introduction of jurisprudence
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CHAPTER 1
PRINCIPLES OF JURISPRUDENCE
Q NO 1
Define jurisprudence. Explain its various types of jurisprudence.(Annual 2004, sup, 2004, sup, 05 ,07, 09)
Q:Define jurisprudence, explain various kinds of theoretical jurisprudence, Discuss the
scope of analytical jurisprudence, annual 2010.
SYNOPSIS
Introduction-
Meaning of jurisprudence
Literal meaningBlack is law meaning
Definitions by different law expertsAccording to salmond
According to Allen
According to gray
According to AustinAccording to dicey
According to Holland
Scope of jurisprudence
Kinds of jurisprudence(i) Historical Jurisprudence(ii) Analytical jurisprudence
(iii) Ethical jurisprudence
(iv) Philosophical jurisprudence
Practical value of jurisprudence elucidation of law
Eye of law
Useful in understanding a particular system of lawHelps the grammar of law
Useful to develop fundamental principles
Essentials for practical work Helps in legislatim
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1. Introduction-Jurisprudence is a study of fundamental legal principles, thoughts, writings about law
in its relation with philosophy, psychology, economics, anthropology and other socialsciences. In other words we can say that Jurisprudence consists of the study of the nature
of law and its related ideas
2. Meaning of jurisprudenceThe study of jurisprudence started with the Romans. The Latin equivalent of
jurisprudence is the jurisprudential which means either knowledge of law or skill in law..
.
Meaning in Black,s Dictionary: Jurisprudence is a science of law
Meaning in oxford dictionary:According the oxford dictionary as the systematic
and formulated knowledge or the science of human law.
3. Definitions by different law expertsFollowing are the different definition by different law experts.
According to salmond: Salmond defines jurisprudence the science of law by law he
means the law of the land or civil law.
According to gray :According to gray jurisprudence is the science of law, the
statement and systematic arrangement of the rule followed by the courts and the
principals involved in those rules.
According to Austin:
Austin’s conception of jurisprudence. He defines jurisprudence as the science of law in general, scientific study of those legal facts andrelationships which are common to all developed systems of law.
According to Holland: Holland defines it as the formal science of positive law.
According toProf .Keeton:According to Prof. Keeton, originally jurisprudence
meant merely a knowledge of law. Keeton considers jurisprudence as the studysystematic arrangement of the general principles of law.
According toUlpain:Ulpain defines jurisprudence as the knowledge or concept
of the things divine and human, the science of the just and the unjust.
According toProf .Cicero: Cicero defines jurisprudence as the philosophical
aspect of the knowledge of law.
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According to encyclopedia Britannica:According to the encyclopedia
Britannica, jurisprudence is the name given to those studies, researches and
speculations which aim primarily at answering the plain mans question: what is law?
It is proposed to define law for the jurist and the sum of the influences that determine
decisions in court of justice. According to Pound :
The science law, the statement and systematic arrangement
of the rules followed by the courts and the principles involved in those rules.
According to LEE. Lee writes that jurisprudence is a science which endeavors to
ascertain the fundamental principles.
According to Clark . Clark writes that jurisprudence is the science of law in
general.
ALLEN's DEFINITION :-
Allen says: "It is a scientific synthesis of essential
principles of law" .According to Allen law is a proper and separate subject .It is an
analytic or systematic process to study the essential principles of law.
4. Scope of jurisprudence :The Scope of Jurisprudence is very wide and vast and it includes all concepts of
human order and human conduct. Jurisprudence applies on social, moral, economic
and religious values of human beings. Jurisprudence consists of the study of thenature of law and its related ideas. Austin has distinguished the laws from morality
and theology. Jurisprudence is about the nature of law and justice. It embraces
studies and theories from a range of disciplines such as history, sociology, politicalscience, philosophy, psychology and even economics.
5. Kinds of jurisprudence:Following are three main kinds of jurisprudence according to salmond
(i) Historical Jurisprudence:Historical Jurisprudence gives the
answers of the questions, origin of law, the development of law, evolution of law and philosophy of law. It constitutes the general portion of legal history. It deals with the
general principles governing the origin and development of law as also the origin
development of legal conceptions and principles found in the philosophy of law.
Legal history, records simply the changes which have occurred in the
development of lawMAIN FUNCTION OF HISTORICAL JURISPRUDENCE
• Catalogue the development of law,
• Allotting to each phase its true position in the completed narrative.
• It indicates the processes of change, and is therefore descriptive.
• It is the function of historical jurisprudence to interpret these changesand to expose the forces which have brought them about.
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.
(ii) Analytical jurisprudence:The branch of jurisprudence gives
analysis to basic principles of civil and their interpretation. The purpose of this
branch of study is to analyse and dissect the law of the land as it exists today. Thisanalysis as the principles of the law is done without reference to their historical origin
or their ethical significance. Analytical jurisprudence it examines the relations of civil
law with other forms of law, analysis the various constituent ideas of which thecomplex idea of the law is made up.
For example
• The state, sovereignty and administration of justice.
• Investigates the theory of legislation. Judicial precedents
and customary law.• Inquires into the scientific arrangement of the law
• Deals with the conception of legal rights and legal liability,
• Examines such legal conceptions as property, possession, obligations
contracts, trusts, personality, intention, motive, negligence, etc, which by the reason of their theorectical interest deserve special attention.
(iii) Ethical jurisprudence:The branch of jurisprudence deals with basic
principles of ethics and moral values.Ethical jurisprudence is a branch of legal
philosophy which approaches the law from the viewpoint of its ethical significanceand adequacy. It deals with the law as it ought to be an ideal state. This area of study brings together moral and legal philosophy. It is connected with the purpose of which
the law exists and the manner in which such purpose is fulfilled. Salmond observes
that ethical jurisprudence is the meeting point and common ground of moral and legal philosophy of ethics in jurisprudence. Ethical jurisprudence has for as its object the
conception of justice, the relation between law and justice
OTHER KINDS OF JURISPRUDENCE Following are the other kinds of jurisprudence
Philosophical jurisprudence
it deals with philosophy of law. sciences and of philosophy it digs into the historical past and attempts to create the symmetry of a garden
out of the luxuriant chaos on conflicting legal systems.
Sociological jurisprudence :Sociology is the study of men in society. A sociologist considers law as a social
phenomenon. The object of sociological jurisprudence is to work upon jurisprudencewith reference to the adjustment of relations of ordering of conduct which is involved
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in group life. A theme of this branch is to study living law in the same manner as a
psychologist studies living issue.
The most important branch of legal sociology is penology, which studies the causes
of crimes, behavior of criminal and effect of different theories of punishment. The
only principle in penology is to find out why a man does wrong to make it not worthhis while.
6. BENEFITS OF JURISPRUDENCE :-
Jurisprudence is basically a theoretical subject but it also has a practical and educational
value. The practical value or purposes of jurisprudence has been enumerated as under.
REMOVE THE COMPLEXITIES OF LAW:
One of the task of jurisprudence is to construct concepts and make law moremanageable and rational.
ANSWER THE NEW PROBLEMS:Jurisprudence can teach people to look around them and realize that answers to legal
problems must be found by a consideration of the present social needs and not in thewisdom of the past.
GRAMMER OF LAW:Jurisprudence is the grammer of law. It throws light on
the basic ideas and the fundamental principles of law e.g. negligence, liability
etc.
TRAINING OF MIND:
Jurisprudence trains the mind to solve the difficultlegal provisions in legal way.
GRASP ON THE SUBJECT:
It helps in knowing and grasping the language,
grammar, the basics of treatment and assumption upon which subject rests.
USEFUL IN LEGISLATION:
A study of jurisprudence helps legislators by providing them a precise and unambiguous terminology.
USEFUL IN ART OF PLEADING:
It helps the lawyers the proper use of legal
terminology. It teaches the lawyer correct use of legal terms, which is so essential for their task of pleading , it also brings about homogeneity and accuracy in legal
phraseology
TO INTERPRET LAW:It helps the judges and the lawyers in ascertaining the
true meanings of the law passed by the legislatures by providing the rules of
interpretation.
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TO STUDY FOREIGN LAWIt enable a lawyer to study foreign law because the fundamental principles are
generally common to all systems of law.
USEFULL TO DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL SYSTEMSJurisprudence aims to discover the
principals regulating the development of legal systems with a view to
comprehend the conceptions of different systems of law, to explain the origin of institutions and to study the conditions of their life.
TRAINING OF MIND:Jurisprudence trains the mind of student into legal
ways of thought and enables him to bring to bear on his work that legal acumen
which is so essential for his task. Jurisprudence trains the mind so as to enableto discover the legal fallacies which would otherwise remain unnoticed
SOLUTION OF NEW PROBLUM:In his practical work a lawyer has to tackle
new and difficult problems which might appear to him insolvable without a knowledge of
jurisprudence,.
PROVIDE TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT:
The logical analysis of legalconcepts sharpens the logical technique of the lawyer, and train students in how to
think profitably and for themselves. It provides as part of the training of lawyers,
something which a mere technical training in the substantive law cannot give them,something which is not only an addition to their technical equipment, but, an
outlook on the law as it stands in relation to other fields of knowledge.
DEVELOP THE SCIENCE OF LAW :
Jurisprudence develop the science of law,and to weave it into the common affairs of life to define the different provinces of law,
and to assign its different names to each to distinguish between the relations of the citizen
and the magistrate to each other.
EYE OF LAW
Jurisprudence is said to be the eye of law.
7. Conclusion:To conclude I can say that jurisprudence is science of laws.
Jurisprudence has very close relationship with all social sciences like sociology,history, economics, ethics, and politics. It has practical educational and legal value
with a lot of purpose.