introduction to accounting - perdisco · introduction to accounting chapter 1 2. 1. explain the...
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Introduction to Accounting
Chapter 1
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1. Explain the role of accounting information2. Identify the users of accounting information3. Distinguish between financial accounting and
management accounting4. Explain the role of the regulatory bodies in
developing generally accepted accounting principles
5. Explain five of the general principles that underlie accounting standards
Learning objectives
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6. Describe the key features of four business structures
7. Define the accounting equation and its components
8. Analyze transactions using the accounting equation
9. Describe the features of financial statements and explain how they interrelate
Learning objectives
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Explain the role ofaccounting information
Learning objective 1
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▪Accounting is an information system that – identifies information– records information– communicates information
▪Aim of accounting is to provide sufficient information for users to make informed business decisions
Role of accounting information
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▪ Identifying information– Recognizing transactions and events
▪Recording information– Measuring, classifying, documenting
▪Communicating information– Organizing, analyzing, interpreting, publishing
Role of accounting information
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Identify the users of accounting information
Learning objective 2
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▪ Investors▪Lenders▪Suppliers▪Employees▪Customers▪Government and regulatory agencies▪General public▪Managers
Users of accounting information
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Distinguish between financial accounting andmanagement accounting
Learning objective 3
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Financial accounting
Management accounting
Users External InternalReporting requirements
Regulated No regulation
Detail General reports Detailed reportsFrequency Annual or half-yearly As requiredFocus Past Future
Financial and management accounting
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Explain the role of the regulatory bodies in developinggenerally accepted accounting
principles
Learning objective 4
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GAAP:▪Generally accepted accounting principles
– Rules that govern financial accounting practice
FASB:▪The Financial Accounting Standards Board
– Issues the Accounting standards codification, the single authoritative source of U.S. GAAP
Role of regulatory bodies
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SEC:▪The Securities and Exchange Commission
– Authorizes the reporting requirements for companies who issue stock to the general public
IASB:▪ International Accounting Standards Board
– Issues IFRS, the International Financial Reporting Standards
Role of regulatory bodies
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Explain five of the general principles that underlie
accounting standards
Learning objective 5
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1. Historical cost principle▪ items are recorded at exchange value
2. Monetary unit principle▪ items are recorded in dollars
3. Going-concern principle▪assumes the business will remain in operation
General principles of accounting
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4. Business entity principle▪business records kept separate from owners
5. Materiality principle▪ information is material if its omission or misstatement could change or influence the judgment of a user relying on that information
General principles of accounting
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Describe the key features of four business structures
Learning objective 6
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▪Sole proprietorships▪Partnerships▪Corporations▪Limited Liability Company (LLC)
▪Each has advantages and disadvantages▪ Important to choose business structure because of legal and taxation implications
Business structures
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▪A business that only has one owner▪Separate business entity▪NOT a separate legal entity▪Unlimited liability▪Earnings taxed in the owner’s personal tax return
Sole proprietorships
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▪Two or more people that have an agreement to form a business▪Agreement includes how the income or losses of the partnership are to be shared▪Separate business entity▪NOT a separate legal entity▪Unlimited liability▪Earnings distributed among the partners and taxed in the partners’ personal tax return
Partnerships
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▪Separate legal entity– Own rights and responsibilities, similar to that of a natural
person– Corporation responsible for its actions
▪Limited liability
Corporations
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▪Ownership divided into units called shares, collectively known as stock▪Owners are stockholders▪Double taxation
– Corporations pay tax on earnings, AND dividends distributed to stockholders are also taxed in the owner’s individual tax return
– Double taxation does not apply if business elects to be treated as an S corporation provided it is eligible to do so
Corporations
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▪Combines characteristics of both corporations and partnerships▪Separate legal entity (corporation)▪Limited liability (corporation)▪Taxation (partnership)
– May elect to be taxed as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship, depending on specific structure
▪Owners are members who hold a membership interest
Limited liability company (LLC)
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Define the accounting equation and its
components
Learning objective 7
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Accounting equation
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Assets = Liabilities + Equity
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▪Resources owned or controlled by an entity that are expected to provide benefits to the business in the future
Examples:– Cash – Accounts Receivable– Office Supplies– Equipment – Machinery – Vehicles – Land
Assets
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▪Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits where the entity has an obligation to transfer assets to another entity outside the organization, or to provide them with a service
Examples:– Accounts Payable– Bank Loan– Loan Payable
Liabilities
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▪The residual interest, held by the owners of the entity, in the assets of the entity after all liabilities have been deducted▪Also known as net assetsExamples:
– Owner's Equity– Capital
Equity
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▪Equity can be subdivided into– Capital– Withdrawals– Revenues– Expenses
▪This creates the expanded accounting equation…
Equity
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A = L + C – W + R – EWhere:
A = AssetsL = LiabilitiesC = CapitalW = WithdrawalsR = RevenuesE = Expenses
Expanded accounting equation
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▪Represents the value of the contributions the owners have invested in the business▪Capital increases equity▪Another name for Owner's Equity
Capital
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▪Represents the amount the owners have withdrawn from a sole proprietorship or partnership▪Withdrawals decrease equity▪Also known as Distributions
Withdrawals
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▪ Inflows or enhancements of assets or settlements of liabilities (or both) that result from activities that make up the ongoing central operations of the entity▪Revenues increase equityExamples:
– Sales– Sales Revenues
• amounts earned by a firm by providing goods to customers
– Service Revenues • amounts earned by a firm by providing services to customers
Revenues
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▪Outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or both) that result from activities that make up the ongoing central operations of the entity. ▪Expenses decrease equity
Expenses
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Expenses
Examples:– Electricity Expense– Gas Expense– Telephone Expense– Utilities Expenses– Rent Expense
– Wages Expense• Employees paid on an hourly
basis
– Salary Expense• employees paid a set amount,
regardless of hours worked
– Advertising Expenses
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Analyze transactions using theaccounting equation
Learning objective 8
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▪Transactions and events are recorded in the accounting system▪A business transaction is an event in which entities exchange something of value▪Transactions are recorded as increases or decreases in the elements of the accounting equation
Transaction analysis
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▪Each transaction has at least two entries that affect the accounting equation ▪The accounting equation must remain in balance after each and every transaction
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Transaction analysis
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1. Decide if the event is to be recorded in the accounting system
2. Determine the changes in the elements of the accounting equation
– Identify the names of the items affected– Classify each item as an element of the expanded
accounting equation – Determine whether each item has increased or decreased– Calculate the value of the increase or decrease of each
item
Steps in transaction analysis
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3. Record the transaction and check that the accounting equation remains in balance
– If the accounting equation is not balanced, an error has been made
– This error needs to be identified and fixed up before the next transaction is recorded
Steps in transaction analysis
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Transaction Owner invests $2,000 cash into the business
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Cash Asset Increase $2,000
Capital Equity Increase $2,000
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Capital
(A) +2,000 +2,000
A. Cash investment by owner
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Transaction Purchased supplies for $700 cash
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Supplies Asset Increase $700
Cash Asset Decrease $700
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash + Supplies =
(B) -700 +700
B. Purchased an asset with cash
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Transaction Purchased a computer on credit for $2,400
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Equipment Asset Increase $2,400
Accounts Payable Liability Increase $2,400
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Equipment = Accounts Payable
(C) +2,400 +2,400
C. Purchased an asset on credit
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Transaction Paid $600 cash toward the computer previously purchased on credit
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Accounts Payable Liability Decrease $600
Cash Asset Decrease $600
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Accounts Payable
(D) -600 -600
D. Paid for an asset purchased on credit
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Transaction Received a loan of $5,000 from the bank
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Cash Asset Increase $5,000
Loan Payable Liability Increase $5,000
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Loan Payable
(E) +5,000 +5,000
E. Received loan
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Transaction Performed tutoring services for $3,300 cash
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Cash Asset Increase $3,300
Revenues Revenue Increase $3,300
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Revenues
(F) +3,300 +3,300
F. Performed services for cash
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Transaction Performed $4,400 worth of tutoring services on credit
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Accounts Receivable Asset Increase $4,400
Revenues Revenue Increase $4,400
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Accounts Receivable = Revenues
(G) +4,400 +4,400
G. Performed services on credit
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Transaction Received $800 cash from Accounts Receivable
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Cash Asset Increase $800
Accounts Receivable Asset Decrease $800
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash + Accounts Receivable
=
(H) +800 -800
H. Received cash from Accounts Receivable
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Transaction Paid $150 cash for advertising campaign
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Advertising Expense Expense Increase ExpenseDecrease Equity
$150
Cash Asset Decrease $150
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Advertising Expense
(I) -150 - +150
I. Paid expense with cash
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Transaction Owner withdraws $250 cash from the business
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
Withdrawals Equity Increase WithdrawalsDecrease Equity
$250
Cash Asset Decrease $250
Accounting equation analysis
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash = Withdrawals
(J) -250 - +250
J. Owner withdraws cash from business
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Transaction Signing an employment agreement
Transaction analysis
Item Classification Change Value
- - - -
- - - -
Accounting equation analysis
No effect on the accounting equation
K. Non business transaction
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▪Each transaction has at least two entries▪Each transaction can be analyzed according to the increase and/or decrease of the elements of the accounting equation▪Withdrawals and Expenses decrease Equity▪The accounting equation always remains in balance after each transaction
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Remember
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Describe the features offinancial statements and explain
how they interrelate
Learning objective 9
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There are four main financial statements:▪ Income statement ▪Statement of changes in owner's equity▪Balance sheet▪Statement of cash flows
Financial statements
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▪Summarizes the revenues earned and expenses incurred over a period of time
Income statement
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▪ Identifies the movements in equity over a period of time▪These include earnings, contributions and withdrawals of capital by the owners of the business
Statement of changes in owner's equity
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▪Presents the assets, liabilities and equity of the business at a specific point in time
Balance sheet
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▪Explains the inflows (receipts) and outflows (payments) of cash over a period of time
Reports 3 cash flow categories:▪Cash flows from operating activities
– Cash flows that occur in the process of providing goods or services to customers
Statement of cash flows
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▪Cash flows from investing activities– Cash flows that arise from the purchase and sale of
assets that are intended to be used by the business over the long term
▪Cash flows from financing activities– Cash contributions and withdrawals by the owners of the
business, as well as obtaining and repaying long-term loans
Statement of cash flows
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Statement of cash flows
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▪Net income (or net loss) from the income statement is an input into the statement of changes in owner's equity▪Ending balance of Capital in the statement of changes in owner's equity is the ending balance of Capital reported in the balance sheet▪Ending balance of Cash in the statement of cash flows is the balance of Cash in the balance sheet.
Relation between the financial statements
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