introduction of nanotechnology 1

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Page 1: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

Nanotechnology in Medicine - an Updated Overview

A project report submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of

Science in Pharmaceutical Technology

Submitted By

M.A. JABBAR

Registration No: 14207110

Session: Spring-2015

Submission Date: 20 August, 2015

Department of Pharmacy

University of Asia Pacific

Page 2: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

Dedicated toMy Parents, Teachers & Friends

Inspiration of my life

Page 3: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah and entire praise for only Almighty Allah who has given me the ability for

completing my project paper and the opportunity to study in this subject.

I would like to express my profound gratitude and sincere regards to my esteemed Teacher &

Supervisor, Md. Rajib Hasan, Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific for his

unbound enthusiasm & rationalist ideas and excellent guidance.

It is my pleasures to express my gratefulness and thanks to Dr. Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan,

professor & Head, Sardar Mohd. Ashraful Islam, Associate Professor & Coordinator, MS Pharm

Tech, Mohammad Shahriar., Assistant professor, Dept .of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific

for kind helps in several occasions for this project.

I shall also like to express my thanks to my class mates especially Ali Imam Khaled , Atikur

Rahman Biplop , Md-Abubokkor Siddik , S.M. Ishaqu Farhan for their unfailing affection

suggestion, encouragement & cooperation in many aspect of this project. Their valuable criticize

helped me & made it possible for me to complete the work embedded in this project. A warm

salute to all who were directly or indirectly interconnected during my Project work. I fell happy

to announce another extroverts individuals whose contribution can never be forgotten.

At last but not least, I would express my heartfelt gratitude to my respected Father & Mother and

my beloved Brother & Sister for their great sacrifice in leading me to proper intellectual pursuit.

Their immeasurable love affection & encouragement to complete the project work with

confidence for my better tomorrow.

Page 4: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

Summary of study

Nanotechnology is often described as an emerging technology—one that not only holds promise

for society, but also is capable of revolutionizing our approaches to common problems.

Nanotechnology is not a completely new field; however, it is only recently that discoveries in

this field have advanced so far as to warrant examination of their impact upon the world around

us.

Nanotechnology in medical applications: state-of-the-art in materials and devices

Nanotechnology is an extremely powerful emerging technology, which is expected to have a

substantial impact on medical technology now and in the future. The potential impact of novel

nanomedical applications on disease diagnosis, therapy, and prevention is foreseen to change

health care in a fundamental way. Furthermore, therapeutic selection can increasingly be tailored

to each patient’s profile. This report presents the state-of-the-art in the area of promising

nanotechnology approaches for medical technology. In particular, relevant applications are

reported in surgery, cancer diagnosis and therapy, biodetection of disease markers, molecular

imaging, implant technology, tissue engineering, and devices for drug, protein, gene and

radionuclide delivery. Many medical nanotechnology applications are still in their infancy.

However, an increasing number of products is currently under clinical investigation and some

products are already commercially available, such as surgical blades and suture needles, contrast-

enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging, bone replacement materials, wound dressings,

anti-microbial textiles, chips for in vitro molecular diagnostics, microcantilevers, and

microneedles.

Nanotechnology offers important new tools expected to have a great impact on many areas in

medical technology. It provides extraordinary opportunities not only to improve materials and

medical devices but also to create new “smart” devices and technologies where existing and

more conventional technologies may be reaching their limits. It is expected to accelerate

scientific as well as economic activities in medical research and development.

Page 5: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

Table of Contents

Sl No Topices Page NO.

1. Introduction 1

2. Defination 2

2.1 Defination of Nanotechnology 2

2.1 Defination of Nanomedicine 2

3. Diseases and Cures by Nanomedicine 3

3.1 Treatment of Cancer 4

3.2 Prevention of Brain Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases

5

3.3 Hormone Deficiency 5

3.4 For the treatment of Infection 5

3.5 For Life Saving after Accidents 6

3.6 Diagnostic Imaging 7

4 Nanotechnology and medical applications 8

4.1 Liposomes 8

4.1.1 Targeting of liposomal drugs 10

4.2 Nanopores 10

4.3 Fullerenes 11

4.3.1 Types of fullerenes 11

4.4 Biosensors 13

4.5 Nanotubes 14

4.6 Quantum dots 16

Page 6: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

4.7 Nanoshells 17

4.8 Nanobubbles 18

4.9 Paramagnetic nanoparticles 19

4.10 Nanosomes 20

4.11 Dendrimers 20

4.12 Polymeric nanoparticles 22

4.13 Solid lipid nanocarriers 23

4.14 Polymeric micelles 24

4.15 Nanocapsules 25

4.16 Nanoemulsions 26

4.17 Ceramic nanoparticles 27

4.18 Metallic nanoparticles 27

4.19 Carbon nanomaterials 28

5. Nanosurgery 29

5.1 Early vision 29

5.2 Medical microrobotics 30

5.3 Manufacturing medical nanorobots 30

5.4 Respirocytes and microbivores 31

6. Nanotechnology in drug delivery 32

7. Commercially available nano drug delivery systems 34

8. Conclusion 36

9. References 37-52

Page 7: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

List of Tables

1. Application of Nanomedicine for the Healthcare 4

2. Examples of drug delivery technologies in relation to the

current nanotechnology revolution

34

3. Nano drug delivery systems in the market 35

List of Figures

1. Low-resolution images (3D GraSE) of fibrin clots targeted

with nanoparticles presenting a homogeneous, T1-weighted

enhancement that improves with increasing gadolinium

level (0, 2.5, and 20 mol%).

7

2. Liposome for drug delivery 9

3.1 Schematic diagram of a cantilever based biosensor. The

yellow molecules bind specifically to the red molecules on

the right hand cantilever and are detected by the bending of

the cantilever

13

3.2 Biorecognition on a silicon nanowire biosensor. The surface

of the nanowire is modified with avidin molecules (purple

stars) which can selectively bind a streptavidin-

functionalised molecule or nanoparticle

16

4. Illustration of Nanospheres, Nanocapsules, Liposomes, Micelles

22

5. Illustration of some nanostructures 28

6. A molecular planetary gear is a mechanical component that

might be found inside a medical nanorobot. The gear

converts shaft power from one angular frequency to

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Page 8: Introduction of nanotechnology 1

another. The casing is a strained silicon shell with

predominantly sulfur termination, with each of the nine

planet gears attached to the planet carrier by a carbon-

carbon single bond. The planetary gear shown here has not

been built experimentally but has been modeled

computationally.

7. Nanorobotic artificial phagocytes called ‘‘microbivores’’

could patrol the bloodstream, seeking out and digesting

unwanted pathogens.

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