introduction of plant biotechnology asg

8/14/2019 Introduction of Plant Biotechnology Asg

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PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY


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What is Biotechnology ?

Use of living organisms to solve problemsor make useful products

Use of cells and biomolecules to solveproblems or make useful products

Almost anything to do with biology &technology

Use of living organism or parts of them toproduce industrially goods or services


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MicrobiologyBiochemistryMolecular Biology

Cell BiologyMolecular Genetics Engineering Processes

Biotechnology

Health Diagnoses

Pharmaceutical Industry

Food and Animal Feed Industry

Chemical Industry

Environment and Energy

Fermentation Industry


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Progression of BiotechnologyThe Era before Louis Pasteur

Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine)

Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape,tempe, petis, terasi)


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Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol)

Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid)

Aerobic waste treatment

Progression of Biotechnology

The Era of Louis Pasteur


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The Era of Antibiotics

Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin)

Vaccine (NCD, polio)

Steroid Transformation (DOPA)

Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology

Animal Tissue Culture Technology


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The Era of Post-Antibiotics

Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame)

Single Cell Protein

Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase,Glucose dehydrogenase)

Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology

Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology(Biogas)

Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)


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Progression of BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology Era

1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time 1974, Cloned gene expression on different

organism

1975, monoclonal antibody (HybridomeTechnology

Technology of diagnostic test using antibody

Genetic Engineering

Artificial vaccine

Insulin from alcoholic drink


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The Most Used Terms in ModernBiotechnology

TransgeneStrange gene which is insertedinto a speciesExampleCry gene (gene codes for toxic protein

for Coleoptera)

Transgenic organisman organism containsof transgene by the process ofbiotechnology (not a cross as inplant breeding process)

ExampleBollgard cottonHerbicide resistant maize


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PRODUCTS OF MODERNBIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

GMO - Genet ically mod if ied organism sAn organism which has a new traitthat is not foundbefore as a result of addition of gene derived fromanother organism. Also called as Transgenicorganism

Pest resis tant Maize

Normal Transgenic

Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer

Gene controls toxin production is derivedfrom bacteria


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Cry gene designation Toxic to these insect orders

CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c) Lepidoptera

Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D Lepidoptera

CryII Lepidoptera, Diptera

CryIII Coleoptera

CryIV Diptera

CryV Lepidoptera, Coleoptera


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Virus resis tant plants

papaya, orange, potato

Resistance Gene is derivedfrom vi rus

Herbic ide resistant plants

already exist: soybean, maize, canolanext: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry,

alfalfa, potato, wheat

Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria


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HerbicideCommercial

NameHerbicide Tolerant Crops

Bromoxynil Buctril cotton, potato, tobacco

Glyphosate Roundupsugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola,

soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat

GlufosinateLiberty,

Ignite, Basta

alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut,

rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat

Sulfonylureascorn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean,

sugar beet

Imidazolinones corn, canola, wheat

2,4-D potato, sweetgum, cotton

Sethoxydim corn

Triazines canola

HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS(HTCs)

Th Diff b t Pl t


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The Differences between Plan tB iotechno logy and Plant

BreedingPlant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder awider choice of traits to choose from and allows

the trait to be realized in a more precise mannerand within a shorter time period.

Can only use genes from within one species

or several closely related species or wildspecies, becoming a limitation due to loss ofgenetic diversity

Takes many years to develop an improvedvariety

Convent ional p lan t breed ing

Plant Biotechnology


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Wheat Rye

Triticale

X

Interspecific crossing in PlantBreeding

New species, but

NOT as result of

Modern

Biotechnology

process


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ATTCGA

ATTGGA

Gene target

NewGene

Mutagenesis treatment

Mutagenesis:New trait, without a strange gene

Mutagenesischanges DNA sequences of a geneallow to get a new advantageous trait


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While traditional breeding approaches have

worked well, they can be very time consumingand sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tensof thousands of genes, so crossing two plantsresults in a multitude of combinations.

With advances in technology, scientists can nowprecisely identify through marker technologysome of the individual genes responsible forproducing a particular characteristic. Traits such

as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest,make breeding new varieties quicker and moreprecise.


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COUNTRY AREA (m Ha) CROP

USA

Argentina

Canada

Brazil

China

South Africa

India

Paraguay

UruguayAustralia

Romania

Spain

Mexico

47.6

16.2

5.4

5.0

3.7

0.5

0.5

1.2

0.30.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

Cotton, Maize, Soybean

Soybean, Maize, Cotton

Canola, Maize, Soybean

Soybean

Cotton

Maize, Soybean, Cotton

Cotton

Cotton

Soybean, MaizeSoybean

Soybean

Maize

Cotton, Soybean

Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004

introduction of plant biotechnology asg

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