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DHARA BIOTECH

Introduction:

What is DZ-1X Soil Stabilization Enzyme?

DZ-1X is a unique multi-enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,

mixability, binding and compaction of soil.

DZ-1X significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.

DZ-1X is a completely natural bio-degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical

and chemical properties which result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities

for compaction.

DZ-1X offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling

lower construction costs, less maintenance and greater ro

DZ-1X has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.

The benefits of using DZ-1x

a) reduced construction costs

b) longer useful lives

c) minimal road maintenance costs

d) better wear qualities

e) increased transport capacity

f) greater passenger comfort

g) lower vehicle operating costs

h) reduced traffic accidents

i) excellent environmental safety

DZ-1X Delivers!

For paved roads, stabilizing the base a

a) Improves the soil structure sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in

paved road construction costs.

b) Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to

c) Remove and dispose of old asphalt. Recycling and stabilizing asphalt incr

d) Strength two to three times.

e) Strengthens base layers and sub

f) Increases the capacity of the road surface to support heavy traffic loads.

g) Reduces such common road surface problems as crac

h) Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning

by reusing in-situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.

i) Extends the useful life of asphalt and concrete

j) Shoulders. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.

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PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, MangereMobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616

1X Soil Stabilization Enzyme?

enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,

compaction of soil.

significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.

degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical

ich result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities

offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling

lower construction costs, less maintenance and greater road performance.

has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.

minimal road maintenance costs

excellent environmental safety

For paved roads, stabilizing the base and/or sub-base layer with DZ-1X:

sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in

paved road construction costs.

Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to

and dispose of old asphalt. Recycling and stabilizing asphalt increases structure

Strengthens base layers and sub-base layers in preparation for chip - seal operations.

Increases the capacity of the road surface to support heavy traffic loads.

Reduces such common road surface problems as cracking and surface loosening.

Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning

situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.

Extends the useful life of asphalt and concrete road surfaces and stabilizes highway road

. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.

PO Box 200144, Auckland Airport, Mangere Mobile: +64 9 27 44 55 616

Skype: Gumat007 1

enzyme product specifically developed as an effective aid to the workability,

significantly improves stability in construction of roads, dams and many other related projects.

degradable product. By its actions it alters and improves soils physical

ich result, in significantly less mechanical effort to achieve greater densities

offers a convenient and low cost method for improving a soils strength and durability, enabling

has ionic actions, which bind dust particles together to maintain a longer dust free environment.

sufficiently to achieve confirmed savings of greater than 25% in

Strengthens the road structure of highways needing repaving and eliminates the need to

eases structure

seal operations.

king and surface loosening.

Reduces the cost of purchasing and transporting construction materials for road reconditioning

situ materials and upgrading and improving poorer quality local soils.

road surfaces and stabilizes highway road

. Construction savings mostly achieved from reduced aggregate and hauling needs.

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For roads remaining un-surfaced, stabilization with DZ

a) Improves structural integrity and load capacity, and reduces

such as pot holes and rut formation, resulting in fewer maintenance needs.

b) Strengthens base layers and sub

highways.

c) Decreases the loss of aggregate and fine

d) Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads

Environmental benefits:

a) Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.

b) Reduces the ongoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading

of replacement gravel.

c) Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in

road construction and maintenance.

d) Reduces fuel usage associated with frequent, short interval road repairs.

e) Lessens the impact of open gravel mines and pits. DZ

sources.

DZ-1X delivers stronger, longer-lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It

also better for the environment.

How it Works:

Soils are chemical substances. They have a tendency to react with other chemicals if prevalent

conditions are present. These reactions result from the attraction of positive and negative charges in

the components of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these

charges of the soil to alter the overall property of the soil. These effects are brought about by

electrolyte exchanges, differences in osmotic pressure gradients, electrochemi

on the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear

velocity and pore-size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's

forces.

The addition of non-standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils

(clays). Some non-standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,

Mineral pitches, Acrylic polymers and Enzymes.

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faced, stabilization with DZ-1X:

Improves structural integrity and load capacity, and reduces the occurrence of serious defects


Strengthens base layers and sub-base layers for construction or restoration of rural or forest

Decreases the loss of aggregate and fine material and lowers dust formation.

Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads

Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.

ngoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading

Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in

road construction and maintenance.

ated with frequent, short interval road repairs.

Lessens the impact of open gravel mines and pits. DZ-1X allows maximum leveraging of

lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It



of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these


electrolyte exchanges, differences in osmotic pressure gradients, electrochemical and physical effects

the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear

size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's

standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils

standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,

Mineral pitches, Acrylic polymers and Enzymes.


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the occurrence of serious defects


base layers for construction or restoration of rural or forest

material and lowers dust formation.

Yields significantly more durable surfaces and longer road life on secondary roads

Minimizes material loss of surface gravel on soil roadways due to erosion or abrasion by traffic.

ngoing cost and environmental impact of the purchase, transport and spreading

Minimizes the harmful production and use of crushed rock and historical mineral stabilizers in

1X allows maximum leveraging of existing

lasting roads at lower costs than conventional road designs. It is



of the soil and the chemical substances. Many times, compounds react with these


cal and physical effects

the colloidal activity of the soils. Physical effects are related to Brownian motion, laminar shear

size distribution, whereas, electrochemical effects are related to Van der Vaal's

standardized stabilizers affects the shrinking and swelling properties of soils

standardized stabilizers in use today are sulphonated oils, Ammonium chloride,

DHARA BIOTECH

Enzymes as a Soil Stabilizer The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also

help the soil bacteria to release hydrogen ions, resulting in pH gradients at the surfaces of the soil

particles, which assist in breaking up the structcatalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction, that otherwise would happen at a s

a part of the end product. The enzyme combines with the large organic

intermediary, which exchanges ions with the soil structure, breaking down

cover-up effect; which prevents further absorption of water and the loss of

regenerated by the reaction and goes to react

moisture content by construction equipment produces the desired high densities

shale. The resulting surface has the properties of durable "shale" produced in a

millions of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase

bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become

more densely compacted. Also, it improves the chemical bonding

together, creating a more permanent structure that is more resistant to

penetration.

The Concept of Enzyme Stabilization Enzyme stabilization is commonly demonstrated by termites and ants

Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and

These structures are known to stand firm despite heavy tropical rain seasons.

Analysis by (A.R. Tolleson, E, Mahdavian, FEVALUATION OF STRENGTH CHANGE ON SUBGRADE SOILS STABILIZED WITH AN

SOLUTION USING CBR AND SSG COMPARISONS)

samples showed the strength change under the soaked condition

the samples with high fines content up to 140% strength gain for

30% fines. The average strength gain was approximately 52% with a

test results for the subgrade soil samples tested under both dry and

greater average strength gain as a result of enzyme treatment under

the average strength gain under the soaked con

The basic effects of the action of the enzyme into the structure of the soil can be summarized as

follows. Initially, the film of absorbed water is greatly reduced and in fact entirely broken, as shown

schematically in Figures below:

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The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also


reaking up the structure of the soil. An enzyme is by definition an

catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction, that otherwise would happen at a slower rate, without becoming

The enzyme combines with the large organic molecules to form a re

intermediary, which exchanges ions with the soil structure, breaking down the lattice and causing the

further absorption of water and the loss of density. The enzyme is

regenerated by the reaction and goes to react again. Compaction of aggregates near the optimum

moisture content by construction equipment produces the desired high densities

shale. The resulting surface has the properties of durable "shale" produced in a fraction of the time

of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase

bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become

more densely compacted. Also, it improves the chemical bonding that helps to fuse the soil particles

together, creating a more permanent structure that is more resistant to weathering, wear and water

The Concept of Enzyme Stabilization Enzyme stabilization is commonly demonstrated by termites and ants in Latin America, Africa and

Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and

These structures are known to stand firm despite heavy tropical rain seasons.

Analysis by (A.R. Tolleson, E, Mahdavian, F.M. Shatnawi, N.E. Harman, September 2003, EVALUATION OF STRENGTH CHANGE ON SUBGRADE SOILS STABILIZED WITH AN ENZYME CATALYST

SOLUTION USING CBR AND SSG COMPARISONS) for the treated and control specimens for various soil

change under the soaked condition ranged from negligible change for

the samples with high fines content up to 140% strength gain for the soil sample with approximately

30% fines. The average strength gain was approximately 52% with a standard deviation of

test results for the subgrade soil samples tested under both dry and soaked CBR conditions indicated a

greater average strength gain as a result of enzyme treatment under the dry condition compared to

the average strength gain under the soaked condition.




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The enzymes are adsorbed by soil, initially causing it to expand and then to tighten. The enzymes also


An enzyme is by definition an organic

rate, without becoming

molecules to form a reactant

the lattice and causing the

density. The enzyme is

near the optimum

characteristic of

fraction of the time

of years) required by nature. When added to a soil, the enzymes increase the wetting and

bonding capacity of the soil particles. The enzyme allows soil materials to become more easily wet and

fuse the soil particles

weathering, wear and water

in Latin America, Africa and

Asia. Ant saliva, full of enzymes, is used to build soil structures, which are rock hard and metres high.

.M. Shatnawi, N.E. Harman, September 2003, AN ENZYME CATALYST

control specimens for various soil

ranged from negligible change for

the soil sample with approximately

standard deviation of 58%. The

soaked CBR conditions indicated a

the dry condition compared to



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Absorbed W

Elimination of the Absorbed Water in the Soil

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Absorbed Water in the Structure of the Soil

limination of the Absorbed Water in the Soil


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DHARA BIOTECHThe most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the

entire surface of each soil particle. This film of water enveloping

governs the expansion and shrinkage of colloidal soil constituents, cannot be completely eliminated by

purely mechanical methods. However, by means of temperature effects, addition or removal of water

with mechanical pressure, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such

variations are attended by swelling or shrinkage. This provides an ideal point of operation for the

enzyme.

The electrostatic characteristics of soil particles will also have to be con

mechanism of soil-enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water

molecule by the enzyme, dissociation occurs in a hydroxyl (

in turn dissociates into oxygen and hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed

into a hydronium ion. The latter can accept or reject positive or negative charges, according to

circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The e

film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions

potassium, aluminum and magnesium

electrically negative soil ion. In bringing about this p

hydronium ion or of the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively

charged metal ions in the water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the

enzyme formulation in reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative

charge to exert adequate pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As

a result of this, the existing electrostatic potential barrier is

metal ions migrate into the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the

film of absorbed water enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling

capacity and the soil as a whole acquires a friable structure.

The hydrogen ions, which are liberated in the dissociation of the water molecules, can once again react

with free hydroxyl ions and form water along the gaseous hydrogen. It is important to note that the

moisture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The

enzyme reduces surface tension making the soil compaction easier to perform. After the absorbed

water is reduced, the soil particles tend to agglomerate and

between particles, the surface area is reduced and less absorbed water can be held, which in turn

reduces the swelling capacity.

Field performance The enzyme products have been used in more than 40 countries in the

rural roads to highways for the past 30 years. A short review of some of the projects where enzymes

were used as a road stabilizer is presented below.

enzymes in Paraguay reported consistent road

stabilizer treated roads compared to untreated roads.

gathered on a large-scale study from multiple sites using

road performance for up to 33 months. Stabilization with

performance of these roads despite the heavy traffic and the

increase in the strength and durability of the roads, a

Enzymes have been used successfully to stabilize roads in Malaysia, China and the Western USA at low

cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of

compaction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,

DHARA BIOTECH


The most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the

entire surface of each soil particle. This film of water enveloping the particles, which ultimately



e, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such


The electrostatic characteristics of soil particles will also have to be considered to understand the

enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water

molecule by the enzyme, dissociation occurs in a hydroxyl (-) and a hydrogen (+) ion. The hydroxyl ion

d hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed


circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The e

film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions

potassium, aluminum and magnesium - which ensure charge equalization with respect to the

negative soil ion. In bringing about this phenomenon, the positive charges of the

the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively

water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the

reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative

pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As

existing electrostatic potential barrier is broken. When this reaction occurs, the

the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the

enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling

whole acquires a friable structure.



ture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The


water is reduced, the soil particles tend to agglomerate and as a result of the relative movement


The enzyme products have been used in more than 40 countries in the construction of structures from


were used as a road stabilizer is presented below. A World Bank study on soil stabilization using

ed consistent road improvements and better performance from soil

stabilizer treated roads compared to untreated roads. The conclusions were drawn based on data

scale study from multiple sites using commercial enzymes and documentation o

road performance for up to 33 months. Stabilization with enzymes has been used in India. Good

performance of these roads despite the heavy traffic and the high rainfall has been found. Besides an

increase in the strength and durability of the roads, a reduction in project cost has also been achieved.


cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of

ction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,


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The most difficult problem is raised by the presence of absorbed water in the soil that adheres to the

the particles, which ultimately



e, it is possible to vary the amount of water held in this manner. Such


sidered to understand the

enzyme interaction. As a result of lowering the dipole moment of the water

) and a hydrogen (+) ion. The hydroxyl ion

d hydrogen, while the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl is transformed


circumstances. Normally the finest colloidal particles of soil are negatively charged. The enveloping

film of absorbed water contains a sufficient number of positive charged metal ions - such as sodium,

which ensure charge equalization with respect to the

henomenon, the positive charges of the

the negatively charged hydroxyl ion will normally combine with the positively

water adhering to the surface of the particles. Because of the effect of the

reducing the electric charge of the water molecule, there is sufficient negative

pressure on the positively charged metal ions in the absorbed water film. As

broken. When this reaction occurs, the

the free water, which can be washed out or removed by evaporation. Thus the

enveloping the particles is reduced. The particles thereby lose their swelling



ture content of the soil affects the surface tension and is thus a factor affecting compaction. The


as a result of the relative movement


construction of structures from


A World Bank study on soil stabilization using

improvements and better performance from soil

The conclusions were drawn based on data

commercial enzymes and documentation of

enzymes has been used in India. Good

high rainfall has been found. Besides an

reduction in project cost has also been achieved.


cost. In Mendocino County, California Department of Transportation has conducted several tests of a

ction additive based on enzymes. This natural product helped the road base to set very tightly,

DHARA BIOTECHreducing dust and improving chip-seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies

requiring dust reduction, this is a potentially effective new pr

County in Utah has more than 40 miles of surface

that have been in use for several years. The climate is extremely arid and the 15 to 20% clay content in

the aggregates has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the

treatment has been evolved. Jerome County in Idaho reported a similar experience. Two city streets in

Stillwater, Oklahoma were also treated with enzyme products. Th

good performance was reported. A number of projects have been completed in Panaji (India) with the

use of enzymes. A rural road and a city road in Maharasthra have lasted for more than two years

without any damage.

Road sections placed in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over

forty freeze-thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three

years. The road sections then received chip

repairs to the stabilized base. Enzymes have been used to stabilize more than 160 miles of subgrades

and road surfacing in sites located across the National Forest land of the United States Department of

Agriculture, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.

The performance of the test sections shows improvement over non

historical performances of these sections before stabilization. Fa

related with the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.

Some of the properties modified by the stabilization process are listed below:

• Increased compressive strength: the

road material bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.

• Reduced compaction effort and improved soil workability: lubricates

makes the soil easier to grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with

fewer passes.

• Increased soil density: helps reduce voids between soil partic

attraction in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighte

road foundation.

• Lowered water permeability: a tighter soil configuration redu

normally occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water

penetration deterioration.

Some of the advantages of using enzyme

listed below:

• Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are

nontoxic and will cause no harm or danger to humans, animals, fi

• Cost effective: all-weather, low

small fraction of bituminous paving or other resurfacing costs.

• Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and m

material.

Normally the enzyme comes in liquid concentrate. This benefit eases handling and preparation

procedures and adds to the cost effectiveness.

DHARA BIOTECH


seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies

requiring dust reduction, this is a potentially effective new product, cheaper than asphalt. Emery

County in Utah has more than 40 miles of surface-dressed roads treated with soil stabilization enzymes


s has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the


Stillwater, Oklahoma were also treated with enzyme products. The clay had a plastic index of 20% and



in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over

thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three

years. The road sections then received chip-seal coats and asphalt surfaces with no requirement for



ure, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.

performance of the test sections shows improvement over nonstabilized control sections and

performances of these sections before stabilization. Failures in the test sections have been

the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.

Some of the properties modified by the stabilization process are listed below:

Increased compressive strength: the enzyme acts as a catalyst to accelerate and strengthen

aterial bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.

Reduced compaction effort and improved soil workability: lubricates the soil particles. This

grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with

Increased soil density: helps reduce voids between soil particles by altering electrochemical

in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighte

Lowered water permeability: a tighter soil configuration reduces the migration of water that

occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water

advantages of using enzyme-based stabilizers instead of the traditional stabilizers are

Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are

will cause no harm or danger to humans, animals, fish or vegetation.

weather, low-maintenance soils for road construction can be achieved for a

fraction of bituminous paving or other resurfacing costs.

Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and m


adds to the cost effectiveness.


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seal applications. With air quality and water quality agencies

oduct, cheaper than asphalt. Emery

dressed roads treated with soil stabilization enzymes


s has a very low Plasticity Index (PI) (<3%). A practical procedure for application of the


e clay had a plastic index of 20% and



in western Pennsylvania in the fall of 1992 passed subfreezing winters and over

thaw cycles and required no maintenance for ruts, potholes or wash boarding during three

nd asphalt surfaces with no requirement for



ure, where intense rainfall, highly erosive aggregate surfacing and expansive clay are found.

stabilized control sections and

ilures in the test sections have been

the misuse of the enzymes, such as application over the wrong type of soil and gradation.

enzyme acts as a catalyst to accelerate and strengthen

aterial bonding. The enzyme creates a denser, more cohesive and stable soil.

the soil particles. This

grade and allows the compactor to achieve targeted soil density with

les by altering electrochemical

in soil particles and releasing bound water. The result is a tighter, dryer, denser

ces the migration of water that

occurs in the voids between particles. It produces a greater resistance to water

based stabilizers instead of the traditional stabilizers are

Environmentally safe: enzymes are natural, safe (organic) materials. These materials are

sh or vegetation.

maintenance soils for road construction can be achieved for a

Simple to use: the enzyme is added to water, applied with a sprayer truck and mixed into the


DHARA BIOTECH

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

Q: Over time will DZ-1X increase its bonding strength?

A: DZ-1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and

immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence

moisture and compactive force. This condition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy

wheel loads, water, freeze-thaw cycles ultimately have their effect on all roads. DZ

these forces due to the bonded, high density of the road material. Th

detrimental effects of erosion and mechanical forces.

Q: Will the road come out with cracks or become fragile?

A: Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays

having a high shrink-swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This

condition reduces the effectiveness of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a

slightly reduced service life. (2) A soft sub

wheel loads. The bearing capacity of the road is insufficient. This

the road base.

When the clay fines (-200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.

Generally, the cracks are superficial, often filling in with road particles during normal t

condition is referred to as "Alligator/Crocodile Cracking" and does not significantly affect the stability of the

road base.

Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay mater

expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking

cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and

conditions see radical sub-surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture

keep cracking to a minimum.

Q: After compaction, what is the ratio of expansion?

A: After compaction, the expansion-contraction ratio will be dependent upon the soil

expansive clays) as well as the gradation range (distribution of particle sizes). Well

200 mesh to 1 inch) are ideal for road building. The

level extends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road

settle back to its original elevation without severe damage. Proper road construction including shoulder

drainage will minimize the effects of frost. Goo

Q: What can be expected of DZ-1X?

A: DZ-1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of

pavements. It then requires less good quality gravels owing to the increase in CBR's of the subgrade and

depending on the engineers design, possibly a thinner wear coat.

Q: What is the setting or curing time for DZ

A: Curing time is 7 days but cure continues for 28 days.

Q: How soon can traffic be run on the road?

DHARA BIOTECH


FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

1X increase its bonding strength?

1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and

immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence

ndition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy

thaw cycles ultimately have their effect on all roads. DZ-1X treated roads will resist

these forces due to the bonded, high density of the road material. The DZ-1X treated road will resist the

detrimental effects of erosion and mechanical forces.

Q: Will the road come out with cracks or become fragile?

Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays

swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This

of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a

slightly reduced service life. (2) A soft sub-base (expansive clays) may not support the treated base under heavy

wheel loads. The bearing capacity of the road is insufficient. This can be corrected by increasing the thickness

200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.

Generally, the cracks are superficial, often filling in with road particles during normal traffic use. Generally this


Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay mater

expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking

cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and

surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture

compaction, what is the ratio of expansion?

contraction ratio will be dependent upon the soil type (percentage of

expansive clays) as well as the gradation range (distribution of particle sizes). Well-graded soils (ranging from

200 mesh to 1 inch) are ideal for road building. The -200 mesh fines should be approximately 20%. If the frost

ends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road


drainage will minimize the effects of frost. Good engineering practices should be observed

1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of


depending on the engineers design, possibly a thinner wear coat.

What is the setting or curing time for DZ-1X?

ontinues for 28 days.

road?


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1X treated soils (for roads and ponds) achieves their greatest strength at the time of compaction and

immediate subsequent curing (72 hours curing) time. Bonding of the soil particles takes place in the presence of

ndition will last as long as the material resists external forces. Heavy

1X treated roads will resist

1X treated road will resist the

Cracking occurs as a result of 2 factors. (1) If the road material contains a high percent of expansive clays

swell factor, after the road is completed and dries out some cracking will appear. This

of the road stability. However, these roads still perform very well with a

base (expansive clays) may not support the treated base under heavy

can be corrected by increasing the thickness of

200 mesh) exceed 25% or are highly expansive, some surface cracking may occur.

raffic use. Generally this


Rain or other moisture will moderately swell the clay fines and the cracks will close. If the clay material is highly

expansive, then the percentage of these fines should be kept low to reduce the amount of cracking Reflective

cracks should not migrate upward through the asphalt unless the clay fines are in the upper range and site

surface ground moisture variations. Proper drainage will reduce ground moisture and

type (percentage of

graded soils (ranging from -

200 mesh fines should be approximately 20%. If the frost

ends below the level of the road base, some heaving may occur. However, in the spring, the road should


d engineering practices should be observed.

1X was formulated to increase the overall strength of poor quality clay based soils in the subgrade of


DHARA BIOTECHA: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a

period of 24-48 hours.

Q: What can be done to correct this (cracking /

A: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm

can be re-worked as you have 7 days curing.

Q: How much gain in CBR can be expected?

A: This will depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent

empirical evidence is available.

Q: Can the surface be maintained should it be damaged or worn?

A: Yes! But DZ-1X must be used to patch or resurface the treated roa

Q: If for some reason a customer does NOT profile the gravel road with a 5

"accidentally" keeps it 100 % horizontal, then what?

A: Good work practices are essential to good road

Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which

undermine the road.

Q: Does water quality affect the result?

A: Generally no! Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the

fewer problems will occur.

Q: What is the largest benefit to using DZ

A: Using low quality in-situ soils and gravel's to construct low cost low maintenance

resources in the construction of highways.

Q: What are the main elements of DZ-1X?

A: There are three main elements [1] surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay

soils and make it workable. [2] Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [

enzymes that cement together the clay platelets within the sands, silts and gravel's.

Q: If we double the application rate will we get twice the strength

A: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower

strength.

Q: We are still getting dust from the road after 3 weeks, why?

A: The soil used is low in clay content and high in silt fines, a

Remember clay is the binder and that DZ

DHARA BIOTECH


: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a

: What can be done to correct this (cracking / crazing) and what will be the effect?

: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm

worked as you have 7 days curing.

: How much gain in CBR can be expected?

depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent

Q: Can the surface be maintained should it be damaged or worn?

1X must be used to patch or resurface the treated road. Please ask for a Maintenance Guide.

Q: If for some reason a customer does NOT profile the gravel road with a 5-6 % gradient to each side,

"accidentally" keeps it 100 % horizontal, then what?

: Good work practices are essential to good road construction and should only be carried out by professionals.

Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which

Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the

largest benefit to using DZ-1X?

situ soils and gravel's to construct low cost low maintenance roads, thus saving valuable

resources in the construction of highways.

1X?

surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay

Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [

enzymes that cement together the clay platelets within the sands, silts and gravel's.

Q: If we double the application rate will we get twice the strength?

: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower

rom the road after 3 weeks, why?

The soil used is low in clay content and high in silt fines, a proportional mix design should have been used.

Remember clay is the binder and that DZ-1X only works on the clay particles within a soil / gravel mix.


Skype: Gumat007 8

: All during the construction and immediately after, except for heavy vehicles, they may have to wait for a

: Two things can be done, on heavy traffic roads it will correct it's self with no problems or the surface 20mm

depend on the soil and gravel being treated, but anywhere from 100% to 1200%. Independent

d. Please ask for a Maintenance Guide.

6 % gradient to each side, but

construction and should only be carried out by professionals.

Drainage and profile errors are nothing to do with the efficacy of the product and puddling will occur which will

Brackish water and sea water have been used successfully but the better the water supply the

roads, thus saving valuable

surfactants that allow the other two elements to penetrate the clay based

Electrolytes that change the cation exchange of the clay platelets and [3]

: No! You lose the benefit of the cation exchange as it will be reversed and you will end up with a lower

proportional mix design should have been used.

1X only works on the clay particles within a soil / gravel mix.

DHARA BIOTECH

Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be

A: This has to do with good work practices during construction which

drainage and profile.

Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and

cracking" surface?

A: "Crocodile-cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.

Q: Would you say that an increase of the Plastic Index from say 8 to say 15, has any specific advantages

towards the end-result?

A: Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,

sands and gravel to add to the overall strength. The clay content plus DZ

together.

Q: When you are making your own calculations on clay

weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with

necessary?

A: No we use a proportional mix design that we have

Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20

One aggregate has about 7-8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others

about 15-17 % fines?

A: All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI

could put them within possibility of improvement in CBR. The increase in CBR will not be as great but could

make an otherwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they

are available. Most soils will have some silt content unless they are straight sandy gravels.

Profile: The road profile is very important in the construct

a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not

Drainage: Table drains and culvert design are in the hands of the design engineer and

the fault of the product or the workers on the day.

Compaction: This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers

worldwide. Almost all of these views are held and vented on non plastic

exclude clay from any construction were possible. For clay areas were highway construction is in progress all

forms of compaction will be used and mostly in this order:

Compaction: DZ-1X and dirt road construction:

Dirt road construction is low cost construction and is the finished

same strict design control as highways. Good work practices must still be adhered to at all times.

Ideally all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using

nothing but the steel drum roller and the water cart used as the rubber tyre roller. The point here is that a steel

drum roller will bridge soft spots but the wobbly tyre

DHARA BIOTECH


Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be

This has to do with good work practices during construction which include rain during construction, correct

Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and

cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.


Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,

sands and gravel to add to the overall strength. The clay content plus DZ-1X are the cement that binds the mass

your own calculations on clay-addition on a job, do you normally work on the

weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with

No we use a proportional mix design that we have put together over the years and update from time to time.

Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20

8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others

All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI


herwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they


The road profile is very important in the construction of a dirt road and should be between 5 and 6 %

a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not

Table drains and culvert design are in the hands of the design engineer and any fault in this area is

the fault of the product or the workers on the day.

This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers

worldwide. Almost all of these views are held and vented on non plastic soils and the teaching in general is to


forms of compaction will be used and mostly in this order: Sheepsfoot, steel drum and rubber tyre.

1X and dirt road construction:

Dirt road construction is low cost construction and is the finished product; it does not usually come under the


lly all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using


pots but the wobbly tyre-roller will not. Potholes can be the result of poor


Skype: Gumat007 9

Q: It rained within seven days of construction and the road got very slippery and wheel tracks could be seen?

rain during construction, correct

Q: 40 % clay gives about 17 plasticity index. Wouldn't 40 % normally give a far too slippery and "crocodile-

cracking" surface is caused only through high moisture content at compaction.


Yes! If you look at a grading chart the ideal is a plastic index of 17% backed up by a good grading of silts,

1X are the cement that binds the mass

addition on a job, do you normally work on the basis

weight/weight and thus use different bulk densities on clay and rest respectively to come up with the % clay

put together over the years and update from time to time.

Q: I checked grain size distributions of aggregates we have now. Maximum grain sizes are 20-32 mm.

8 % fines (<0.063 mm) we use the 0.075mm sieve and two others aggregates have

All three soils are below the required guide lines of a minimum of 20% passing the 0.075 sieve but the PI


herwise useless resource into a better road. I suggest we try to view the Atterberg Limits when they


ion of a dirt road and should be between 5 and 6 % to

a central crown, compaction from the centre out on both sides so that the integrity of the crown is not changed.

any fault in this area is not

This is a large subject and has many different viewpoints held by academics and engineers

soils and the teaching in general is to


Sheepsfoot, steel drum and rubber tyre.

it does not usually come under the


lly all three roller types should be used during construction but excellent roads have been constructed using


roller will not. Potholes can be the result of poor

DHARA BIOTECHcompaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more

(Heavy traffic will accelerate the cure and seal the surface).

Rain: If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain

that is normal and use as little water as possible to apply DZ

truck and continue to work the soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted

prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of

simply grade all treated soil into one windrow and lay out la

application of DZ-1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated

so that delamination does not occur, DZ-

ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of

1X works will always get a great result. DZ

abundance (rain) is the surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the

and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times

alone and increase the drying time to allow for a slo

So you can see that if you then add more moisture you are headed for major problems. Conclusion: good

profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should

If rain is forecast do not start the construction.

DHARA BIOTECH


compaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more

(Heavy traffic will accelerate the cure and seal the surface).

If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain

that is normal and use as little water as possible to apply DZ-1X to the soil. Use the rain instead of the water

soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted

prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of

simply grade all treated soil into one windrow and lay out later or when the rain stops, up to seven

1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated

-1X at 1000 to 1 in the water truck during this proc

ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of

1X works will always get a great result. DZ-1X has three main elements, the one of concern were

surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the

and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times

alone and increase the drying time to allow for a slow cure to eliminate cracking and shrinking.


profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should

If rain is forecast do not start the construction.


Skype: Gumat007 10

compaction; rubber tyre rollers give a better finish to fine soils and dehydrate the moisture far more rapidly.

If rain is expected on the day of construction use the local knowledge available to gauge the extent of rain

1X to the soil. Use the rain instead of the water

soil ready for compaction, it is most important that the road is fully compacted

prior to leaving the site. If heavy rain suddenly appears from nowhere and you are in the middle of construction,

ter or when the rain stops, up to seven days after

1X. On returning make sure the base has a moisture content equal to the treated soil to be laid

1X at 1000 to 1 in the water truck during this procedure will help

ensure sufficient bonding. Nobody can change the weather but good work practices and knowledge of how DZ-

1X has three main elements, the one of concern were moisture is in

surfactants in the formulation. These surfactants are used to get into the clay based soils

and take with it the other two very important elements, they also render the water ten times wetter than water

w cure to eliminate cracking and shrinking.


profile, compaction and finish are paramount and then all rain will end up in the table drains were it should be.

DHARA BIOTECH

HOW TO APPLY:

DZ-1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used

reclaiming machines or applied with regular road building machines. DZ

that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction

normal road building techniques. A typical application to stabilize a 6

presented as follows:

1. If the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this

should be done dry for better traction.

2. Add 1 litre of DZ-1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75

cubic metres of material up

depend on how wet or dry your material is.

3. Spray DZ-1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a

cultivator. Continue adding DZ

1X is distributed evenly throughout the material.

material in a windrow overnight to promote total

this whenever possible for better compaction results

4. If the road base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and

ready to lay, spray the surface with a DZ

Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay

lifts. Start compaction immediately, in sub

but usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction

while you shape and dress the surface with a blade. Be s

promote water drainage.

on a hot day, a light mist of

to compact until the desired

vibrator off when finishing so

you foresee heavy, high-speed

consider closing the road unt

Normal traffic will not harm it.

5. If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be

obtained by moistening the surface with a spray of DZ

litre). This permanent surface can be applied at any time after a 3

under good weather conditions.

DHARA BIOTECH


1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used

reclaiming machines or applied with regular road building machines. DZ-1X should be used with

that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction

normal road building techniques. A typical application to stabilize a 6 - inch existing or new

the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this

should be done dry for better traction.

1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75

s of material up to optimum moisture. The amount of water needed will

wet or dry your material is.

1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a

ontinue adding DZ-1X and water while mixing until the required amount of D

1X is distributed evenly throughout the material. After thoroughly mixing, leave the soil

material in a windrow overnight to promote total moisture absorption. We recommend

this whenever possible for better compaction results with less effort.

d base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and

lay, spray the surface with a DZ-1X water mixture of one litre

Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay

Start compaction immediately, in sub-base fill, or pond areas, a sheep foot works fine,

usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction

you shape and dress the surface with a blade. Be sure to crown the surface to

Even while laying and compacting, if your material dries too fast

on a hot day, a light mist of DZ-1X treated water (1:10000 litres) can be applied. Continue

to compact until the desired density is reached. Vibratory rollers may be used, but turn the

vibrator off when finishing so that no fracturing occurs. The road is now ready for use. If

speed traffic, involving spinning or skidding wheels, you might

consider closing the road until the material has had a chance to cure for 12

Normal traffic will not harm it.

If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be

moistening the surface with a spray of DZ-1X and water solution (1:100

permanent surface can be applied at any time after a 3-5 day curing period

conditions.


Skype: Gumat007 11

1x is easy to apply and requires no special equipment or application procedures. It can be used with

should be used with soils

that contain approximately 10% cohesive fines. It is mixed with water used for compaction during

inch existing or new road base is

the existing road bed is too hard to blade, scarify to the required depth. Normally this

1X concentrate to the required amount of water needed to bring 3.75

oisture. The amount of water needed will

1X water solution over the road surface and start mixing using a blade or a

1X and water while mixing until the required amount of DZ-

After thoroughly mixing, leave the soil

moisture absorption. We recommend

d base is too dry the next morning, or after the material is thoroughly mixed and

litre to 10000 litre water.

Always start to lay the material on a damp floor. Pull the material out and lay in 2-3 inches

base fill, or pond areas, a sheep foot works fine,

usually a steel or pneumatic roller works best for finished roads. Continue compaction

ure to crown the surface to

Even while laying and compacting, if your material dries too fast

s) can be applied. Continue

d. Vibratory rollers may be used, but turn the

that no fracturing occurs. The road is now ready for use. If

traffic, involving spinning or skidding wheels, you might

material has had a chance to cure for 12-24 hours.

If asphalt or other permanent wearing surface is to be added, a better bond can be

1X and water solution (1:10000

5 day curing period

DHARA BIOTECH

Procedural Specifications to make a WBM (sub

Description:

1. This specification defines Enzyme based stabilization of

placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes

the existing, in-place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.

2. The mixed material shall be spread, shaped a

specifications.

3. Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that

reduces longitudinal and transverse joints to a minimum.

4. The contractor may use the in

defined as road base soil modification/stabilization.

Materials:

� Water:

� Water shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable

� Enzyme formulation

� Shall be in compliance with specification of DZ

shall be 1 litre per 4.5 cubic metre

� Aggregates:

� The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable

on the existing in-situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu

materials that the final admixture shall conform to the requirements

given below:

Sieve Size %

1" (25mm)

½" (12.5mm)

¼" (4.75mm)

1/16" (1.6mm)

1/200" (0.075mm)

� Liquid limit: 30 maximum

� Plasticity Index: 10+

� Free Swell Index % : 25%

� Optimal Moisture Content (OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.

Construction Method:

DHARA BIOTECH


Procedural Specifications to make a WBM (sub-base) Road:

This specification defines Enzyme based stabilization of soils in road bases, as well as

placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes

place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.

The mixed material shall be spread, shaped and compacted in accordance with these

Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that

reduces longitudinal and transverse joints to a minimum.

The contractor may use the in-place mixing method as described herein which discipline is

defined as road base soil modification/stabilization.

shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable

be in compliance with specification of DZ-1X, the admixture for the enzyme formulation

metres of soil.

The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable

situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu

materials that the final admixture shall conform to the requirements of a modified grading as

Sieve Size % Passing

1" (25mm) 100%

½" (12.5mm) 81-89%

(4.75mm) 58-66%

1/16" (1.6mm) 44-52%

1/200" (0.075mm) 18-30%

(OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.


Skype: Gumat007 12

soils in road bases, as well as furnishing,

placing, compacting and finishing a mixture composed of necessary Enzymes formulation and

place sub grade soil and water, uniformly blended and mixed.

nd compacted in accordance with these

Roadway pavements shall be built in series of parallel lines using a plan of processing that

described herein which discipline is

shall be clean, and free from injurious amounts of sewage, oil, or vegetable matter.

the enzyme formulation

The contractor shall submit to the engineer a soil analysis report from an acceptable laboratory

situ soil. The contractor shall make adjustments in the insitu soil by adding

of a modified grading as

(OMC) shall be obtained and submitted to the Engineer.

DHARA BIOTECH

� Weather Limitations:

� Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4

conditions indicate that the temperature may fall below 2

not be initiated when the sub

� Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected

next 48 hours.

� Preparation of surface:

� The in-situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or

into a well pulverized mixture.

� The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too

time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the

moisture content is achieved.

� Equipment:

� All methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools,

used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the

engineer before the work is started.

� Mixed-in-place operations:

� The additional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in

above, shall be spread over the existing in

� The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of

stabilization.

� The calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water

a water tanker.

� The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to

moisture content.

� The measuring devices for proportioning, by we

that the proportions of the mix will be maintained.

� The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.

� The mixing operations shall be such that all ingredients are distributed

desired depth and a uniform mixture and shall be satisfactory to the

� Windrow:

� Leave the soil overnight for charging in a windrow after through mixing.

� Compaction:

� Immediately upon completion of the spreading and leveling

thoroughly compacted with conventional 8

compactor).

� Compaction shall be done in 3

� The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum

laboratory specified MDD.

DHARA BIOTECH


Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4

conditions indicate that the temperature may fall below 2oc within 24 hours.

not be initiated when the sub-grade soil is frozen.

Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected

situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or

ll pulverized mixture.

The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too

time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the

moisture content is achieved.

methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools,

used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the

engineer before the work is started.

itional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in

above, shall be spread over the existing in-situ soil.

The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of

e calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water

The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to

The measuring devices for proportioning, by weight, or volume, shall be of

that the proportions of the mix will be maintained.

The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.

The mixing operations shall be such that all ingredients are distributed evenly

desired depth and a uniform mixture and shall be satisfactory to the engineer.

Leave the soil overnight for charging in a windrow after through mixing.

Immediately upon completion of the spreading and leveling operations, the mixture

thoroughly compacted with conventional 8-10T roller (recommended vibrating

Compaction shall be done in 3-4 inch layers.

The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum


Skype: Gumat007 13

Treatment of soil shall not be initiated while the atmospheric temperature is below 4oc or when

c within 24 hours. The process shall

Treatment of the soil shall not be initiated while it is raining or when rain is expected within the

situ soil to be stabilized, if not in loose state, must first be ripped, scarified, or roto-tilled

The soil should be wetted to the permissible limit of ±2% of OMC, if material is too wet, then

time to drying is to be allowed, if it is too dry, water must be added until the permissible

methods employed in performing the work and all stabilization equipment, tools, machinery

used for handling and executing any part of the work shall be subject to the approval of the

itional materials to achieve the modified soil grading as per specifications in section 3

The mixing of additional materials must be ensured to attain a homogenous mixture of soil for

e calculated amount of enzyme as per section 2 above shall be mixed into water contained in

The quantity of water shall be calculated such as to bring the admixture to optimum

ight, or volume, shall be of such accuracy so

The enzyme solution shall be spread in such a manner to ensure uniform distribution.

evenly throughout the

engineer.

operations, the mixture shall be

10T roller (recommended vibrating earth

The field density of the compacted mixture shall be at least 95% of the maximum density of

DHARA BIOTECH� The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than

below the OMC.

� Finishing:

� When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be

required lines, grades and cross sections, and compaction continued until

density is obtained.

� Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a

closely knit surface, free from cracks, ridges, low spots, o

shall be tested for crown and elevation and should meet the tolerance

directed by the engineer.

� Curing:

� On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period o

� No surface watering shall be done during this period (dry curing).

� No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of

period.

DHARA BIOTECH


The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than

When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be

lines, grades and cross sections, and compaction continued until

Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a

closely knit surface, free from cracks, ridges, low spots, or loose material. The

shall be tested for crown and elevation and should meet the tolerance in thickness required as

On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period o

No surface watering shall be done during this period (dry curing).

No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of


Skype: Gumat007 14

The moisture content of the mixture at the start of compaction shall not be more than 2%

When initial compaction of the mixture is nearly completed, the surface shall be shaped to the

uniform and specified

Surface compaction and finishing shall be done in such a manner as to produce a smooth,

r loose material. The finished surface

in thickness required as

On completion of the final layer, the road base shall be allowed to cure for a period of 72 hours.

No traffic movement of the road base shall be permitted during the first 24 hours of curing

DHARA BIOTECH

Cost comparison of a sub

Road Information:

Length of road:

Width of road:

Crust/depth of work:

Area to be worked:

Volume of work:

Assuming the cost of metal (rubble) on the following criteria:

- Distance of quarry from site:

- Basic rate of metal @ quarry:

- Capacity of truck:

Therefore the cost of metal @ site:

(Inclusive of transport charges)

Assuming the cost of soil (rubble) on the following criteria:

- Distance of quarry from site:

- Basic rate of soil @ quarry:

- Capacity of truck:

Therefore the cost of soil @ site:

(Inclusive of transport charges)

Price of DZ-1X:

Labour and Equipment rates:

Labour for spreading of soil/metal:

Hiring of roller (non-vibrating):

Hiring of water tanker:

Hiring of tractor:

* - these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the

materials to be sourced and local hiring charges.

DHARA BIOTECH


Cost comparison of a sub-base road for rural construction:

1000 metres

6 metres

24 centimetres

6000 square metres

1440 cubic metres

Assuming the cost of metal (rubble) on the following criteria:

80 km*

Rs.400/- per cubic metre*

8.5 cubic metres*


of soil (rubble) on the following criteria:

3 km*


8.5 cubic metres


Rs.1100/- per litre


Rs.3000/- per day, fuel consumed is extra*

Rs.135/- per day*

Rs.450/- per day*

these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the

materials to be sourced and local hiring charges.


Skype: Gumat007 15

base road for rural construction:

per day, fuel consumed is extra*

these prices are bound to change from work site to work site, depending on distances from the

DHARA BIOTECH

Conventional Method with Foreign SoilDescription Quantity

Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size

Soil Required

Labour For Spreading Metal

Labour For Spreading Soil

Spraying DZ-1X

Tractor Tilling + Watering

Water Required for DZ-1X treatment

Rolling with 8T - 10T Roller

(8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)

Add for Sundries and Contingencies

Watering Charges

Grand Total

Cost per Cubic Metre

Cost per Square Metre

Cost per Square Foot

Here the entire road is made using soil and metal brought in from

Conventional Method with Soil from SiteDescription Quantity


Soil Required



Spraying DZ-1X






Watering Charges

Grand Total




Here the entire road is made using metal brought in from outside

used. The conventional method of sub

way, followed by the filling of the cut box with 40

passes of a roller every 3-4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the

of work a roller can process, per hour. From the above data it is found, to process 1km by 6

metre road, one will require approx. 380 hours of rolling, which adds to fuel

DHARA BIOTECH


Conventional Method with Foreign Soil Unit Rate

Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts 665

296.23 Cu.mts 88

1728 Cu.mts 40

296.23 Cu.mts 40

48 Days 3720

8 hrs by 1 machine, 42 cu.mts per day)

1.5 %

1.5 %

Here the entire road is made using soil and metal brought in from outside sources.

Conventional Method with Soil from Site Unit Rate

Metal Requirement 40mm to 63mm size 1728 Cu.mts 665

296.23 Cu.mts 0

1728 Cu.mts 40

296.23 Cu.mts 40

48 days 3720


1.5 %

1.5 %

Here the entire road is made using metal brought in from outside sources. This is more commonly

The conventional method of sub-base of road making involves the cost of box cutting the road

followed by the filling of the cut box with 40-63mm size rubble (metal) and soil mix, involving 2

4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the


road, one will require approx. 380 hours of rolling, which adds to fuel and time based costs.


Skype: Gumat007 16

Rate Amount

665 $ 1,149,120.00

88 $ 26,068.24

40 $ 69,120.00

40 $ 11,849.20

3720 $ 178,560.00

$ 21,520.76

$ 21,843.57

$1,478,081.77

$ 1026.45

$ 246.35

$ 22.88

outside sources.

Rate Amount

665 1149120

0 0

40 69120

40 11849.20

3720 178560

21129.74

21446.68

1451225.62

1007.8

241.87

22.47

sources. This is more commonly

base of road making involves the cost of box cutting the road

63mm size rubble (metal) and soil mix, involving 2-4

4 inch's of thickness. This is a time consuming process limited by the amount


and time based costs.

DHARA BIOTECH

Description Quantity


Soil Required



Spraying DZ-1X






Watering Charges

Grand Total




Here the entire road is made using metal @ 15% volume of road brought in from outside sources, the

soil requirement is entirely from local site. This is the most common recommendations used to base

the estimate of a road.

Here the process begins just like the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out

soil next to the cut out box. This soil is then treated with DZ

ranging from 12-18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil

back into the box cut along with size 10

then rolled 2-4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled

no more than 8 inches. Considering that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the

with which a roller (non-vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from

above data, 72-75 rolling hours would be required to work 1km by 6

DHARA BIOTECH


Metal with DZ-1X Unit Rate

mm size 288 Cu.mts 665

1152 Cu.mts

1728 Cu.mts 40

296.23 Cu.mts 40

349 Litres 1100

7 Days 850

144000 Litres 0.13375

7 days 3720

cu.mts per day)



the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out

soil next to the cut out box. This soil is then treated with DZ-1X and the proper amount of moisture,

18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil

back into the box cut along with size 10-40 mm size metal and mixed using a tractor cultivator. This is

4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled

that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the

vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from

75 rolling hours would be required to work 1km by 6 metre road.


Skype: Gumat007 17

Rate Amount

665 191,520.00

0 0.00

40 69,120.00

40 11,849.20

1100 383,900.00

850 5,950.00

0.13375 19,260.00

3720 26,040.00

21,520.76

729,159.96

607.63

121.53

11.29



the conventional way, by digging the box cut, and placing the dug out

1X and the proper amount of moisture,

18%, depending on soil type and weather conditions. The treated soil is then spread

40 mm size metal and mixed using a tractor cultivator. This is

4 times using a heavy roller. The maximum amount of thickness that should be handled is

that the amount of metal required is more than halved, the speed

vibrating) can compact the soil is greatly increased, as can be seen from the

DHARA BIOTECH



Soil Required



Spraying DZ-1X






Watering Charges

Grand Total




Here the entire road is made using no metal. This is used where the soil aggregates already have

sufficient quantities of rubble or is of a very agreeable quality such as murram type of soil (yellow

soil), or clay-sand, sandy-silt, or silty-clay types having gravel aggregates.

Metal not required, soil trucked in from other



Soil Required



Spraying DZ-1X






Watering Charges

Grand Total




Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km

range) as the local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the sandy type.

DHARA BIOTECH


DZ-1X Only Unit Rate

mm size

1440 Cu.mts 40

349 Litres 1100

7 Days 850

144000 Litres Rs.0.10

7 days 3720

cu.mts per day)



clay types having gravel aggregates.

DZ-1X with Foreign Soil,

Metal not required, soil trucked in from other site

Unit Rate

mm size

1440 Cu.mts 88.00

1440 Cu.mts 40

349 Litres 1100

7 Days 850

144000 Litres Rs.0.10

7 days 3720

cu.mts per day)

base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km



Skype: Gumat007 18

Rate Amount

40 57,600.00

1100 383,900.00

850 5,950.00

Rs.0.10 14,400.00

3720 26,040.00

7,318.35

495,208.35

412.67

82.53

7.67



site

Rate Amount

88.00 126,720.00

40 57,600.00

1100 383,900.00

850 5,950.00

Rs.0.10 14,400.00

3720 26,040.00

9,003.15

609,213.15

507.68

101.54

9.43

base of the road is prepared using both metal and soil hauled from outside (within 3km


DHARA BIOTECH

DZ-Description Quantity


Soil Required



Spraying DZ-1X






Watering Charges

Grand Total




Here the sub-base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km

local soil is not of any use. This is generally the case when soil is mostly of the clay type and sand is

hauled in to make a more agreeable mixture.

After the sub-base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top

either tar, or cement when it is sufficiently dry (approx 24

conditions).

This surface will remain road worthy for up to 2 years without any top coatings. To improve life of the

road a top coating will have to done, depending on the maximum load the road has been built

Also, the use of vibrating rollers is highly recommended as it can increase the packing density of the

soil and hence also increase the life of the road.

DHARA BIOTECH


-1X with Metal + Foreign soil Unit Rate

mm size 288 Cu.mts Rs.665.00

1152 Cu.mts Rs.88.00

288 Cu.mts Rs.40.00

1152 Cu.mts Rs.40.00

349 Litres Rs.1,100.00

7 Days Rs.850.00

144000 Litres Rs.0.13

7 days Rs.3,720.00

cu.mts per day)

base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km


hauled in to make a more agreeable mixture.

base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top

either tar, or cement when it is sufficiently dry (approx 24-36 hours, depending on weather


e, depending on the maximum load the road has been built


soil and hence also increase the life of the road.


Skype: Gumat007 19

Rate Amount

Rs.665.00 Rs.191,5020.00

Rs.88.00 Rs.101,376.00

Rs.40.00 Rs.11,520.00

Rs.40.00 Rs.46,080.00

Rs.1,100.00 Rs.383,900.00

Rs.850.00 Rs.5,950.00

Rs.0.13 Rs.19,260.00

Rs.3,720.00 Rs.26,040.00

Rs.11,784.69

Rs.797,430.69

Rs.664.53

Rs.132.91

Rs.12.35

base of the road is prepared using soil hauled from outside (within 3km range) as the


base is prepared the road can be opened to vehicular traffic without any top coatings of

36 hours, depending on weather


e, depending on the maximum load the road has been built-up.


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