Introduction

The vegetation is one of the most important biota components, since its conservation and connectivity status defines the existence of habitats for species, the maintenance of ecosystem services, or even the provision of goods that are essential for the survival of human communities. Sound knowledge on the current status of the vegetation cover in Brazil is therefore fundamental to establish environmental public policies in the country, such as the identification of conservation opportunities, the sustainable use of Brazilian biodiversity, and benefit-sharing.

However, the only large-scale vegetation mapping initiative covering the entire Brazilian territory (1:250,000 working scale; 1:1,000,000 publication scale) was conducted between 1970 and 1985 by RadamBrasil Project, based on radar images and extensive field work. Considering individual Brazilian biomes, only the Amazon and parts of the Atlantic Forest are subject to permanent programs for monitoring changes in vegetation cover, starting at the end of the 1980’s and based on the interpretation of Landsat satellite images.

Due to changes in the occupation pattern of the Brazilian territory, primarily motivated by the strong inland focus of the last three decades, the RadamBrasil vegetation maps no longer reflected reality. To fill this knowledge gap, and to broaden existing knowledge on the Brazilian biomes already subject to vegetation monitoring, the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), through the Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Brazilian Biological Diversity Project (PROBIO), launched two public bids in 2004 for the selection of subprojects to map the country’s vegetation cover according to the biome limits defined by the Brazilian Biomes Map (IBGE, 2004).

The six selected subprojects – one for each of the Brazilian continental biomes – had the objectives of mapping vegetation cover, diagnosing mapping initiatives, and filling existing knowledge gaps on this subject. Vegetation was mapped based on Landsat images generated primarily during 2002, provided to subprojects by MMA.

The mapping methodology was defined by the executing institutions, and varied according to the particularities of each biome. The technical mapping and label standards for all subprojects were defined with the fundamental technical support provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Some of these standards are: 1) minimum mapping unit (UMM) of 40 to 100 ha, considering a 1:250,000 final scale; 2) verifiable digital data compatible, at least, with the 1:100,000 scale; 3) classification accuracy (thematic accuracy) with a minimum threshold of 85% correct; 4) output shape-files with

topologic consistency (no overlapping polygons, no space between polygons, no zero-area polygons, no loops in arches, no polygon without classification, etc.); 5) classification of vegetation types according to the IBGE technical manual on vegetation.

It is important to note that, according to MMA determination, areas with predominant native vegetation, even if presenting a certain degree of human use, were accounted for and mapped as a native vegetation type. On the other hand, areas converted to planted pastures, agricultural crops, forest plantation, mining activities, urban occupation, and other similar uses in which the native vegetation is no longer dominant, were accounted for and classified as human use areas. Another important basic criterion defined by MMA is that secondary vegetation in advanced development stage was accounted for and mapped as native vegetation.

The following outputs were produced by the mapping subprojects:

• Final Maps with the cutout of IBGE 1:250,000 charts of the Brazilian territory. Format: paper (A0 size); electronic (SHP and PDF files).

• Database with thematic bases in shape-files corresponding to the IBGE/DSG charts at the 1:250,000 scale. Format: electronic (SHP file).

• Image charts of the chosen biome with the cutout of IBGE 1:250,000 charts. Format: electronic (GEOTIFF and PDF files).

• Summary map. Format: paper (A0 size); electronic (SHP file).

• Technical Report, according to specific standard.

The Ministry of the Environment has the pleasure of making available to the interested public the results of the subprojects on the vegetation mapping of the Brazilian biomes. These results may be consulted and downloaded through the Brazilian Biodiversity Portal – PortalBio/MMA, at the following address: www.mma.gov.br/portalbio.

Amazon Biome

Executing institution: Spatial Sciences, Applications and Technology Foundation – FUNCATE.

The Amazon is the largest Brazilian biome, encompassing an area of 4,196,943 km2 in Brazil (IBGE, 2004). This inventory of the native vegetation types and human occupation of the biome was conducted through the interpretation of 198 Landsat images (58% from 2002) in a geo-referenced database, using Spring software. An image interpretation key was developed, where land use and vegetation types were associated to the images’ photo-interpretation characteristics. Additionally, a videography was made in 2005, obtaining thousands of lateral images and photographs. These latter were incorporated to the database and used to resolve difficulties in image interpretation.

The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map, which includes the major existing mapping efforts for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and cartographic data; 3) 261 image charts at 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale (Figure 1), all in electronic format; 4) 261 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic (Figure 2) at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report. Precision of this mapping effort was calculated by comparing it to the mapping conducted by the Amazon Vigilance System (SIVAM – Brazil), obtaining a precision index of 92.65%.

The predominant vegetation in the Amazon is the Broadleaf Evergreen Forest, which occupies 41.67% of the biome. Approximately 12.47% of the Brazilian Amazon were altered by human activities, of which 2.97% are currently recovering (secondary vegetation) and 9.50% are under agricultural or livestock activities. All land cover classes obtained under this study were grouped in the following categories: Native Forest Vegetation; Native Non-Forest Vegetation (Pioneer Formations, Ecological Refuges, Bush and Grass-Woody Campinaranas, Park and Grass-Woody Savanna, Steppe Park Savanna, and Steppe Grass-Woody Savanna), Human Use Areas, Secondary Vegetation, and Water (Table 1).

Figure 1. One of the 261 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale generated for the Amazon biome.

Results were also presented by political-administrative units of the Amazonian States. The percentage of remaining unaltered forests in each Brazilian Amazonian State varies widely, from 23.82% in Maranhão State to 92.84% in Amazonas State.

Table 1. Characterization of the Amazon biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %

Native Forest Vegetation 3,416,391.23 80.76Native Non-Forest Vegetation 178,821.18 4.23Human Use Areas 401,855.83 9.50Secondary Vegetation 125,635.01 2.97Water 107,787.52 2.55

Total 4,230,490.77 100.00

Figure 2: (A) Image mosaic of the Brazilian Amazon. (B) Final mosaic generated by the Brazilian Amazon vegetation mapping effort.

Results obtained by this mapping effort are compatible to those published by the National Spatial Research Institute (INPE) as part of the Amazon Deforestation Estimate Project (PRODES), which inventoried the deforested areas of broadleaf evergreen forest in the Brazilian Legal Amazon in 2002.

Small differences between the results of both efforts are related to methodological differences. For example, PRODES has the Legal Amazon1 as reference area, an area approximately 825,000 km2 larger than the Amazon biome. In addition, PRODES aimed at mapping human use over forested phyto-physiognomies, while the present effort had the objective of mapping human use and vegetation cover regardless of phyto-physiognomy, thus also mapping human use present in non-forest phyto-physiognomies. Another important difference is the fact that PRODES does not include mapping of secondary vegetation, which was included in the present effort.1The Legal Amazon is an administrative area comprised by the following Brazilian States: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and parts of Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Maranhão.

Pantanal Biome

Executing institutions: Embrapa Agricultural and Livestock Informatics, Embrapa Beef Livestock, National Spatial Research Institute – INPE, and Pantanal Environment Institute – IMAP/SEMA - MS.

Within Brazil, the Pantanal covers an estimated area of 150,355 km2 (IBGE, 2004). A total of 16 Landsat images, all generated in 2002, were used to map the biome’s vegetation. The preparation of the vegetation cover charts at a 1:250,000 scale followed these methodological procedures: gathering of existing materials; data systematization; field work; inclusion of the maps in the geo-referenced database; and preparation of the final report. SPRING software was used to structure the geo-referenced database. Field work included eight field trips, most of which counted with a field team comprised of three botanists and two geo-technology experts. The classification and characterization of mapped phyto-physiognomies were developed based on floristic, structural, and environmental composition data obtained during field work. Field work was thus fundamental to verify questionable information on the limits of vegetation classes in draft maps, allowing the necessary adjustments and corrections for consolidating the map on current vegetation cover. The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map at the 1:1,000,000 scale, containing the previous mapping efforts for the Pantanal biome; 2) ArcMAP database; 3) 20 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:1,000,000 scale (Figure 3); 4) 20 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

Data obtained by this sub-project indicate that the Pantanal biome is still mostly conserved (based on 2002 data), with 86.77% of native vegetation cover, against 11.54% of human use areas (Table 2). The forest phyto-physiognomies (Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and Seasonal Deciduous Forest) represent 5.07% of the biome area, while non-forest phyto-physiognomies (Savanna [Cerrado], Steppe Savanna [Chaco], Pioneer Formations, and Ecological Transition Areas or

Vegetation Contact Areas [Ecotones and Enclaves]) represent 81.70% of the Pantanal area. The Savanna (Cerrado) is predominant in 52.60% of the biome, followed by Ecological Transition Areas, which occur in 17.60% of the area. Concerning human use areas, it was observed that agriculture is not a significant activity in the biome (0.26%), being replaced by extensive cattle ranching on planted pastures, which represent 10.92% of the biome area and occupy 94.68% of the human use area.

Table 2. Characterization of the Pantanal biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %Native Forest Vegetation 7,662.00 5.07Native Non-Forest Vegetation 123,527.00 81.70Human Use Areas 17,439.90 11.54Water 2,557.30 1.69

Total 151,186.20 100.00

Some differences observed between this mapping effort and the one conducted under the Conservation Plan of the Upper Paraguai River Watershed – PCBAP (Pott et al., 1997) should be noted. Some areas mapped by PCBAP as belonging to the Cerrado Phyto-ecological Region were mapped here as Chaco in the Nabileque sub-region; areas mapped as Chaco (Td) by PCBAP were mapped here as ecotones between Deciduous Forest and Chaco in the Porto Murtinho sub-region; in constantly flooded areas, Pioneer Vegetation areas were mapped here where PCBAP mapped Grasslands and Woody Cerrado; and, due to flooding, pioneer species penetrated other phyto-ecological regions, mapped in this effort as ecotones. This mapping refinement was possible because the present project obtained a larger amount of field data.

Figure 3. Image chart of the final mosaic of the Pantanal biome in 2002.

Cerrado Biome

Executing institutions: Embrapa Cerrados, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Federal University of Goiás – UFG, and Research and Agribusiness Support Foundation – FAGRO.

The Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil, covering an area estimated as 2,036,448 km2 within the national territory (IBGE, 2004). A total of 114 Landsat images were analyzed, all from 2002, and most of which were obtained in the months of August, September and October, corresponding to the dry season. Due to cloud cover problems, analysis of 33% of the images required the combination of two images of the same area, obtained in different months. SPRING software was used to process image segmentation, and the segments were converted to shape-files. Each segment was visually associated to a land cover class on the computer screen, by overlapping the image cutout with the vectorial segmentation map, using a mapping scale of approximately 1:50,000. Polygons smaller than 40 ha were combined to the largest adjacent class.

To minimize eventual mapping errors, images taken at multiple times by the Terra/MODIS sensor, as well as contour lines of the biome, and field work, were also applied in the analyses. Field verifications of the southern portion of the biome were conducted in two field expeditions with average duration of seven days each. Six shorter expeditions (1 to 3 days) were conducted in the northern portion of the biome, to the agricultural regions of Barreiras (Bahia State), PAD (Federal District), and to the region surrounding the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (Cavalcante, Goiás State), where native vegetation is predominant. Cultivated pastures were segregated from native pastures through visual analysis of images, where cultivated pastures present a more regular geometric pattern than native ones, and through municipal data obtained by the IBGE Agricultural and Ranching Census. Despite being seven years old, the Agricultural and Ranching Census is the only official set of data discriminating cultivated from native pastures at a scale compatible with the effort of mapping the Cerrado.

The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and cartographic data; 3) 172 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in electronic format; 4) 172 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

Results obtained by this sub-project indicate that the Cerrado area covered by the various phyto-physiognomies of native vegetation represents 60.42% of the biome in Brazil (Figure 4), according to 2002 data. The predominant Phyto-ecological Region is the Woody Savanna, corresponding to 20.42% of the Cerrado, followed by Park Savanna, which covers 15.81% of the biome. The area covered by the various forest phyto-physiognomies encompasses 36.73% of the biome, while the non-forest area covers 23.68% of the biome. The remaining area (38.98%) corresponds to human use areas, where cultivated pasture is the predominant category (26.45% of the biome), and to water (0.60%) (Table 3).

Table 3. Characterization of the Cerrado biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %Native Forest Vegetation 751,943.49 36.73Native Non-Forest Vegetation 484,827.26 23.68Human Use Areas 797,991.72 38.98Water 12,383.88 0.60

Total 2,047,146.35 100.00

Results from this mapping exercise showed a larger percentage of Cerrado native vegetation cover than previous studies. This difference is primarily explained by the inclusion, in this mapping effort, of approximately 28 million hectares of native pastures in the native vegetation category. If this area was accounted as human use area, as in previous studies, the percentage of area covered with native vegetation obtained in this effort would be reduced to 46.74%. This difference can also be explained by differences in spatial resolution of the satellites generating the used data. The study conducted by Conservation International (Machado et al., 2004), for instance, was based on the analysis of satellite images with a spatial resolution of 1 km, much coarser than the 30-meter resolution of the Landsat satellite images used in this mapping effort.

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of areas occupied by native vegetation (green), human use areas (pink), and water (blue) in the Cerrado biome.

Caatinga Biome

Executing institutions State University of Feira de Santana - UEFS, Plantas do Nordeste Association – APNE, Embrapa Soils, Embrapa Semi-arid, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Bahia Environmental Resources Center – CRA, and Bahia State Secretariat of Environment and Water Resources - SEMARH.

The Caatinga is the only Brazilian biome entirely within the national territory, covering an area of 844,453 km2 (IBGE, 2004). A total of 54 Landsat images (all generated in 2002) were processed to map the biome’s vegetation. The following activities were executed: 1) Inventory of the mapping initiatives for the biome; 2) Electronic processing of satellite images; 3) Validation of interpretation and classifications; 4) Data integration; 5) Vectorization and editing of the final cartographic products. The maps result from computer-assisted image classification and geo-processing of electronic land models produced by NASA. Preliminary results were validated by field teams composed by experts on flora, phyto-physiognomy, and phyto-sociology characterization, who inspected areas selected by probability criteria to provide a representativeness level compatible with the mapping scale. The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and cartographic data; 3) 48 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in electronic format; 4) 48 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

Results obtained by this mapping effort indicate that the Caatinga presents an area of 518,635 km2 covered with native vegetation, which corresponds to 62.69% of the mapped biome (Figure 5). This estimate includes the following phyto-physiognomies: Caatinga (Steppe Savanna according to the adopted classification, 35.90%), enclaves of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest phyto-physiognomies possible to map (8.43%), as well as ecological transition areas (ecotones and enclaves not possible to map, 18%). These calculations considered all well-preserved areas larger than 40 ha and those with signs of human activity, but which present, according to the project team’s evaluation, significant chances of regenerating or possibility of co-existence with low-impact interventions.

Table 4. Characterization of the Caatinga Biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %Native Forest Vegetation 201,428.00 24.39Native Non-Forest Vegetation 316,889.00 38.38Human Use Areas 299,616.00 36.28Water 7,817.00 0.95

Total 825,750.00 100.00

In 1990, UNDP/FAO/IBAMA quantified native vegetation in four States as 41.5%, compared to approximately 65% in 1984 (RadamBrasil data). RadamBrasil was concluded in 1985, but the project’s data were collected throughout two decades. Therefore, this number reflects changes over a longer period, instead of a sudden reduction of the vegetation cover. The trend obtained with these estimates indicates a rate of 500,000 ha per year for loss of vegetation cover in the biome. Compared to trends found in previous mapping efforts, which indicate an estimated projected vegetation cover of 30% to 34%, the present results were considered compatible, suggesting a small decrease in the deforestation rate for the biome. However, these numbers may also represent methodological differences in the quantification of native vegetation cover.

Figure 5. Vegetation cover map of the Caatinga biome.

Atlantic Forest Biome

Executing institutions: Geosciences Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Geography Department of the Fluminense Federal University – UFF, and Socio-environmental Studies Institute of the South of Bahia – IESB.

The Atlantic Forest covers an area of 1,110,182 km2 in Brazil (IBGE, 2004). A total of 96 images were processed to map its vegetation cover, 72% of which were generated between 2001 and 2003. Despite this flexible image generation period, it was impossible to obtain a complete biome cover free of cloud influence, especially for the northeastern region. The team chose to use 90 Landsat images and, for mapping the northeastern region, one SPOT 4 (2004) and 5 CCD/CBERS (2005) additional images were used, all with a 20 m spatial resolution. Field work involved 7 to 8-day ground expeditions with teams of 3 to 4 people, dividing the biome in 12 areas. Travel routes were selected to cover the broadest geomorphological diversity and to approach the main differentiated spectral response standards. Sampling followed a stratified random approach, with an average collection of 1,000 points per area. Analyzed images were segmented with eCognition software. Supervised classification preferably used fuzzy modeling with the assistance of target spectral behavior analysis (defined by training areas obtained in the field) to group similar objects. The electronic classification was submitted to a visual editing process (based on field data, secondary data and image interpretation), followed by manipulation with spatial analysis integration function. The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and cartographic data; 3) 86 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in electronic format; 4) 86 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report. Observation points obtained during field work and not consulted for the classification process were used to validate the final product. Considering the entire biome, the mapping effort obtained a precision index of 86.39%.

The total area covered by native vegetation in the biome was calculated as 26.97%, of which 21.80% are composed by distinct forest physiognomies (Table 5, Figure 6). The Broadleaf Evergreen Forests (9.10%) are the main forest component of the biome, followed by Seasonal Semideciduous Forests (5.18%). The worst scenario belongs

to the Open Broadleaf Forests (with palm trees), which are almost extinct today (0.25% of the biome). Among the enclaves, the Grass-Woody Steppes (Pampas) are the most representative physiognomy in the biome (2.69% of the biome).

Table 5. Characterization of the Atlantic Forest biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %Native Forest Vegetation 230,900.49 21.80Native Non-Forest Vegetation 40,689.04 3.84Pioneer Formations 14,051.26 1.33Human Use Areas 751,372.78 70.95Water 15,364.13 1.45Unclassified 6,650.15 0.63

Total 1,059,027.85 100.00

Results found by this mapping effort differ from the numbers presented in the Atlas of the Atlantic Forest Remnants (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, 2002), being significantly greater. However, comparisons between these two studies should be regarded with caution, considering that: 1) there are differences concerning the biome limits adopted by each study (Brazilian Biomes Map – IBGE, 2004, versus limits of the Atlantic Forest domain defined in the IBGE Vegetation Map, 1993); 2) mapping scales are different (medium detail: 1:250,000 and macro detail: 1:50,000), being therefore necessary to verify if data sources used (image resolution) comply with the final analysis scale; 3) the present study includes non-forest phyto-physiognomies and all types of pioneer formations (including alluvial communities and sandy strips);

4) Dense, Open, and Mixed Broadleaf Forest, and Seasonal Deciduous and Semideciduous Forest were included among forest formations. Also differently from the Atlas, the Woody Savannas, Woody Steppe Savannas, and all Areas of Ecological Transition were considered as forests; 5) totals obtained include secondary vegetation in advanced development stage, as established by MMA.

Figure 6. Vegetation cover map of the Atlantic Forest biome (Southeast Region).

Pampas Biome

Executing institutions: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Support Foundation of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul – FAURGS, Embrapa Temperate Climate, and Embrapa Livestock South.

The Pampas biome comprises the grasslands of Missions and of the southern portion of Rio Grande do Sul State, covering an approximate area of 176,496 km2 ( I B G E , 2004). For mapping the Pampas vegetation 22 Landsat images were used, all generated in 2002. A mosaic was formed with the images to produce a single file for the entire biome. For interpretation, this mosaic was divided into 23 image charts based on systematic mapping at the 1:250,000 scale. For each map window, two false-color images were generated, using bands 3, 4 and 5. Soil cover classes were obtained through visual on-screen interpretation, with the assistance of CartaLinx software. Areas covered with Pampas original vegetation were identified on the colored composites enlarged on-screen to the 1:50,000 scale. Each classification was verified on the ground by eight field expeditions with an average duration of four days, covering the various physiognomies of the Pampas. Image interpretation sought to identify categories indicating a forest or grassland physiognomic domain, or indicating the degree of human pressure on the specific vegetation formation. Both the grassland and forest formations present some degree of alteration in comparison to their original characteristics. Alteration degree was used as a criterion to decide if a given vegetation cover should be classified as native vegetation.

The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic index map, which includes the major existing mapping efforts for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and cartographic data; 3) 23 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic, all in electronic format; 4) 23 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic (Figure 7), all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

This mapping of the Pampas biome vegetation cover identified three types of vegetation formation: Grasslands, Forests and Transition Areas. A total of 41.32% of the Pampas biome present native vegetation cover, while 48.70% are modified by human use (Table 6).

Table 6. Characterization of the Pampas Biome by Grouped Phyto-ecological Region.

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km2) %Native Forest Vegetation 9,591.05 5.38Native Grassland Vegetation 41,054.61 23.03Native Vegetation - Transition 23,004.08 12.91Human Use Areas 86,788.70 48.70Water 17,804.57 9.98

Total 178,243.01 100.00

Figure 7. Final mosaic of the Pampas biome vegetation mapping.

ReferencesFundação SOS Mata Atlântica & Instituto

Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE. 2002. Atlas dos Remanescentes Florestais da Mata Atlântica: período 1995-2000. Relatório Final.

IBGE. 2004. Mapa de Biomas do Brasil, primeira aproximação. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Acessível em www.ibge.gov.br.

Machado, R. B., M. B. Ramos Neto, P. G. P. Pereira, E. F. Caldas, D. A. Gonçalves, N. S. Santos, K. Tabor, & M. Steininger. 2004. Estimativas de perda da área do Cerrado brasileiro. Brasília: Conservação Internacional. 23p. Acessível em www.conservation.org.br/arquivos/RelatDesmatamCerrado.pdf.

Pott, A., J. S. V. Silva, M. M. Abdon, V. J. Pott, L. M. Rodrigues, S. M. Salis & G. G. Hatschbach. 1997. Vegetação. In: PLANO DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BACIA DO ALTO PARAGUAI – PCBAP/Projeto Pantanal. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal - Subcomponente Pantanal. Diagnóstico dos meios físico e biótico. Brasília: MMA/SEMAM/PNMA. 194p