in the rebuilding of 51 of the city’s churches and alsodesigned Hampton Court Palace and Greenwich Hospital.

Rococo

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse Hotel de Soubise Begun 1732Salon de la Princesse,Hotel de Soubise. Begun 1732.

Rococo The Rococo style of architecture first appeared in the French court

in the early years of the 18th centuryin the early years of the 18th century.

The French architect François de Cuvilliés refined its exterior design in the small hunting lodge called the Amalienburg. Built in the 1730s in the park of the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, it was named after the

Electress Maria Amalia of Austria.

Rococo

François de Cuvilliés, Amalienburg.

Romantic architecture: Gothic Revival and Neo-Classical Style

By the early 19th century, the Gothic Revival style came to be seen as the national style of England, one that was historically native to northern Europe and therefore more appropriate to English architecture than the equally

popular Neo-Classical style, which derived from Ancient Greece and Rome. As it gained popularity, the Gothic Revival style developed its own philosophical underpinnings, which gave it greater social relevance than it had y p p p p g , g g

held in 18th-century England

One of the best-known examples of the Gothic Revival style is the Houses of Parliament, built in London in 1836–1880 by Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin after fire destroyed Parliament’s earlier Westminster Palace in 1834. .

Romantic architecture: Gothic Revival and Neo-Classical Style

The famous “BreakersHouse” built overlooking the ocean in NewportHouse built overlooking the ocean in Newport,

Rhode Island. Designedby Richard Morris Hunt in the 1890s for Cornelius

Vanderbilt

Art Nouveau

Victor Horta, Tassel House, Brussels, 1892 (1893-5)

Art Nouveau

Victor Horta, Tassel House, Brussels, 1892

Bottom of staircase

plan of entry and vestibule showing mosaic floors

Art NouveauVienna Secession (Sezessionsstil)

secession building Vienna - Art Nouveau

The secession building in Vienna was built in 1897 byThe secession building in Vienna was built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich to accommodate the exhibitions of

the Art Nouveau group secession which included the leading artists and architects of the era like Gustav Klimt,

Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Josef Maria Olbrich,

Secession PatternsPatterns on the exterior of the Secession Building in Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Josef Maria Olbrich,

Otto Wagner and others as members.Vienna.

Art NouveauVienna Secession (Sezessionsstil)

Poster for the 13th Vienna Secession exhibition

Designed by Koloman Moser 1902Designed by Koloman Moser, 1902.

Art Nouveau(Modernismo / Modernismo catalán)

Casa Milà, better known as La Pedrera (Catalan for “The Quarry”) is a y )building designed by theCatalan architect Antonio Gaudi.

Chicago School

The Chicago Building (Chicago Savings

Sullivan and Adler: Auditorium Building, Chicago, 1887-89

Bank Building), 1904-1905.

Frank Lloyd Wright and Organic Architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright, the best-known American architect of the 20th century, designed both public buildings andFrank Lloyd Wright, the best known American architect of the 20th century, designed both public buildings and private houses to develop a uniquely modern American style of architecture. Born in Wisconsin, Wright first

studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin but left his studies to apprentice with Louis Sullivan. By 1893, he had opened his own architectural studio, specializing in domestic structures. Wright’s goal was to create a

house design that took into account the surrounding geography in order to better integrate homes into nature. Thishouse design that took into account the surrounding geography in order to better integrate homes into nature. This type of home, characterized by strong horizontal lines and large windows, is called the Prairie style house.

Frederick Robie House

Expressionism Expressionist architecture originally developed parallel to the aesthetic ideals of the Expressionist visual and p g y p p pperforming arts in the European avant-garde from around 1910 through 1924.

Expressionism in architecture was introduced by Bruno Taut, a German painter and visionary who sought to explore a highly utopian, socialist vision of modernist architecture. His Glass Pavilion, built for the Cologne Werkbund Exhibition of 1914, reveals a blending of Gothic and more exotic features in its pointed dome made of diamond-shaped panes of glass set atop a drum designed from piers that frame glass curtain walls.

Expressionism Opera House in Essen, Germany, begun in 1959

Other Expressionist architects include Alvar Aalto, Ot e p ess o st a c tects c ude a a to,whose Opera House in Essen, Germany, begun in 1959, features a white façade that appears to fold into curves like a piece of paper. Such later forms of Expressionism reveal a blending of modernist styles, p g y ,which formed the foundation for the work of EeroSaarinen, Bruce Goff, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Frank Gehry. Thus, the legacy of Expressionism continues to inform Deconstructivism, High-Tech architecture, , g ,and the even more recent bulging, amoeba-styled buildings called “Blobitecture.

The Savoy Vase, also known as the Aalto Vase.

Constructivist Architecture

Constructivist art and architecture, found in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s, grew out of the geometric, dynamic, and kinetic styles of

both Cubism andFuturist architecture.

One of the first Constructivist structures was designed in 1919 for the headquarters of the

First Comintern in St. Petersburg by the Futurist artist Vladimir Tatlin. Also called “Tatlin’s Tower,” plans for this never-built

monument reveal a dramatic spiraling steel high-rise enclosed with a glass curtain wall that

recalls a more dynamic version of the Eiffel Tower in Paris

Functional modernism, Rationalism (de Stijl), International Style, Purism

Walter Gropius, The Fagus Shoe Factory

Considered the founder of modernism, Loos wrote a manifesto titled “Ornament and Crime” in 1913, which explains these connections between excessive architectural ornamentation, decadence, and

corruption. His buildings, such as the Steiner House in Vienna, from 1910, reflect these ideas. This structure protects its inhabitants with

roofs and walls while providing light through plain windows that puncture the exterior where they are needed on the interior. Loos’sfunctionalism quickly spread across Europe. It is seen in the Fagus

Shoe Factory, built in Germany in 1911 by Walter Gropius, and in the work of German architects Bruno Taut and Peter Behrens.

Adolf Loos, Steiner House, 1910.


Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German Pavilion of the International Exposition held in Barcelona in 1929.


Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper, project, Berlin, Germany, Model

Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper, project, Berlin-Mitte, Germany, Urban context model

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe


Ville Savoye, Le Corbusier

The term “International style” was coined by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in an exhibition they organized at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1932 They called it “The International Style: Architectureorganized at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1932. They called it “The International Style: Architecture since 1922” and subsequently published it in a manifesto in which they identified three fundamental principles of

modern architecture.

Bauhaus

Bauhaus architecture is intricately linked to the International style, which sought to redirect architectural aesthetics toward less opulent, more streamlined construction. The word Bauhaus (“House of Building”) was the name of a design school that, despite its initial lack of an architectural curriculum, was fundamental in shaping modern German architecture.

Toward Postmodern Architecture

Robert Venturi, VannaV t i HVenturi House

Post-Modern architecture was established in the 1970s to bring historicism and playful ornamentation to the more austere modern International style. International style was increasingly considered too intellectualized,

serious, and repetitive, and thus a style that ultimately did not respond to the needs ofthe broader public. The leaders of this new movement were Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, who

expressed these concerns in the book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, first published in 1966.

From High – Tech to the Present

Alberto Campo Baeza Nursery School in Aspe, Alicante

N FNorman Foster,Hongkong and Shanghai Bank


Tadao Ando

From High – Tech to the Present Zaha Hadid


Frank GehryFrank Gehry

SUMMARY

TIMELINE

SPIRIT OF AN AGE

All design endeavors express the zeitgeist.Zeitgeist is a German word meaning roughly the spirit of an age The zeitgeist isZeitgeist is a German word meaning, roughly, the spirit of an age. The zeitgeist is the prevailing ethos or sensibility of an era, the general mood of its people, the tenor of public discourse, the flavor of daily life, the intellectual inclinations and biases that underlie human endeavor Because of the zeitgeist parallel (althoughbiases that underlie human endeavor. Because of the zeitgeist, parallel (although not identical) trends tend to occur in literature, religion, science, architecture, art, and other creative enterprises.It is impossible to rigidly defi ne the eras of human history; however we canIt is impossible to rigidly defi ne the eras of human history; however, we can summarize the primary intellectual trends in the West as follows:

• ANCIENT ERA: a tendency to accept myth-based truths;y p y ;• CLASSICAL (GREEK) ERA: a valuing of order, rationality, and democracy;• MEDIEVAL ERA: a dominance of the truths of organized religion;• RENAISSANCE: holistic embracings of science and art;g• MODERN ERA: a favoring of truths revealed by the scientifi c method;• POSTMODERN (CURRENT) ERA: an inclination to hold that truth is relative orimpossible to know.

THE HISTORY AND MEANING OF ARCHITECTURE:”Chronological table”; styles and periods - review with examples

(…..from baroque to contemporary architecture)

Exam preparation:p p

Professor’s lecture and presentation

Ching Francis D A Visual Dictionary of Architecture Van Nostrand Reinhold 1997Ching, Francis D., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997., “History”, pages: 128-135.

Farrelly L The Fundamentals of Architecture AVA Publishing SA 200 Chapter 2Farrelly, L., The Fundamentals of Architecture, AVA Publishing SA, 200., Chapter 2,"History and Precedent", pages: 34-61.

Hamlin, A.D., History of Architecture, Longmans, Geen, and Co

.

Prepared by:

Dr. Sc. Nermina Mujezinovićarchitect

Literature that was used for lecture preparation / Credits & ReferencesLiterature that was used for lecture preparation / Credits & References

1. Palmer, A.L., Historical Dictionary of Architecture, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 20082. Hamlin, A.D., History of Architecture, Longmans, Geen, and Co, 1909.3. Farrelly, L., The Fundamentals of Architecture, AVA Publishing SA, 2007.

introduction to arch week 14

Spiritual