introduction - unb · spatial data querying • the database attribute structure of these datasets...
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
Where do Spatial Analytical Methods Fit In?
Personal Introduction Spatial Analytical Methods and Applications Agenda
Agenda
Data Visualization: Spatial Analytical Methods
Presentation will provide an overview of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Spatial Data: Geographic Objects and Data Types
Visualization Methods and GIS Functionality
Data and Application Resources
GIS Overview
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Integration of hardware, software, and data into a comprehensive and user-
friendly format
Used for collecting, storing, managing, analyzing, and
presenting of all formats of spatial information
Allows users to display, query, and analyze data in
order to explore relationships, patterns and
trends
GIS Overview
Spatial Data
Lines Roads, rivers, railways, hydo lines, trails
Points x,y coordinates representing postal codes, dwellings,
buildings, crime locations, cell towers, trees, centroid
Polygons Administrative boundaries, ecosystems, wildlife
habitat
Image Source: esri.com and wikimedia commons
Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Digital Representation of World onto a 2D surface
Data is built from smaller elements, or facts about the geographic world. A piece of information connects a location at a given time to an attribute about that location
Vector Objects and Raster Objects
Calculations (distance, relationships)
Visualization
GIS Overview
Spatial Data
Image Source: esri.com
Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Image Source: esri.com
Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Image Source: google earth
Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Digital Representation of World onto a 2D surface
Data is built from smaller elements, or facts about the geographic world. A piece of information connects a location at a given time to an attribute about that location
Vector Objects and Raster Objects
Visualization
Spatial Data
Spatial Data
Image Source: http://landsurveyorsunited.com/group/gis/forum/topics/origins-and-history-of-gis
Demographics
Crime
Environmental
Economic
Health
Imagery
Census Division
288
Census Consolidated
Division
2,341
Census Subdivision
5,418
Dissemination Block
478,831
Dissemination Area
54,626
Census Tract
5,076
Statistical Area Classification (SAC)
Census Agglomeration
without CT
96
Census Agglomeration with
CT
15
Terr. MIZ CMA/CA influenced
zones
Census Metropolitan Area
33
Economic Region
76
Census Agricultural Region
82
Federal Electoral District
308
Postal Code
Forward Sortation Area
1,625
Designated Place
1,289
CANADA
Province/territory
13
Postal Code
805,640
Block Face
3,739,041
Urban Core and
Urban Fringe Rural fringe
Urban Area
895 Rural area
Canada
Statistical units
Administrative units
Locality
32,771
Census Subdivision
previous Census
5,600
Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca
Spatial Data
Census Geographies
Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca
Spatial Data
Census Geographies
Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca
Spatial Data
Calculations and Relationships
Densities, distances, within, nearby, partly within
Relationships and joins
Spatial Data
Querying
• The database attribute structure of these datasets allows for a user to query spatial
databases through SQL.
• Queries and reasoning are the most basic of analysis operations, in which the GIS is
used to answer simple questions posed by the user. No changes occur in the database,
and no new data are produced. The operations vary from simple and well-defined
queries like “how many people are found within 1km of this point” to more vague
questions like “which is the closest Census Subdivision area to the north of Sudbury”.
Visualization
Are these clusters?
Visualization and Analysis
Visualization
Quantify Patterns through methods such as
Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to
reveal “hotspots” or areas of clustering of values
Visualization
Image Source: www.popcentre.org
Visualization
Image Source: www.popcentre.org
Visualization
Image Source: www.popcentre.org
Visualization
Demographics and Statistics
– Neighbourhood Demographics
– Crime Statistics
Crime Density Division Area
Total
Crimes Crimes/sq.km
Shootings D43 1.06 16 15
Robberies D43 1.06 81 76
VCFS D43 1.06 1628 1536
Crime Rate Division Population
Total
Crimes
Crime /100,000
people
Shootings D43 12,515 16 128
Robberies D43 12,515 81 647
VCFS D43 12,515 1628 13008
Language Composition:
Albion Finch
Education Levels:
Jane Finch
Crime Levels:
Scarborough Village
Visualization
Image Source: www.statcan.gc.ca
Postal Codes (PC) and Forward Sortation Area (FSA)
Postal code (PC) : six-character code defined and maintained by Canada Post Corporation
The first three characters of the PC identify the forward sortation area (FSA)
Average number of households served is approx 8,000, but the number can range from zero to more than 60,000 households 805,640 postal codes and 1,625 forward sortation areas
Population and dwelling counts are available by the postal code reported by respondents on their census questionnaire
Visualization
Postal Code
The Postal Code Conversion File is a digital file that provides a
correspondence between the six-character postal codes and Statistics
Canada’s standard 2006 geographical areas (such as DA’s, CSD’s,
and CT’s).
The PCCF also provides latitude and longitude coordinates for points
representing postal code locations to support mapping.
Visualization
Shopping Center A
Place Liray
Carrefour Charlesbourg
Shopping Center B
Shopping Center C
AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER
Location
Visualization
Place Liray
Carrefour Charlesbourg
Shopping Center A
Shopping Center B
Shopping Center C
Location
1 to 10 clients
AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER
Visualization
Place Liray
Carrefour Charlesbourg
Shopping Center A
Shopping Center B
Shopping Center C
Location
Secondary area of influence
Primary area of influcence
1 to 10 clients
AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER
Visualization
Place Liray
Carrefour Charlesbourg
Shopping Center A
Shopping Center B
Shopping Center C
Location
Secondary area of influence
Primary area of influcence
Residential area to
be developped 1 to 10 clients
AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER
Visualization
Urban expansion
area
Location
Secondary area of influence
Primary area of influcence
Place Liray
Carrefour Charlesbourg
1 to 10 clients
Shopping Center A
Shopping Center B
Shopping Center C
Residential area to
be developped
AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF A SHOPPING CENTER
Visualization
“The areal units (zonal objects) used in many geographical studies are
arbitrary, modifiable, and subject to the whims and fancies of whoever
is doing, or did, the aggregating." (Openshaw, 1984, 3)
◦ gerrymandering
◦ “Texas bull’s-eye”
◦ boundaries drawn for some other purpose
Limitations
scale effects
zoning effects
edge effects
◦ 2nd order effects are greater at centre than at edge where there
are neighbours only towards the centre
10 15 5
5 10 15
5 10 5
6.67 11.67 8.33 8.89
7.5
11.25
6.67
12.5
8.0
7.5
11.25
7.5
5
Limitations
Resources
Available Products
Paid Products Pitney Bowes MapInfo - MapInfo – www.pbinsight.com ESRI ArcGIS – www.esri.com Manifold GIS – www.manifold.net Open Source GeoDa – https://geodacenter.asu.edu CrimeStat III – www.icpsr.umich.edu/CrimeStat Google Earth – earth.google.com
Mapping Software Data Courses and Info Contact Info Conclusion
Data Courses and Information
Contact Info Conclusion
Resources
Data
Data Availability Statistics Canada - www.statcan.gc.ca Natural Resources Canada – geogratis or http://geoapps.nrcan.gc.ca/applications/p3/all_tout Service New Brunswick - http://www.snb.ca/gdam-igec/e/2900e_1.asp City of Toronto Open Data – www.toronto.ca/open
Mapping Software
Courses and Information
Contact Info Conclusion
Mapping Software Data Courses and Info Contact Info Conclusion
Resources
Courses and Information
For more information University libraries Courses through forestry, engineering, geography
Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion
Mapping Software
Contact Information
Conclusion Data
Resources
Contact Information
Ian Williams [email protected] 416-432-2520
Mapping Software Conclusion Data
Courses and Information
Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion
Resources
Conclusion
Wide application for spatial data analysis
Mapping Software Data
Courses and Information Contact Information
Mapping Software Data Courses and Information Contact Information Conclusion