introduction php

8/13/2019 Introduction Php

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HYPERTEXT PREPROCESSOR

Dept. of ECE 1 H.K.B.K.C.E

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

PHP is an "HTML-embedded scripting language" primarily used for dynamic Web

applications. The first part of this definition means that PHP code can be interspersed with

HTML, making it simple to generate dynamic pieces of Web pages on the fly. As a scripting

language, PHP code requires the presence of the PHP processor. PHP code is normally run in

plain-text scripts that will only run on PHP-enabled computers (conversely programming

languages can create standalone binary executable files, a.k.a. programs). PHP takes most of its

syntax from C, Java, and Perl. It is an open source technology and runs on most operating

systems and with most Web servers.

PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting integrates with HTML to

create dynamic web pages. Because PHP a server-side scripting syntax and the PHP commands

will executed on the server and then the results are sent to the browser in HTML format. Thus

code written in PHP will not be visible to the user so that the web page security is guaranteed.

PHP is designed to form dynamic web pages, the web pages that can form a display based on

current demand, such as displaying the contents of a database to web pages.

PHP is included in the Open Source Product, making PHP source code can be changed

and distributed freely. The latest version of PHP can be downloaded for free at PHP official

website: http://www.php.net. PHP can run on a variety of web servers such as IIS (Internet

Information Server), PWS (Personal Web Server), Apache, Xitami, etc... PHP is also capable of

cross-platform. This means that PHP runs on Windows Operating System and some versions of

Linux, and PHP can be built as a module on Apache web server and as a binary that can run as

a CGI (Common Gateway Interface). PHP can send the HTTP header, can set cookies, manage

authentication, and redirect users. One of the advantages possessed by PHP is its ability to

connect to a wide range of database software, so it can create dynamic web pages.

PHP supports communication with other services via the IMAP protocol, SNMP,

NNTP, POP3 or HTTP. When PHP is in your web page, it is no longer needed development the

special circumstances or special directories. Almost all web-based applications can made with

PHP. But the main strength is connectivity with database web. With this capability we will

have a database system that can be accessed from the web.


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CHAPTER 2

HISTORY

PHP was written in the C programming language by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 for use in

monitoring his online resume and related personal information. For this reason, PHP originally

stood for "Personal Home Page". Lerdorf combined PHP with his own Form Interpreter,

releasing the combination publicly as PHP/FI (generally referred to as PHP 2.0) on June 8,

1995. Two programmers, Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, rebuilt PHP's core, releasing the

updated result as PHP/FI 2 in 1997. The acronym was formally changed to PHP: Hypertext

Preprocessor, at this time. (This is an example of a recursive acronym: where the acronym itself

is in its own definition.) In 1998, PHP 3 was released, which was the first widely used version.

PHP 4 was released in May 2000, with a new core, known as the Zend Engine 1.0. PHP 4

featured improved speed and reliability over PHP 3. In terms of features, PHP 4 added

references, the Boolean type, COM support on Windows, output buffering, many new array

functions, expanded object-oriented programming, inclusion of the PCRE library, and more.

Maintenance releases of PHP 4 are still available, primarily for security updates.

PHP 5 was released in July 2004, with the updated Zend Engine 2.0. Among the many

new features in PHP 5 are:

improved object-oriented programming embedded SQLite and support for new MySQL features Exception handling using a try...catch structure integrated SOAP support (see the image at right) the Filter library (in PHP 5.1) better XML tools iterators and much, much more.

PHP 6 has been in development since October of 2006. The most significant change

will be native support for Unicode. Unpopular, deprecated features such as Magic Quotes,

register_globals, safe_mode, and the HTTP_*_VARS variables will disappear in PHP 6.

Although PHP is still primarily used for server-side generation of Web pages, it can also be

used to perform command-line scripting or to create graphical applications with the help of

GTK+


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CHAPTER 3

KNOW YOUR PHP SCRIPT

PHP scripts are included in HTML-embedded, which means PHP code can be inserted

on an HTML page. A PHP script always starts with . A PHP script can

be placed anywhere in the document. On servers with shorthand-support, you can start a PHP

script with . The first way is the format recommended; it may be a second

way is often used because it is more concise. The third way is used to anticipate that editors can

not receive both of the above. Moreover we can also use ASP prose, but of course there is some

configuration that needs to be done.

A PHP file must have a .php extension. A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some

PHP scripting code.

Below, we have an example of a simple PHP script that sends the text "Hello World" back to

the browser:

Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and is used todistinguish one set of instructions from another.

PHP Parser works read HTML files to find specific markers that tell you to translate the

following script as PHP code. Parser PHP would execute all of the commands in the PHP code

block. In this way the code is PHP script can be embedded in an HTML document. Other text

blocks that are beyond the PHP script will be treated as regular HTML.


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Here is a simple example of the use of the PHP language inserted in the HTML

first PHP script

There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echoand print.

In the example above we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World".


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CHAPTER 4

VARIABLES

In any programming language we will surely encounter the concept of variables.

Variable is a place in memory to store data whose value can be changed during the program

run. But unlike in most languages other programming that requires us to declare variables prior

first, a variable in PHP does not have to be declared before the variable is used. Variable

represented by a particular word with the rules of writing as the following:

1. Variables begin with a dollar sign ($).2. Must begin with a letter or an underscore (_).3. May not use punctuation.4. Case sensitive (or uppercase and lowercase letters are different).5. Do not use words that are built-in PHP functions.

CREATING (DECLARING) PHP VARIABLES

PHP has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created the moment you

first assign a value to it:

$myCar="Volvo";

After the execution of the statement above, the variable myCarwill hold the value Volvo.

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language. In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared

before adding a value to it. In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which

data type the variable is. PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type,

depending on its value. In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define)

the type and name of the variable before using it.

PHP VARIABLE SCOPE

The scope of a variable is the portion of the script in which the variable can be

referenced.


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PHP has four different variable scopes:

local global static parameter

1. LOCAL SCOPEA variable declared within a PHP function is local and can only be accessed

within that function. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions,

because local variables are only recognized by the function in which they are declared. Local

variables are deleted as soon as the function is completed.

2. GLOBAL SCOPEGlobal scope refers to any variable that is defined outside of any function.

Global variables can be accessed from any part of the script that is not inside a function. To

access a global variable from within a function, use the global keyword.

PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. Its index is

the name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions and can be used to

update global variables directly.

3. STATIC SCOPEWhen a function is completed, all of its variables are normally deleted.

However, sometimes you want a local variable to not be deleted. To do this, use

the static keyword when you first declare the variable. Then, each time the function is called,

that variable will still have the information it contained from the last time the function was

called.

4. PARAMETERSA parameter is a local variable whose value is passed to the function by the calling code.

Parameters are declared in a parameter list as part of the function declaration. Parameters are

also called arguments. We will discuss them in more detail when we talk about functions.


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CHAPTER 5

CONSTANTS

The constant is a variable whose value is fixed. Constants are only rated at the

beginning of the program and its value never changes during the program. PHP has defined

some constants, e.g.: PHP_VERSION, the constant that provides information about the version

of PHP you are using. In addition to the constants that have been provided by the PHP we can

also create our own constants. Rules of writing constants are as follows:

define (name_constant"," value_constant ")

Examples of the use of constants:

Using constants


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CHAPTER 6

DATA TYPES

PHP to know some of the data types are: integer, floating point, and string. Floating point better

known as double or decimal. Writing string always begins with double quotation marks (") or

single quotes (').

Examples of writing data type is as follows:

Example Data Type Specification

Integer $ number = 10; Integers

$ Value = -5;

Double $ score = 90.00; Numbers real

$ Rate = 12:50;

String $ city = "Bangalore" Character, sentence

$ Motto = "Cozy"


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CHAPTER 7

OPERATORS

Operators are symbols that are used to manipulate data, such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication, comparison, or assignment. There are operators which uses a single operand

there is also the two operands. Operands and operators together form an expression.

Operators can be grouped into four categories, namely:

1. Arithmetic operator is the operator associated with the function mathematics.2. The operator is an operator that compares the logic of TRUE and FALSE.3. Bitwise operators are binary operators to compare.4. There are also operators that are often used but are not included in the above, we can

learn it in other groups.

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Arithmetic operator is an operator associated with the function mathematics. This

operator we use in the program that we will create.

Operator Operation

+ Addition

- Reduction

* Multiplication

/ Distribution

% The rest of the division

+ + Addition to 1

- - Reduction by 1

LOGIC OPERATORS

This operator will compare the TRUE or FALSE. Like the C language, PHP defines

True and False with 0 to 1.


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Operator Operation

== Same

! = Not equal to

< Smaller

> Greater than

= Greater same

AND or && Logical AND

OR or | | Logical OR

XOR logic XOR

! Logical NOT

BITWISE OPERATORS

These operators are used to manipulate the bits of the value of the data. Operator and its

meaning can be seen in the following table:

Operator Operation

>> Shifting bits to the right


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CHAPTER 8

CONTROL STRUCTURE

Flow control structure is a control program, has a series of commands that must be

written to meet several conditions, namely:

Repeating a command if a condition is met.

Continuing a statement when acondition is met.

Choose an option from several alternatives if conditions are met.

Control structure can be divided into two types, namely branching control structures

(decision making) and repetition control structures (loops).

FULL BRANCHING STRUCTURE

Branching control structures (decision making) control structure serves to make the

selection of the command to be executed in accordance with certain conditions. There are four

branching command in PHP, that is if, if.. else, if ..elseif, and switch.

_ Command if

If is the command is used to execute one or more commands based on a condition. If

syntax of the command is as follows:

if (condition)

{

statements to be executed if the condition is true

}

In this form, the statement will be executed only if the condition part is true. Here is an example

of using the control structure if:

Control Structures IF


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_ Command if ... else

If ... else command is used to select one of the statements based on a condition. This

command will execute a statement if a certain condition is true and will execute another

statement if the condition is false. The syntax is written as follows:

if (condition)

{

statement_1

}

Else

{

statement_2

}


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In this form statement_1 executed if that condition is true, and statement_2 run when

condition is false. Example use if ... else statement, as follows:

Control Structure IF ... ELSE

REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURE

The structure of the control loop is used to repeat a command many times as desired.

There are three types of repetition in the PHP commands, namely, for, while, and do ... while.


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_ Command for.

Command for is used to repeat a command by the number of repetitions is already

known. In this command does not need to write a condition for tested. We just need to write

down the value of the beginning and end of the counter variable. Value counter variable will be

automatically increased or decreased each time a repetition is performed. Syntax of the

command for the following:

for (value_begin; value_end; addition / subtraction)

{

statement is executed

}

Examples of repetition with the for structure:

structure with a FOR loop


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_ Command do ... while

With orders do ... while, the loop will continue to be done if the conditions are checked

in while they are true. An iterative process will be stopped if the condition is false already.

Writing the following syntax:

do

{

statement is executed

}

while (condition);


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CHAPTER 9

ARRAYS

Array is a facility to store data sequentially. Data stored in the array by using an index

to facilitate retrieval of data. Unlike the variable can only store a single value, the array is able

to accommodate a number of values.

ARRAY DECLARATION

The data contained in the array are called array elements and the location of each

sequence each element of the array is indicated by an index. Array has limits

upper and lower limits, where the data is stored between the two limits. All elements of the

array are stored has the same data type. Arrays can be dimensional one, two, three or more.

One-dimensional array (one-dimensional array) represent the shape of a vector. Two-

dimensional array (two-dimensional array) represents the form of a matrix. Three-dimensional

Array represent the shape of a space.

Some ways to declare an array:

Using Array


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$ Color = array ("red", "yellow", "green", "blue");

print ("The first array declaration

:
"), print ($ color [2]);

# How to declare a second array $ cities [] = "New York";

$ Cities [] = "London";

$ Cities [] = "Delhi";

$ Cities [] = "Tokyo";

$ Cities [] = "Bangalore";

$ Cities [] = "Jogjakarta";

print ("The second array declaration

:
"), print ($ city [5]);

# How to declare a third array $ city [0] = "New York";

$ Cities [5] = "London";

$ Cities [2] = "Delhi";

$ Cities [] = "Tokyo";

$ Cities [] = "Bangalore";

$ Cities [gudeg] = "Jogjakarta";

print ("

third array declaration:
") print ("$ city [5]
");

print ("$ city [7]
");

print ("I am currently studying at $ cities [gudeg]");

?>


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CHAPTER 10

FUNCTIONS

In making our programs often require a set of commands that will be used repeatedly.

Obviously very troublesome if the commands have to re-type every time it is used. This can be

avoided by using subroutines. Subroutine is a set of commands that are named and then we can

call any time. In programming there are two kinds of subroutines, the procedures and functions.

The difference between these two kinds of subroutines is, the function returns a value

particular, while procedures do not. PHP language only know the command to making function,

that function. In a subroutine required argument, namely values that must be entered when the

subroutine is called. But not worry we can make the procedure using the command function but

not using the return command. The command return is used to return a certain value. The

standard of writing functions are:

Name_function Function (arguments)

{

command code

}

Here is an example of using either function using the command return or not to use the

command returns, the results.

Examples of programs without command returns:

Make no command function returns


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function store ()

{

print ("www.flipkart.com
cheapest online shopping");

}

store ();

?>

FUNCTION WITH ARGUMENT

The argument is a value that is put into a function. By default the arguments are passed

by value, which means that only the value that is needed so that the value of the variable does

not change after the function is executed. Consider the following examples:

function with argument passed by value


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?>

In addition to the arguments mentioned above, there are also arguments that are passed

by reference, which is used when we want to change the value of an argument. Arguments are

passed by reference it will change its value after the function executed. To make the argument

passed by reference we will use character "&" in front of the argument. For more details, see

the example the following:

function with arguments passed by reference


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BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

This section will discuss the functions provided by PHP. We can also learn other

functions in the various manuals are widely available on the internet.

_ Public Functions

echo string_first, string_second, .. string_last

Echo function is often used to send one or more parameters, separated by punctuation comma

(,) to the browser. For example:

echo Function


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printf (string_format, arguments ...)

This function is almost the same as the print function, which is to send output to the

browser.

This function is often used to display the results in a format which can be arranged.

Format Specification

D Integer, decimal notation

B Integer, binary notation

O Integer, octal notation

X Integer, hexadecimal notation, expressed in lowercase

X Integer, hexadecimal notation, stated in capital letters

C character ASCII value of its stated preformance argument

S String

F Double (real number)

Examples of the use of the printf function is:

printf function


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copy (string_source, string_destination)

This function is used to copy a file specified in the argument source (origin location

file) to the destination (destination). Will yield true if successful

copy function


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include (string_filename)

The argument filename is the name of the file to be executed with the include. This

function is often used to insert the file mentioned in the argument. Observe the example below:

Functions include

phpinfo ()

This function will get the information about the version of PHP, the author, the

operating system on the web server, the configuration variables, and so on. Example:

function phpinfo ()


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?>

phpversion ()

This function will only provide information about the PHP version that we use.

phpversion function ()

strlen (string_text)

This function will return an integer value which is the length of the string in the

argument text. See the following example:

strlen function


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?>

ord (string_character)

This function will return a value of ASCII characters in the argument. So the argument

is just a character. Consider the example below:

function ord

strtolower (string_text)

This function will change the argument to lowercase all. For details you can try the

following example:

strtolower function


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Strtoupper (string_text)

This function is the inverse of the function strtolower. All the letters in the text

argument of type string is converted to uppercase and to be output from this function. Consider

the example below:

strtoupper function

_ Function Date and Time

date (string_format, integer_timestamp)

Date function returns the date or time depending on the arguments you entered.

String_format list contained in the table below. Timestamp argument is optional.


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Code Description

a am or pm

A AM or PM

d Date (date)

D Name Day (short)

F Name month

H Hours 01 to 12

H Hour 00 to 23

I Minute

A Date

L Name Day (complete)

M Month (in numbers)

M Moon (short)

Y Year in two digits

Y year in four digits

Z Day of the year

Consider an example:

Function date


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elseif ($ time [hours]


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MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS

abs (NUMBER_VALUE)

This function will return the value of the absolute value of the argument. If the value of

the argument is positive, then the abs function returns the value itself. If the argument value is

negative, abs function will multiply the argument by negative one (-1). Consider the following

example:

Function abs

cos (double_angle)

This function will return the cosine of the angle value (in radians). Consider the

example below:

function cos


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exp (double_power)

This function will return the value of the exponent of the argument. See the following

example:

exp function

pow (double_base, double_power)

This function is used to generate the value of the base power value in power. Consider the

following examples:


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function pow ()

round (double_value)

This function changes the value of the argument (of type double) to the nearest integer

(rounding). Consider the following examples:

function round ()


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sin (double_single)

This function produces the value of the sine of the angle value (in radians) of the

argument. Consider the following examples:

function sin ()

sqrt (double_value)

This function is used to find the value of the root of the argument value. Consider the

following examples:

function sqrt ()


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tan (double_angle)

This function will generate the value of the tangent of the angle (in radians) the angle

argument. Consider the following examples:

function tan ()

function define ()


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This function will return true if the variable does not have any value, and otherwise

false if the variable has been given a value. Consider the following example

:

function empty ()

is_array (expression)

This function will return true if the expression is an array, and false otherwise. Consider

the following examples:

function is_array ()


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is_double (expression)

This function will return true if the value of the expression of type double. Consider the

following examples:

is_double function ()


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is_integer (expression)

This function will return true if the value of the expression of type integer. Consider the

following examples:

is_integer function ()

is_string (expression)

This function will return true if the value of the expression of type string Consider the

following examples:


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function is_string ()

isset (variable)

This function will return true if the variable already has a value, and otherwise false if

the variable is not yet rated. Consider the following examples:

function isset ()


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else

{

print ("Please fill your name soon!");

}

?>

count (variable_array)

This function will return the value in the number of array elements of the argument

variable. If the variable has not been filled then the function will return a value of 0. If

variable is not an array, the function will return the value 1. Consider the following examples:

function count ()


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CHAPTER 11

INCLUDE AND REQUIRE

Did require () and include () it's really the same as how it works? Of course not, because if the

same function would not properly differentiated function. The fundamental difference between

these two functions is:

Functions require() will always be replaced by the contents of the file referred to in

this function and can not be used in the branching because the designated file will

always referenced no matter the condition of the structure / flow of the script.

Functions include () will set the reading of the file can be designated in accordance

with the condition of the structure / flow of the script, so that this function can be used in

branching.

Seeing the characteristics above, require () will be used to reference the appropriate file

containing variables and global functions that are used in all parts of the main script. While

include () is commonly used to insert code / script or HTML tag on the program / main script,

e.g. for the header or footer of each page in a site.

Important to note that both of these functions, the PHP parser will leave PHP mode and

return to the default HTML mode when reading a file shown by these two functions. That is

why in the above example, all files designated by these functions always begin with the To return the file mode to mode PHP script.


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CHAPTER 12

EVOLUTION

One of the basic features of PHP/FIwas a Perl-like language for handling form submissions,

but it lacked many common useful language features, such as for loops.

PHP/FI 2

A rewrite came with PHP/FI 2 in 1997, but at that time the development was almost

solely handled by Rasmus. After its release in November of that year, Andi Gutmans and Zeev

Suraski bumped into PHP/FI while looking for a language to develop an e-commerce solutionas a university project. They discovered that PHP/FI was not quite as powerful as it seemed,

and its language was lacking many common features. One of the most interesting aspects

included the way while loops were implemented. The hand-crafted lexical scanner would go

through the script and when it hit the while keyword it would remember its position in the file.

At the end of the loop, the file pointer sought back to the saved position, and the whole loop

was reread and re-executed.

PHP 3

Zeev and Andi decided to completely rewrite the scripting language. They then teamed

up with Rasmus to release PHP 3, and along also came a new name: PHP: Hypertext

Preprocessor, to emphasize that PHP was a different product and not only suitable for personal

use. Zeev and Andi had also designed and implemented a new extension API. This new API

made it possible to easily support additional extensions for performing tasks such as accessing

databases, spell checkers and other technologies, which attracted many developers who were

not part of the "core" group to join and contribute to the PHP project. At the time of PHP 3s

release in June 1998, the estimated PHP installed base consisted of about 50,000 domains. PHP

3 sparked the beginning of PHPs real breakthrough, and was the first version to have an

installed base of more than one million domains.


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PHP 4

While PHP 3 still continuously parsed the scripts while executing them, PHP 4 came

with a new paradigm of "compile first, execute later." The compilation step does not compile

PHP scripts into machine code; it instead compiles them into byte code, which is then executed

by the Zend Engine (Zend stands for Zeev & Andi), the new heart of PHP 4. Because of this

new way of executing scripts, the performance of PHP 4 was much better than that of PHP 3,

with only a small amount of backward compatibility breakage.

The first important change came in PHP 4.1.0, which introduced superglobals such as

$_GET and $_POST. Superglobals can be accessed from within functions without having to

use the global keyword. With the new superglobals in place, on April 22, 2002, PHP 4.2.0 was

released with the register_globals turned off by default. PHP 4.3.0, the last significant PHP 4

version, was released on December 27, 2002. This version introduced the Command Line

Interface (CLI), a revamped file and network I/O layer (called streams), and a bundled GD

library. Although most of those additions have no real effect on end users, the major version

was bumped due to the major changes in PHPs core.

PHP 5

Soon after, the demand for more common object-oriented features increased immensely,

and Andi came up with the idea of rewriting the objected-oriented part of the Zend Engine.

Zeev and Andi wrote the "Zend Engine II: Feature Overview and Design" document and

jumpstarted heated discussions about PHPs future. Although the basic language has stayed the

same, many features were added, dropped, and changed by the time PHP 5 matured.

PHP 5 is expected to maintain and even increase PHPs leadership in the web

development market. Not only does it revolutionize PHPs object oriented support but it also

contains many new features which make it the ultimate web development platform.

The rewritten XML functionality in PHP 5 puts it on par with other web technologies in

some areas and overtakes them in others, especially due to the new SimpleXML extension

which makes it ridiculously easy to manipulate XML documents. In addition, the new SOAP,

MySQL, and variety of other extensions are significant milestones in PHPs support for

additional technologies. Still works are going on for PHP6.


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CHAPTER 13

APPLICATIONS

PHP can work for the creation of many types of interactive applications. It can be used for the

creation of forums, private messaging services and recommendations to people who use a site

on a regular basis.

Meanwhile, some online shopping functions can be handled with the PHP language. These

include shopping carts for people who want to buy things and recommendations for other

products that people can buy. These recommendations will be based on prior purchases that

customers have made.

Purchases and hits on a site can be tracked with PHP as well. This is done with absolute value,

rounding and square root calculations. These math functions can work in PHP to calculate

different things that are going on with a site.

Another function is that the language can work with interactivity with a server in mind. This

comes from how PHP is a server side language. It only gives out client details when the client

itself gives the details to the server. Therefore, the PHP language can work for processes that

involve integrating databases into websites or getting dynamic text to work alongside static text

on a site.

PHP will work with any type of server that it is reached on. This comes from how it is an open

source language. Therefore, this language is more portable than others.


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CHAPTER 14

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:

Open Source, readily available (you can be using it today) and dual- licensed - if youare doing non-profit work or not licensing, there is no cost.

Very Easy to understand Syntax, some really cool features (arrays are something else!) Interfaces very easily with Apache/MySQL Server side (no need to futz with client installs - only with rendering issues if you use

CSS).

Lots of good source code out there to use and/or learn fom, as well as many usefullibraries for working with PDFs, graphics, etc.

Lots of good books and on-line help (php.net is great)Platform agnostic, can run on Windows Linux or Mac servers. Also very scalable.

Lots of hosting services have it ready to use, no special configuration (except if you

have special security needs)

Pretty easy to access other web-based tools through PHP (i.e. google maps, etc.)DISADVANTAGES

If you want to do more than just HTML/CSS pages on the client you need to also addjavascript, java or other client-side language in your output (goes for Perl and some

other languages).

The way browsers work make handling data and coding programs more interesting(technically each page is a new run on the system, so you have to manage your

variables coming in and going out and between pages. Not hard, just different.)

Web programming (regardless of language) is open to security flaws due tounimplemented or unknown vulnerabilities, takes a bit more caution.


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Disadv

Security : Since it is open sourced, so all people can see the source code, if there are bugs inthe source code, it can be used by people to explore the weakness of PHP

Not suitable for large applications: Hard to maintain since it is not very modular.

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