INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Learning Objectives

• Describe the basic functions of organisms.

• Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each.

• Identify the major levels of organization in organisms .

• Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components.

• Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback.

• Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

SECTION 1-1 Introduction: Studying the Human body

• Organization

• Responsiveness

• Growth and differentiation

• Reproduction

• Movement

• Metabolism and excretion

The basic functions of organisms

• Gross Anatomy

• Surface anatomy

• Regional anatomy

• Systemic anatomy

• Developmental anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy

• Cytology

• Histology

The Specialties of Anatomy

• All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.

Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy

Figure 1.1

• Cell physiology

• Special physiology

• Systemic physiology

• Pathological physiology

The Specialties of Physiology

SECTION 1-2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.2.1

Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

Figure 1.2.2

• Integumentary system

• Nervous system

• Skeletal system

• Endocrine system

• Muscular system

• Cardiovascular system

Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems

Figure 1.3.1

Figure 1.3.2

Figure 1.3.3

Figure 1.3.4

Figure 1.3.5

Figure 1.3.6

• Lymphatic system

• Urinary system

• Respiratory system

• Digestive system

• Reproductive system

Figure 1.3 continued

Animation: Samples of the Visible Human Data setPLAY

Figure 1.3.7

Figure 1.3.8

Figure 1.3.9

Figure 1.3.11

Figure 1.3.10

Figure 1.3.12

SECTION 1-3 Homeostasis

• Autoregulation

• Extrinsic regulation

Two general points within homeostasis

• A receptor

• A control center

• An effector

Homeostatic regulation involves

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

Figure 1.6

SECTION 1-4 A frame of reference for anatomical studies

• Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions

• Sectional anatomy provides directional references

Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward

Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.7b

Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Figure 1.8a

Figure 1.8b, c

Figure 1.9 Directional References

Figure 1.9

• Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior

• Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior

• Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right

• Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

Plans and Sections are important in visualizing structures

Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

Figure 1.10

• Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs

• Cavities protect vital organs

• Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size

• Two body cavities

• Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

• Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

Figure 1.12a Body Cavities

Figure 1.12a, b

• The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

• It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum

• Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura

• The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Thoracic Cavities

Animation: Heart DissectionPLAY

• The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum

• The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis

• liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle

• reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Animation: Digestive System DissectionPLAY

• X-rays

• Computerized tomography (CT) scans

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans

• Ultrasound images

• Spiral CT scans

• Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

Clinical technology allows many different views of the body

Figure 1.13 X-rays

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods

Figure 1.15c

• The characteristics of life.

• The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions.

• The levels of organization in the human body.

• The definition and importance of homeostasis.

• The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.

You should now be familiar with: