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Nayoung Kwon Robert Kluender

KonkukUniversity University of California, SanDiego

Marta Kutas Maria Polinsky

University of California, SanDiego Harvard University

0O<D?=NL?F;NCP?�0/� =F;OM?MB;P? ; L?FC;<F?JLI=?MMCHA;>P;HN;A?CH3, F;HAO;A?MFCE?"HAFCMBCHQBC=BL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�/ M� @IFFIQNB?B?;> HIOH�1B? KO?MNCIHCMQB?NB?LNBCMCM;FMILIONCH?FSNLO?CH,3 F;HAO;A?MFCE?';J;H?M? ;H> (IL?;H CHQBC=B/ M JL?=?>?NB?B?;> HIOH�4?=IH>O=N?>;H ?P?HNL?F;N?><L;CHJIN?HNC;F�"/-� MNO>SI@(IL?;H / M NIN?MNQB?NB?LNB?0/ ;>P;HN;A?G;HC@?MNMCH<L;CHL?MJIHM?M;H> NIN?;M?;J;LNNB?NSJIFIAC=;F@;=NILMNB;NGCABN=IHNLC<ON?NINB?M?L?MJIHM?M�,OL L?MOFNMMOAA?MNNB;N<L;CHL?MJIHM?MNI/ M ;L? L?G;LE;<FSMCGCF;LCH3, ;H> ,3 F;HAO;A?M�,OL L?MOFNM;FMIMOAA?MNNB;NNB?G;LECHAI@NB?LCABN?>A?I@NB?/ CH BCH?M?�6;HA ?N;F� � � � ;H> (IL?;H ;H> NB?;<M?H=?I@MO=BG;LECHACH';J;H?M? �2?HI �$;LHM?S� �� ;@@?=NNB?L?MJIHM?NINB?@IFFIQCHAB?;> HIOH�1B? =IHMCMN?HN0/ ;>P;HN;A?@IOH>CH"/- MNO>C?MF?H>M@OLNB?LMOJJILNNI; OHCP?LM;FMO<D?=NJL?@?L?H=?CHNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M��

Keywords� (IL?;H L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M"/- MO<D?=N�I<D?=NJLI=?MMCHA;MSGG?NLSFCHAOCMNC=NSJIFIAS

1. Introduction. �N F?; MNMCH=?NB?JCIH??LCHAQILE I@0CL4 CFFC;G'IH?MIH 0; HMELCN; NNB??H>I@NB??CABN??HNB=?HNOLS �CHQBC=BB?MBIQ?> <SG?;HMI@=IGJ;LCMIHMQCNB);NCH;H>$ L??ENB;NNB?M?F;HAO;A?MQ?L?L?F;N?>�FCHAOCMNC=;H;FSMCMB;M;CG?>;N>C@@?L?HNC;NCHANBIM?;MJ?=NMI@NB?BOG;HF;HAO;A?@;=OFNSNB;N;L? OHCP?LM;FCHH;NOL?NB;NCMMB;L?> <S;FFEHIQHF;HAO;A?M@LIGNBIM?NB;N; L?MJ?=C@C=NICH>CPC>O;F�ALIOJMI@�F;HAO;A?M�1B?L?B;MNBOM; FQ;SM<??H ; H CHB?L?HNN?HMCIH<?NQ??H?GJB;MCTCHAF;HAO;A?OHCP?LM;FPM�F;HAO;A?MJ?=C@C=JLIJ?LNC?MCHFCHAOCMNC=NB?ILCTCHA�

&HL?=?HNS?; LMCNB;M<?=IG? ;JJ; L?HN@LIGNB?L?MOFNM?MJ?=C;FFSI@H?OLIJBSMCIFIAC=;FMNO>C?MNB;NF;HAO;A?OHCP?LM;FPM�F;HAO;A?MJ?=C@C=;MJ?=NMI@F;HAO;A?JLI=?MMCHACHNB?<L;CHH??>NI<? >C@@?L?HNC;N?> CHFCE?G; HH?LQCNB; PC?QNI >?N?LGCHCHAQB?NB?L?CNB?LJL?>IGCH;N?MCH; ACP?HF;HAO;A?� "P?H NBIOABCN>?;FMMJ?=C@C=;FFSQCNBNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCH(IL? ;H NB?=OLL?HNMNO>S=;H<? PC?Q?> ;M; =IHNLC<ONCIHNINBCMF;LA?L;L?; I@CHKOCLS�

� INB@ILG;F ; H>@OH=NCIH;F;JJLI; =B?MNINB?MNO>SI@=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=P;LC;NCIHB;P?MOAA?MN?> NB;NJLI=?MMCHAG; S JF;S ; LIF?CHMB;JCHAAL;GG;LM�3;LCIOMJLIJIM;FMCHNB?@ILG; FNL;>CNCIHB;P? ?KO;N?>LOF?MI@NB?AL;GG;L QCNB=IGJON;NCIH;FIJ?L; NCIHMI@NB?J; LM?L�*CFF?L� BIGMES �� #I>IL ?N; F�� L?MH;H� ( ;JF;H �� ?LQC=E� 4? CH<?LA�� QBCF?@OH=NCIH;FCMNMB;P? ; FMIMOAA?MN?> NB;NF;HAO;A?M;L?MNLO=NOL?> CHNB?Q;SMNB?S ;L? <?=;OM?I@JLI=?MMCHA=IHMNL;CHNM�(?? H;H� IGLC?�� %; QECHM�� 4? @L;G? IOL>CM=OMMCIHCHNB?M?N?LGMNIBCABFCABNNB?@;=NNB;NOHCP?LM;F;H> MJ?=C@C=JLIJ? LNC?MI@F;HAO;A?=;H<? C>?HNC@C?> ;H> =IGJ;L?> HINIHFSCHN?LGMI@F;HAO;A?MNLO=NOL?<ON; FMICHN?LGMI@F;HAO;A?JLI=?MMCHA�

��

� 1BCML?M?;L=BQ;MMOJJILN?><S ; L?M?;L=BAL;HN@LIGNB?!?J;LNG?HNI@)CHAOCMNC=M;NNB?2HCP?LMCNSI@ ;FC@ILHC;0;H !C?AI ;H> +/#� �� NI+;SIOHA(QIH ;H> <S +& %!�� NI*;LN; (ON;M�4? NB;HE0IIHD; BIC 3C=NIL#?LL?CL;0OM;H$;LHM?S$L;HN$II>;FF 'IBH %;F?">MIH*CS;GINI /IA?L)?PS 4CFFC;G,f$L;>S *C?EI 2?HI ;H> 0BL;P;H3;MCMBNB@ILB?FJ@OF>CM=OMMCIH;H> =IGG?HNM�4? ;FMINB;HE;HIHSGIOML?@?L??M@ILNB?CL=IHMNLO=NCP?=IGG?HNM;H> MOAA?MNCIHM�

-LCHN?>QCNBNB?J?LGCMMCIHI@+;SIOHA(QIH /I<?LN(FO?H>?L*;LN; (ON;M� *;LC; -IFCHMES�` � ��

&HNB?@IFFIQCHAM?=NCIHMQ? L?PC?Q ; HOG<?LI@NSJIFIAC=; FJLIJ?LNC?MBSJINB?MCT?>NI; @@?=NNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=;FFS� 4? @CLMN;>>L?MMGIL?A?H?L;F MNLO=NOL;FJLIJ?LNC?MCH_�� CH=FO>CHANB?; JJ;L?HNJLI=?MMCHA;>P;HN;A?I@MO<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHFCABNI@�C�NB?JLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNS;MMI=C;N?> QCNBJL?HIGCH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�CC�NB?JLI=?MMCHA>C@@?L?H=?M<?NQ??H@CFF?LA;JPM�A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=C?MCHL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M; H>�CCC�NB??@@?=NI@>LIJJ?> ;LAOG?HNMIH L?F;NCP?=F;OM?JLI=?MMCHA�4? NB?H; >>L?MMMNLO=NOL;F JLIJ?LNC?MI@NB?G;DIL";MN�MC;HF;HAO;A?M� BCH?M?';J; H?M?;H> (IL ?;H� ;H> NB?CLJ;L;G?NLC=P;LC;NCIHQCNBL?MJ?=NNI��C�B?;>?>H?MM�CC�G; LECHAI@HIOHJBL;M?M@IL=;M?;H> �CCC�G; LECHAI@; JL?HIGCH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?;NCNMLCABN?>A?�_�� 4? L?PC?Q NQIG; CHNSJ?MI@NB?IL?NC=;F ?RJF;H;NCIH@IL NB?MO<D?=NL?F;NCP?JLI=?MMCHA;>P; HN;A?CH_�� ;H> NB?H>CM=OMMJL?PCIOM"/- L?MOFNML?F?P;HNNINB?JLI=?MMCHAI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCH_�� 4? H?RNNOLHNI IOLMNO>S�_�� @CLMNJLIPC>CHAJL?>C=NCIHM<;M?>IH NBCM<;=EALIOH>;H> NB?HIONFCHCHAIOL?RJ?LCG?HN;F >?N;CFM; H>JL?M?HNCHANB?L?MOFNM� #CH;FFSQ? >CM=OMMNB? ?RJ?LCG?HN;FL?MOFNMCHFCABNI@F;HAO;A?OHCP?LM;FPM�F;HAO;A?MJ?=C@C=;MJ?=NMI@F;HAO;A?JLI=?MMCHACH=IHMC>?L;NCIHI@MNLO=NOL;FJLIJ?LNC?MI@(IL?; H�_�� ;H> JLIPC>?MIG? =IH=FO>CHANBIOABNM�

1.1. The typology of relative clauses and consequences for processing.0O<D?=NL?F;NCP? =F;OM?M�0/M� ?R;GJF? �; CH1;<F? �� ;L? GIL? =IGGIH ;=LIMMNB?QILF>fMF;HAO;A?MNB;HI<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�,/M � �< CH1;<F? �� ;H> INB?LL?F;NCP?=F;OM?�/ � NSJ?M�( ??H;H� IGLC? ��

1BCMCMNLO?L?A;L>F?MMI@QB?NB?L; L?F;NCP? =F;OM?CMJIMNHIGCH;FNB;NCM@IFFIQMCNMB?;> HIOH�eL?JILN?Lf�;MCN>I?MCH"HAFCMB;H> L?F;N?>F;HAO;A?M�� CH1; <F?�� ILJL?HIGCH;FNB;NCMJL?=?>?MCNMB?;> HIOH; MCMNB?=;M?CHG;HS INB?LF;HAO;A?MCH=FO>CHA BCH?M?';J;H? M? ; H>(IL? ;H M=B?G;NC=;FFSL?JL?M?HN?>QCNB"HAFCMBF?RC=;FCN?GMCH� I@1;<F? � �

( ??H;H; H> IG LC?fM=F;CG NB;NNBCMJ;NN?LHBIF>M<?=;OM?MO<D?=NL?F;NCP?M;L? CHB?L?HNFS ?; MC?LNI JLI=?MMB;M<??HMO<MN;HNC;N?>CHHOG?LIOMMNO>C?M;=LIMMF;HAO;A?MOMCHA; QC>?P;LC?NS I@JMS=BIFCHAOCMNC=G?;MOL?MCH"HAFCMB�M?F@J;=?> L?;>CHANCG?�( CHA� 'OMN�� "/-� (CHA� ( ON;M�� -"1 � 0NLIGMQIF>?N;F� �� ;JF;H ?N; F�� ;JF;H ?N;F� � � @*/&�'OMN?N;F� �� ;JF;H ?N;F� � � IIE? ?N; F� � � IHMN;<F? ?N; F� � � B?H ?N;F� � � ;JF;H ?N;F� � �� ?S?NL;=ECHA�1L;RF?L ?N;F� � �� CH!ON=B�#L;TC?L�� CH$ ?LG;H �*?=EFCHA?L?N;F� �� 0=BLC?@?LM?N;F� �� *^HN? ?N;F� �� ; >?L� *? HA�� 0=BQ;LNT � �� CH#L?H=B�#L; O?H@?F>?L?N; F�� %IFG?M� ,f /? A;H�� IB?H � *? BF?L�� CH%?<L?Q �# LC?>G;HH� +IPIALI>MES� � � LHIH� �� CH1OLECMB�( ;BL;G;H ?N;F�� ;H> CH/OMMC;H �- IFCHMES� ��

&NB;M;FMI<??H =F;CG?> CHNB?NSJIFIAC=;F FCN?L;NOL? NB;NNB?=BIC=?I@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?JF;=?G?HN PCT�JL? IL JIMNHIGCH;FCMCH@FO?H=?> <SJLI=?MMCHA?@@C=C?H=S�);H AO;A?MCHA?H?L;FN?H>NI<? =IHMCMN?HN;MNI QB?NB?LNB?B?;> I@; JBL;M?I==OLM; NCNM<?ACHHCHAIL ;NCNM?H>�$L??H<?LA�� ;H> =;H <? >CPC>?>CHNI38?L<9,8<D?=N9; H>, 8<D?=N938?L<9NSJ?M�! LS?L�� &H3, F;HAO;A?MFCE? " HAFCMBP?L<M;H> JL?JIMC

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� /?;>?LMG;S QCMBNIMECGIL MECJIP?LM?=NCIHM>?PIN?>NI=IH=?JNMQCNBQBC=BNB?S;L? @;GCFC;L<ON;L??H=IOL;A?>NIJ;S ;NN?HNCIHNIM?=NCIHMQCNBQBC=BNB?SG;S <? F?MM@;GCFC;L�1B? ?RN?HMCP?<;=EALIOH>Q?JLIPC>?QCFF<? =LO=C;FNINB?CHN?LJL?N;NCIHI@IOLL?MOFNMMCH=?(IL?;H CML?F;NCP?FSOH>?LMNO>C?>QCNBL?MJ?=NNICNMJLI=?MMCHAJ;L;G?N?LMQBC=BCHNOLHL?@F?=NCNMNSJIFIAC=;FJLIJ?LNC?M�

� #IL >?N;CFMI@(??H;H ;H> IGLC?fMJLIJIM;FM??_�� 3, F;HAO;A?M=;H <? B?;>CHCNC;FIL P?L<G?>C;F<ONHINB?;>@CH;FQBCF?,3 F;HAO;A?M;L? ;FQ;SM

B?;>@CH;F�CHQB;N@IFFIQMQ? NBOMOM?NB?F;<?FM,3 ;H> B?;>@CH;FCHN?L=B;HA?;<FS�

NCIHMJL?=?>?NB?CLI<D?=NMQB?L?;MCH,3 F;HAO;A?MFCE?(IL ?;HP?L<M;H>JL?JIMCNCIHM�;=NO;FFSeJIMNJIMCNCIHMf� @IFFIQNB?CLI<D?=NM�1B? MCNO;NCIHQCNBL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCMHIN; MMNL;CABN@ILQ; L>�, HNB?IH? B;H>�� I@B?;>CHCNC;FF;HAO;A?M�! LS?L�� B;P?B?;> CHCNC;F�C�?� JIMNHIGCH;F�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�� CH1;<F?�� =IHMCMN?HNQCNBNB?@;=NNB;NNB?S;FMIB;P? B?;>CHCNC;F3, QIL>IL>?L; H>JL?JIMCNCIHM�,H NB?INB?LB;H>F?MMNB;HB;F@I@B?;> @CH;FF;HAO;A?M�� QCNB, 3 QIL> IL>?L;H> JI MNJIMCNCIHM;FMIB;P?B?;> @CH;F�C�?� JL?HIGCH;F�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�� CH1; <F?�� ! LS?L�� 1B? INB?L��B;P? B?;>CHCNC;F �C�?�JIMNHIGCH;F� L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHMN?;> ;MCH"HAFCMB�M??; FMI%;QECHM�� )?BG;HH �� , P?L;FFNBCMF?;>MNI; BCAB?LJ?L=?HN;A?I@JIMNHIGCH;F�B?;>CHCNC;F L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=;FFS�1B? OH>?LL?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@JL?HIGCH;F�B?;>@CH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M; =LIMMNB?QILF>fMF;HAO;A?MB;M<??H; NNLC<ON?>NINB?@;=NNB;NACP?HF?@NNILCABNM?HN?H=?JLI=?MMCHAJL?HIGCH;F�B?;>@CH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M

Subject/object processing asymmetries in Korean relative clauses ��

�� English ;� Postnominal subject relative clause with filler-gap ordering1B? L?JILN?Li 8/ QBI :: i ;NN;=E?>NB?M?H;NIL9;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�

filler gap<� Postnominal object relative clause with filler-gap ordering

1B? L?JILN?Li 8/ QBI NB?M?H;NIL;NN;=E?>:: i 9;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�filler gap

�� Schematic ;� Prenominal subject relative clause with gap-filler orderingprenominal RC �1B?� 8/ :: i ;NN;=E?>M?H;NIL] L?JILN?Li ;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�

gap fillereU1B?M?H;NIL;NN;=ECHAL?JILN?L;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�f

<� Postnominal object relative clause with gap-filler ordering�1B?� 8/ M?H;NIL;NN;=E?>:: i ] L?JILN?Li ;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�

gap fillereU1B?;NN;=E?><S;M?H;NILL?JILN?L;>GCNN?>NB??LLIL�f

�� Chinese ;� Prenominal subject relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ :: i AkHADjSZSOVH9>?DZTBii =BXHALYHF?=O[Q]

;NN;=EM?H;NILadn L?JILN?L;>GCNprf ?LLILgap filler

<� Prenominal object relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ SZSOVHAkHADj:: i9>? DZTBii =BXHALYHF?=O[Q]

M?H;NIL;NN;=E adn L?JILN?L;>GCNprf ?LLILgap filler

�� Japanese ;� Prenominal subject relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ :: i ACCHA; BCH;HMBCN;9ECMB;iA; ;S;G;LCI GCNIG?N;

M?H;NILacc ;NN;=E?> L?JILN?Lnom ?LLILacc ;>GCNN?>gap filler

<� Prenominal object relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ ACCHA; :: i BCH;HMBCN;9ECMB;iA; ;S;G;LCI GCNIG?N;

M?H;NILnom ;NN;=E?> L?JILN?Lnom ?LLILacc ;>GCNN?>gap filler

�� Korean ;� Prenominal subject relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ :: i OSQIHOF EIHAES?EB;H9EC=;iE; MCFMQOFOFMCCHB;SMMN;

M?H;NILacc ;NN;=Eadn L?JILN?Lnom ?LLILacc ;>GCNN?>gap filler

<� Prenominal object relative clause with gap-filler ordering8/ OSQIHC :: i EIHAES?EB;H9EC=;iE; MCFMQOFOFMCCHB;SMMN;

M?H;NILnom ;NN;=Eadn L?JILN?Lnom ?LLILacc ;>GCNN?>gap filler

Table �� 0O<D?=NPM�I<D?=NL?F;NCP?MCH"HAFCMB BCH?M?';J;H?M? ;H>(IL?;H�

CHPCN?N?GJIL;LS GCM;H;FSMCM�%;Q ECHM�� M??; FMI#I>IL �� &@NB?<?ACHHCHAI@; L?F;NCP?=F;OM?CMHING; LE?>;MMO=B; M?HN?H=?CHCNC;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?FCE?NBIM?CH� CH1;<F? � =;H?; MCFS<?GCMCHN?LJL?N?>;MNB?G; CH=F;OM?I@NB?M?HN?H=?�� 1BCMGCM;H;FSMCMH?=?MMCN;N?M=IGJF?R ; H>=IMNFSL?PCMCIHJLI=?MM?MF;N?LCHNB?M?HN?H=?QB?H;>>CNCIH;FMNLO=NOL;F =O?MCH>C=;N?NB;NNB?M?HN?H=?CHCNC;FMNLCHAQ;MCH@;=N; L?F; NCP?=F;OM?�?�A�;NNB?B?;> HIOHeL?JILN?LfCH� I@1;<F? �� 1B? =F;CGCMNB;NMO=BMNLO=NOL?M; L?; PIC>?>=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=;FFSCHIL>?LNIGCHCGCT?NB?<OL>?HI@L?;H;FSMCM�

1B? JLIJ? LCHN?LJL?N;NCIHI@;HS NSJ?I@L?F;NCP?=F;OM??CNB?LJL? �� CH1; <F?�� ILJIMNHIGCH;F�� CH1;<F? �� ;>>CNCIH;FFSL?KOCL?MNB? GONO;F>?J?H>?H=S I@NB?B?;>HIOHQBC=BQ? L?@?LNI; MNB?e@CFF?Lf ;H> CNMeA;Jf CHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?�C�?�NB?JIMCNCIH QB?L?CNQIOF> I L>CH;LCFSI==OLCH; >?=F;L;NCP?=F;OM?CH>C=;N?>;Me:: if� �# I>IL�� 1B? @CFF?LGOMN<? CHN?LJL?N?> ;NNB?A;J JIMCNCIHCHIL>?LNI>?N?LGCH?CNMNB?G; NC= LIF? �C�?�QB?NB?LCNCMNB?;A?HNJ;NC?HNL?=CJC?HN?N=�I@NB?;=NCIH?RJL?MM?><SNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<�; H>AL;GG;NC=;F@OH=NCIH�C�?�QB?NB?LCNCMNB?MO<D?=NI<D?=NCH>CL?=NI<D?=N?N=� I@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?� ;H> NB?A;J JIMCNCIHL?=?CP?MCNML?@?L?HNC;FC>?HNCNS@LIG NB?@CFF?L�

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1B? @CFF?LA;J JLI=?MMCHAL?KOCL?G?HNMIONFCH?> CH�<= ; H>� <S =IHNL;MNGCABN<??RJ?=N?> NI =;OM?MCGCF;LJLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNC?MCH<INB@ILQ;L> @CFF?LA;J ;H> <;=EQ;L> A;J@CFF?L >?J?H>?H=C?M>?MJCN?IL>?LCHA>C@@?L?H=?M�� JL?PCIOML?;>CHANCG?MNO>SI@(IL ?; H<;=EQ;L> A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=C?MMBIQ?> MCAHC@C=;HNFSFIHA?LL?;>CHANCG?MCH,/ MNB;HCH0/M ;H> NBCM?@@?=NQ; MGIMN?PC>?HN; NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHQB?L?NB? J;LM?LB;MNIFI=; N?;H ;JJLIJLC;N?MSHN;=NC=A;J NI; MMI=C;N?QCNBNB?@CFF?L�(QI H� �< (Q IH ?N; F�� )CE?QCM?CH"HAFCMB@ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=C?MNB?L? CMAL?;N?LJLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNSCH,/M NB;HCH0/M ;NNB?G;CHP?L<JIMCNCIHQB?L?NB?J;LM?LB;MNIFI=;N?;H ;JJLIJLC;N?@CFF?LCHQILECHAG?GILS NI;MMI=C;N?QCNBNB?A;J �(CHA� 'OMN�� (CHA� (ON;M�� ;GIHA INB?LM�� ==IL>CHAFSQ? JL?>C=NNL;HMC?HN�F?@N�; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS;H>�ILF;N?JIMCNCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NI,/M ;NNB?B?;>HIOHJIMCNCIHMCGCF;LNINB?L?MJIHM?MNIL?NLC?P;FI@; L?F?P;HN@CFF?L�NL;HMC?HN)�+ L?MJIHM?�;H> NB?CHN?AL;NCIHI@@CFF?L;H> A;J �-� � CH; @ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J>?J?H>?H=S�*IL?IP? L; HS?FC=CN?>F;N?JIMCNCPCNSG;S F;MNNBLIOABIONNB?M?HN?H=?;MCN>C>CH2?HI� $;LHM?S� � ;MM=B?G;NCT?> CH1;<F?��

2.2.Methods.Materials. #ILNB?"/- ?RJ?LCG?HN?CABNSM?NMI@MO<D?=N�� ;H>I<D?=N�� L?F;

NCP?=F;OM?MQCNBJIMM?MMCP?B?;> HIOHMQ?L?=IHMNLO=N?>��


� � /?F;NCP?=F;OM?MQCNBJIMM?MMCP?B?;> HIOHMQ?L?M?F?=N?>NI=IHNLIF@ILJ;L;FF?FAL;GG;NC=;F@OH=NCIH�0B?F>IH�� &HNB?J;L;FF?FAL;GG;NC=;F@OH=NCIHBSJINB?MCM�0B?F>IH�� L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M;L? JLI

�� 0/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M8: : i MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAul JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFICSIHAB;H9

H?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LACC M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS ?RJFICNadnOSQIHOS M;GQOMCF?SEE;HAJB;SE; NOFC=BS?MMN;M?H;NILgen I@@C=?NI A;HAnom ; NN;=E?>

0/ � e$ ; HAM; NN;=E?> NB?I@@C=? I@NB?M?H;NILQBI M?=L?NFSNIIE;>P; HN;A?I@NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?L@ILJIFCNC=;FJOLJIM?M�f

�� ,/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M8MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAi :: i JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFICSIHAB;H98H?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LNOM M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS ?RJFICNadn

OSQIHOS M;GQOMCF?SEE;HAJB;SE; NOFC=BS?MMN;M?H;NILgen I@@C=?NI A;HAnom ; NN;=E?>

,/ � e$; HAM; NN; =E?> NB?I@@C=? I@NB? M?H;NILQBI NB? JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?LM?=L?NFS NIIE; >P;HN;A? I@@ILJIFCNC=;F JOLJIM?M�f

&HNBCMMNO>SQ? Q?L?CHN?L?MN?> CHMSHN;=NC=;MJ?=NMI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?JLI=?MMCHA��

#IL NBCML?; MIHQ? CHN?HNCIH;FFSOM?> IONI@NB?<FO?M?HN?H=?MQCNBHI MOJJILNCHA=IHN?RN�<ONM??( QIH ?N;F� � � @ILNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@(IL?; HL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M<INBQCNB;H> QCNBION@;=CFCN;NCHA=IHN?RN�CHIL>?LNI;PIC>NB?CH@FO?H=?I@>CM=IOLM?JL;AG; NC= MOJJILN�4? ;FMIG;>? IOLL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MM?G;HNC=;FFSL?P?LMC<F?<S CH=FO>CHANQI BOG;H;LAOG?HNMCHIL>?LNI;PIC> M?G;HNC=;FFSAOC>?>J;LMCHA�&H;>>CNCIHQ?=IH>O=N?> ; HILGCHAMNO>SNI=IHNLIF@ILNB?JF;OMC<CFCNSI@NB?0/M ;H>,/M @IFFIQCHA*CS;GINI ;H> + ;E;GOL; �� QCNB;H ;CG NI?HMOL?NB;NNB?JF;OMC<CFCNSI@NB?

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

=?MM?>GIL? ?;MCFSQB?HNB?B?;> HIOH=;LLC?MNB?M;G?AL;GG;NC=;F@OH=NCIHCH<INBG;CH;H> L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�1BOM@IL?R;GJF? 0/M QCNBMO<D?=NB?;> HIOHM;H> ,/M QCNBI<D?=NB?;> HIOHMB;P? ;H ;>P;HN;A?IP?L ,/M QCNBMO<D?=NB?;> HIOHM;H> 0/M QCNBI<D?=NB?;> HIOHML?MJ?=NCP?FS�0/M ;H> ,/M QCNBJIMM?MMCP?B?;> HIOHM>I HINMB;L?NBCM=IH@IOH>MCH=?<INB=IHMNLO=NCIHMCHPIFP?>C@@?L?HNAL;GG;NC=;FLIF?M@ILNB?B?;> HIOHCHNB?L?F;NCP?;H> G;CH=F;OM?M�

� � � L?F;NCP?=F;OM?QCNB; JIMM?MMCP?B?;> HIOHCMMNLO=NOL;FFS;G<CAOIOMCH(IL?;H MO=BNB;NNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?=IOF><? CHN?LJL?N?>;MGI>C@SCHA?CNB?LNB?@CLMNIL NB?M?=IH>+- �?�A�eM?H;NILgen’ IL eI@@C=?NIfCH�� ;H> �� 1I L?GIP? NBCM;G<CAOCNSIHFSCH;HCG;N?+-M �?�A� eI@@C=?NIf�Q?L?OM?>;MNB?M?=IH>HIOHQBCF?; BOG;HB?;> HIOH�?�A�eM?H;NILgen’) Q;ML?KOCL?><S NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<�

relative clause region4� 4� 4� 4�

0/:: i MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAul JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFI

H?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LACC M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

,/MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAi :: i JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFIH?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LNOM M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

RC verb main clause region

4� 4� 4� 4� 4�0/�,/ CSIHAB;H OSQIHOSi M;GQOMCF?S EE;HAJB;SE; NOFC=BS?MMN;

?RJFICN-adn M?H;NILgen I@@C=?NI A;HAnom ;NN;=E?>

Headnoun region� )�+ ;H>�IL-� NI,/�Main clauseregion� =IHNCHO;NCIHI@-� �

0/� e$;HAM;NN;=E?>NB?I@@C=?I@NB?M?H;NILQBI M?=L?NFSNIIE;>P;HN;A?I@NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?L@ILJIFCNC=;FJOLJIM?M�f

,/� e$;HAM;NN;=E?>NB?I@@C=?I@NB?M?H;NILQBI NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?LM?=L?NFSNIIE;>P;HN;A?I@@ILJIFCNC=;FJOLJIM?M�f

Table �� 0OGG;LSI@JL?>C=NCIHM�

?P?HNM>?HIN?> CHNB??RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MQIOF>HIN<C;MIH? CHN?LJL?N;NCIHIP?LNB?INB?L� , H?BOH>L?> ;H> @ILNS@IOLH;NCP?( IL?;HMJ?;E?LMFCPCHACH(IL? ; J; LNC=CJ; N?>CHNB? HILGCHAMNO>S� 0?HN?H=?MQ?L?=L?;N?><S L?JF; =CHANB?A;J QCNBCNM; MMI=C;N?>B?;> HIOHCH?; =BI@?CABNM?NMI@0/ ;H>,/ =IH>CNCIHM�#IL ?R;GJF?@IL0/M �� ;H>,/ M�� M?HN?H=?MFCE?�� ;H> �� Q?L? =L?;N?>�

�� +ILGCHAM?HN?H=?A?H?L; N?>@LIG 0/ =IH>CNCIHOSQIHC MCHGQOHM;OSM;=; HAOF JCGCFFC?S=?HA=BC=?EOFIM?H;NILnom H?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?Lacc M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

CSIHAB;SMMN;?RJFICN

e1B?M?H;NIL M?=L?NFS NIIE;>P; HN;A?I@NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?L@ILJIFCNC=; FJOLJIM?M�f

�� +ILGCHAM?HN?H=?A?H?L; N?>@LIG , / =IH>CNCIHMCHGQOHM;OSM;=;HAC OSQIHOF JCGCFFC?S=?HA=BC=?EOFIH?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?Lnom M?H;NILacc M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

CSIHAB;SMMN;?RJFICN

e1B?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?LM?=L?NFS NIIE;>P;HN;A?I@NB?M?H;NIL@ILJIFCNC=; FJOLJIM?M�f

� HILGCHAMNO>S@IL;HINB?L?RJ?LCG?HNQCNBNQIFIHA>CMN;H=? >?J?H>?H=S=IH>CNCIHMQ;MCH=FO>?>CHNB?M;G??RJ?LCG?HN;FJ;L;>CAG�1B? HILGCHAM?HN?H=?MQ?L?MJFCNCHNI@IOLFCMNMOMCHA; ); NCHMKO;L?>?MCAH�-;LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q IH? M?HN?H=?@LIG?; =B0/ ; H>, / J; CL�?�A� �� IL �� ;H> L;N?> NB?JF;OMC<CFCNSI@?;=B M?HN?H=?IH ; M=;F?I@� c� � � C@CNMIOH>?>JF;OMC<F? ; H>� C@CNMIOH>?>OHFCE?FS�� 1BL??MO<D?=NM>C>HIN=IGJF?N?NB?KO?MNCIHH;CL?; H>NBOMQ?L??R=FO>?>@LIG NB?; H;FSMCM�1B? G?;HM@ILJF;OMC<CFCNS Q?L? �� @IL NB?M?HN?H=?M@ILG?> @LIG 0/M ;H> �� @IL NB?M?HN?H=?M@ILG?> @LIG ,/ M�� MNO>?HNfMtN?MNMBIQ?> NB;NNBCM>C@@?L?H=? Q;MHINMCAHC@C=;HN�t�� p � ��

1B? "/- MNO>SQ;MLOH=IH=OLL?HNFSQCNB; HINB?LMNO>SCHNB? M;G? ?RJ?LCG?HN; FM?MMCIHM�1BOM?CABNS@OLNB?LM?NMI@I<D?=NL?F;NCP?MQCNB>C@@?L?HNB?;> HIOHNSJ?M�e1B? J;CHN?LQBI NB?L?JL?M?HN;NCP? I@NB?A;FF?LS ?P;FO;N?> BCABFS;NNB?CHN?LH;NCIH;F?RBC<CNCIHA;CH?>NB?;NN?HNCIHI@NB?QILF>f�;H>GCHCG;FJ;CL;>DOH=N=F;OM?M?HN?H=?MQCNB >LIJJ?> I<D?=N;LAOG?HNM�e�?= ;OM?NB?L?JL?M?HN;NCP?I@NB?A;FF?LS ?P;FO;N?>8BCGi9 BCABFS; NNB?CHN?LH;NCIH;F?RBC<CNCIHNB?J;CHN?Li A;CH?> NB? ; NN?HNCIH I@NB?QILF>f� Q?L? CH=FO>?>�&HINB?L QIL>MNQI INB?LFIHA>CMN;H=?>?J?H>?H=S=IH>CNCIHMdIH? MSHN;=NC=;H> NB?INB?LL?@?L?HNC;FdQ? L?JL?M?HN?>NIJ; LNC=CJ;HNM>OLCHANB?M;G? ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?MMCIHM�*IL? IP?LMCH=?;NNB?NCG?I@NB?MNO>SNB?L?Q?L? HIJL?PCIOMFS L?JILN?>"/- L?MOFNM;P; CF;<F?@IL ( IL?;HNIQBC=BIOL?RJ?LCG?HN;FL?MOFNM=IOF> <? =IGJ;L?> ;HINB?L�� M?NMI@@CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQ?L? CH=FO>?> NI?FC=CNMN;H>;L>+� - � ;H> )�+ ?@@?=NM�1B?M?@CFF?LM?HN?H=?M=IHMCMN?> I@M?P?HNSM?NM?;=B I@JBL;M?MNLO=NOL? PCIF;NCIHMI@B?;>?>H?MM�NB?OM?I@JL?JIMCNCIHMCHMN?;>I@JIMNJIMCNCIHMQBC=B ;L? L?KOCL?><S NB?LCAC>FSB?;>@CH;FMNLO=NOL?I@( IL?;H� �� M?G; HNC=CH=IHALOCNSPCIF;NCIHM�� ;H>MI=;FF?>eM=L;G<F?>fM?HN?H=?MCHQBC=B; >CL?=NI<D?=NQ;M@LIHN?> NI NB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?M?HN?H=?��


� � 1B? ?RJ?LCG?HN;FMNCGOFCQ?L?H?QMJ;J?LMNSF?M?HN?H=?M ;H> NB?L?F;NCP?FSFIQ ;==?JN;<CFCNSL;NCHAMG;S ;FMI<? >O?NINB?CL=IGJF?RMNLO=NOL?�M??HM�� ;H> �� ;H> BCABF?P?FPI=;<OF;LS�

� � 1BOM;FFNIF>J;LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q@ILNSMO<D?=NL?F;NCP?M?HN?H=?M?CABNSI<D?=NL?F;NCP?M?HN?H=?M@ILNSM?HN?H=?M=IHN;CHCHA;>DOH=N=F;OM?MQCNB>LIJJ?> I<D?=N;LAOG?HNMNBCLNS@CP?M?HN?H=?MQCNBM=L;G<F?>>CL?=NI<D?=NMNBCLNS@CP?M?HN?H=?M=IHN;CHCHA; B?;>?>H?MMPCIF;NCIHNBCLNS@CP?M?HN?H=?M=IHN;CHCHA; M?

�� -BL;M?MNLO=NOL?PCIF;NCIHM;� $L; GG;NC=;F=IHNLIF

?GG; E; I=?H?S EIHAQIHOFI M;H=B;SEOFE;MC?MMN;*IG nom GILHCHA;Nthe.park-to Q;FEacc AI-hon-pstdecl

e*I G Q?HNNI NB?J;LE @IL ; Q; FE�f<� 2HAL; GG;NC=;FM?HN?H=?� B?;>?>H?MMPCIF;NCIH

?GG; E; I=?H?S OFIEIHAQIHM;H=B;SEOFE;MC?MMN;*IG nom GILHCHA;Nto-the.park Q; FEacc AIhon-pstdecl

e�* IG Q?HNNB?J;LE NI@IL ; Q;FE�f�� 0?G;HNC==IHALOCNSPCIF;NCIHM

;� IHALOIOM=IHNLIF; =BCG?S M;F;G NOFC J;JOF G?E?MMN;GILHCHACHJ?IJF?nom LC=?acc ?;Npstdecl

e&HNB? GILHCHAJ?IJF? atea meal�f<� &H=IHALOIOMM?HN?H=?

; =BCG?S M;F;G NOFC =B;SEOF G?E?MMN;GILHCHACHJ?IJF?nom <IIE acc ?;Npstdecl

e�&HNB?GILHCHAJ?IJF? atea book�f�� 0=L;G<FCHA

;� ;HIHC=;F QIL>IL>?LM?HN?H=?EO SO=BCQIHOS QIH=;HAC B;EQIHOSHS?H=QOHAB;SHAM;?SNB;NECH>?LA;LN?Hgen JLCH=CJ;Fnom M=BIIFgen ;HHO;F ?P?HNNI

B;EJQOGINOFOF=BIN;SB;SMMN;parents-ACC CHPCN?pstdecl

e1B? JLCH=CJ;F I@NB? ECH>?LA;LN?H CHPCN?>NB?J;L?HNMNI NB?;HHO;FM=BIIF ?P?HN�f

<� 0=L;G<F?> M?HN?H=?B;EJQOGINOFiOFEO SO=BCQIHOS QIH=;HAC B;EQIHOSparents-ACC NB;NECH>?LA;LN?Hgen JLCH=CJ;Fnom M=BIIFgen

HS?H=QOHAB;SHAM;?S : : i =BIN;SB;S MMN;; HHO;F ?P?HNNI CHPCN?pstdecl

eU1B? J;L?HNMNB?JLCH=CJ;FI @NB?ECH>?LA;LN?HCHPCN?> :: NINB?;HHO;FM=BIIF ?P?HN�f

� FF?RJ?LCG?HN;F;H> @CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQ?L? MJFCNCHNINQIFCMNMI@�� M?HN?H=?M?; =BOMCHA; );NCHMKO;L? >?MCAH�1B?M?Q?L?@OLNB?L>CPC>?> CHNINQ?FP?MO<FCMNMI@QBC=BN?H =IHN;CH?>NBCLNSIH?M?HN?H=?M;H> NB?L?G;CHCHANQI=IHN;CH?>NBCLNSM?HN?H=?M�1B? M?HN?H=?MCH?;=B FCMNQ?L?JM?O>IL;H>IGCT?>MO=BNB;NM?HN?H=?M@LIG NB?M;G?=IH>CNCIH H?P?L;JJ?;L ?> =IHM?=ONCP?FS� &H;>>CNCIHNB?MNCGOFCQ?L? JL?M?HN?>CH; >C@@?L?HNL;H>IG IL>?L@IL ?P?LSJ;LNC=CJ;HNNIJL?P?HNIL>?LL?F;N?>?@@?=NM�

Participants. 1Q?HNSNQI H;NCP?(IL? ;H MJ?;E?LMQ?L?J;C>�� BIOL @ILNB?CLJ;LNC=CJ;NCIHCHNB?"/ - MNO>S�@IOLN??H@?G;F?M ?CABNG;F?M�� N NB?NCG? I@NB??RJ?LCG?HN; FFJ; LNC=CJ;HNMQ?L?<?NQ??HNB?; A?MI@NQ?HNSNQI ; H>NBCLNSIH? �G?;H ;A?�

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

G;HNC=PCIF;NCIH;H>� � Q?FF@ILG?>GIHI=F;OM;FM?HN?H=?MQCNBHI >?J?H>?H=S@ILG;NCIH�&@;HSNBCHANB?IP?LL?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@I<D?=N>?J?H>?H=C?M�@ILQ;L>MSHN;=NC=�M=L;G<FCHA�<;=EQ;L>MSHN;=NC=�,/M� ;H><;=EQ;L>L?@?L?HNC;F�;>DOH=N=F;OM?MQCNB>LIJJ?> I<D?=NM��CHNB?MNCGOFOMM?NMBIOF>B;P? @;=CFCN;N?>NB?JLI=?MMCHAI@,/M =IGJ;L?> NI0/M� %IQ?P?L;MNB?L?MOFNMMBIQ�M??_�� NBCMQ;MHINNB?=;M?�

� � 1B? NIN;FHOG<?LI@J;LNC=CJ;HNM;=NO;FFSLOHQ;MNQ?HNS@IOL� %IQ?P?LNQIJ;LNC=CJ;HNMQ?L??R=FO>?>@LIG;H;FSM?M>O?NI?R=?MMCP?""$ ;LNC@;=NM�

NQ?HNS@CP?� ; H>Q?L? ?HLIFF?>CHAL;>O;N?M=BIIF IL CH"HAFCMB=F;MM?M;N2 0! "RN?HMCIH� 1B? ; P?L;A? F?HANBI@MN;S CHNB?20 Q; MNBCLN??HGIHNBM�L;HA?I@F?HANBI@MN;S� NQI GIHNBMNI�� S?;LM��FF J;LNC=CJ;HNMQ?L? LCABNB;H>?> QCNBHI H?OLIFIAC=;F>CMIL>?LM; H>HILG;F IL =ILL?=N?>NIHILG;FPCMCIH�

Procedures. -;LNC=CJ;HNMQ?L?LOHCH; MCHAF?M?MMCIH F;MNCHA;<ION�� BIOLMCH=FO>CHAJL?J;L; NCIH� 0?HN?H=?MQ?L?JL?M?HN?>PCMO;FFSCH( IL?;H Hangul �JBIH?NC=�M=LCJNCHNB? =?HN?LI@; GIHCNILM=L??HIH? ejel �; QLCNCHAOHCNNSJC=;FFS=IG JIM?> I@IH? @L?? GILJB?G? QCNB; >>CNCIH;F>?J?H>?HNGILJB?G?�M�?�A� eMCHA?Lnom’� ;N;NCG?� "; =Bejel Q;MJL?M?HN?>@IL� GMQCNB ; � GMMNCGOFOMIHM?N;MSH=BLIHS�0 ,�� 1B? CHN?LMNCGOFOMCHN?LP;F<?NQ??HM?HN?H=?MQ; M� GM ;H>MO<D?=NMQ?L?ACP?H;MGO=B L?MN;MNB?S QCMB?><?NQ??HMO<FCMNM�6? M�HI=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHMQ?L?JL?M?HN?> ;NNB? ?H>I@?P?LS@CP?M?HN?H=?MIH ; P?L;A?NIG;CHN;CHJ;LNC=CJ;HNMf;NN?HNCIH� 1B? =IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM@I=OM?> IH NB?=IHN?HNI@NB?CGG?>C;N?FSJL?=?>CHAM?HN?H=?� <INB@CFF?L; H>?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MQ?L?N?MN?>�#IL ?R;GJF? NB?=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHCH�� CGG?>C;N?FS@IFFIQ?> ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?��

� �� IGJL ?B?HMCIH KO?MNCIHMCHGQOHM;OSM;=;HAC OSQIHOF =?HA=BC=?EOFIH?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?Lnom M?H;NILacc JIFCNC=;FFS

CSIHAB;SMMMOJHCEE;�?RJFICN?>

e! C>NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?LN; E? ; >P;HN;A?I@NB?M?H;NIL�f

";=B =IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIH; JJ? ;L?> � GM;@N?LNB?I@@M?NI@NB?M?HN?H=?@CH;FQIL> ; H>L?G; CH?>IH NB?M=L??H OHNCFJ;LNC=CJ; HNML?MJIH>?><S JL?MMCHAB;H>B?F><ONNIHM�1B? L?MJIHM?B;H>Q; M=IOHN?L<;F;H=?> NI=IHNLIF @IL>IGCH;H=?�1B? H?RNM?HN?H=? MN;LN?> � GM; @N?LNB?L?MJIHM?� 1B?L? Q;M; JL;=NC=? M?MMCIHQCNBM?P?HM?HN?H=?M<?@IL? NB??RJ?LCG?HN�

Electrophysiological recording. 1B??F?=NLI?H=?JB;FIAL;G �""$� Q;ML?=IL>?>@LIGNQ?HNSMCR NCH?F?=NLI>?MGIOHN?> A?I>?MC=;FFSCH; H?F?=NLI=;J� 1B?M?MCN?MCH=FO>?>GC>FCH?JL?@LIHN;F�*C- @� F?@N;H>LCABNF;N?L;FJL?@LIHN; F�))- @;H>/)- @� F?@N;H> LCABNG?>C;FJL?@LIHN;F�)*-@ ; H>/*- @� F?@N;H> LCABNF;N?L;F @LIHN;F�))#L ; H>/ )#L� F?@N; H>LCABNG?>C;F@LIHN; F�)*#L ;H> /*#L� F?@N;H> LCABNG?>C;FF; N?L;F@LIHN;F�)! #L; H>/! #L� F?@N; H>LCABNG?>C;F=?HNL;F�)* ? ;H>/* ?� GC>FCH?=?HNL;F�*C ? � F?@N;H>LCABNG?>C;FF;N?L;F=?HNL;F�)! ? ;H>/! ? � F?@N;H>LCABNF;N?L;FN?GJIL; F�)) 1? ; H>/)1 ?� F?@N;H>LCABNG?>C;FF;N?L;FJ; LC?N;F�)!-; ;H>/!-;� GC>FCH?J; LC?N;F �*C-;� F?@N;H>LCABNF;N?L;FI==CJCN;F�)), = ;H>/), =� F?@N;H>LCABNG?>C;F I ==CJCN;F�)*,= ;H> /*,= � ;H> GC>FCH?I==CJCN;F�*C, =�� ";= B ?F?=NLI>? Q;ML?@?L?H=?> IHFCH?NI NB?L?@?L?H=??F?=NLI>? IH NB?F?@NG;MNIC>�1I GIHCNIL<FCHEM;H>?S? GIP?G ?HNM?F?=NLI>?MQ?L?JF;=?> IH NB?ION?L=;HNBC; H>OH>?L?;=B?S? ;H>Q?L?


� � 0CH=?;NNB?NCG?I@NBCMMNO>SNB?L?Q?L?HI JL?PCIOM"/- L?MOFNM@IL(IL?;H L?JILN?>CHNB?FCN?L;NOL?NB?JL?M?HN;NCIHL;N?Q;M<;M?>IH A;T?>OL;NCIHMCH?S?NL;=ECHAMNO>C?M;H> NB?L?MJIHM?MI@@IOLJ;LNC=CJ;HNMCHJCFIN?RJ?LCG?HNM�1B? ;P?L;A?L?;>CHANCG?@IL@CLMNJ;MML?;>CHAJ?Lejel CH?S?NL;=ECHAMNO>C?MCM;<ION� GM�(Q;HACF BIC 6IIHBSIOHA)?? ;H> 6IOHADCH(CG J �=�� &HJCFIN?RJ?LCG?HNMPIFOHN??LMQ?L?JL?M?HN?>QCNB?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MCH<FI=EM;N>C@@?L?HNJL?M?HN;NCIHL;N?M�� GM>OL;NCIHQCNB�� GM0,� � GM>OL;NCIHQCNB� GM0,� ;H> � GM>OL;NCIHQCNB� GM0,�� ;H> L;N?>?;=BJL?M?HN;NCIHMJ??>CHN?LGMI@NB?CLOH>?LMN;H>CHAI@NB?M?HN?H=?M;H> NB?H;NOL;FH?MMI@NB?L?;>CHAMJ??>�1B? JL?M?HN;NCIHIL>?LI@?;=B <FI=EQ;M>C@@?L?HN@IL?;=B J;LNC=CJ;HN�-;LNC=CJ;HNML?JILN?>NB;N;FNBIOABNB?S=IOF>OH>?LMN;H>M?HN?H=?M;NNB?@;MN?MNJL?M?HN;NCIHL;N?�� GMJL?M?HN;NCIHQCNB� GM0,�� NB?S@?FNGIMN=IG@ILN;<F?;H> H;NOL;FQCNBJL?M?HN;NCIHL;N?MI@� GM0,��

L?@?L?H=?> NINB?F?@NG; MNIC>�&GJ?>;H=?MQ?L?E?JN<?FIQ �( a� 1B? ""$ Q;M;GJFC@C?> QCNB+C=IF?N;GJ FC@C?LM>CACNCT?> ; N; M;GJFCHAL;N?I@�� %T�

Data analysis. #IL NL;HMC?HN?@@?=NMG?;MOL?G?HNMQ?L?N; E?HI@MCHAF?QIL> "/-; P?L;A?MQBC=B=IHMCMN?> I@� GM?JI=BM CH=FO>CHA; � GMJL?MNCGOFOM<;M?FCH?�#IL FIHA?LF;MNCHA?@@?=NMG?; MOL?G?HNMQ?L? N;E?HI@NQIQIL> ;P?L;A?MQBC=B=IHMCMN?> I@�� GM?JI= BM�� h � GM0,� ; � GMJL?MNCGOFOM<;M?FCH?;H>NB?@CLMN� GMI@NB?@IFFIQCHA�NBCL>� QIL>�� 1LC;FM=IHN;GCH;N?><S ?R=?MMCP?GOM=F?;=NCPCNS ; GJFC@C?L<FI=ECHAIL?S? GIP?G?HNMQ?L?>CM=;L>?> I@@FCH?<?@IL? ;P?L;ACHA�,H; P?L;A? �� ;H> �� I@NLC;FMQ?L?L?D?=N?> @IL MCHAF?;H> NQIQIL>;P?L;A?ML?MJ?=NCP?FS� 1B? ; P?L;A?> >;N;Q?L?; FA?<L;C=;FFS L?L?@?L?H=?>NINB?G?;H I@NB?;=NCPCNS; NNB?NQI G;MNIC>M�#IL JOLJIM?MI@PCMO;FCT;NCIH IHFS"/- Q;P?MQ?L?MGIINB?>OMCHA; FIQJ;MM@CFN?LQCNB; =ONI@@@L?KO?H=SI@� %T�

1B? >;N; Q?L?MO<GCNN?> NI; @OFF;H;FSMCMNB;NCM;H IP?L;FF� +,3� QCNBL?J?;N?>G?; MOL?MI@?RJ?LCG?HN;F=IH>CNCIH�0 / PM�,/� ; H>?F?=NLI>?M�NQ?HNSMCRF?P?FM��&H; >>CNCIH ; >CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCMQ; M=IH>O=N?>CH=FO>CHA?RJ?LCG?HN;F=IH>CNCIH�0/PM�, /� B?GCMJB?L?�F?@NPM�LCABN�F;N?L;FCNS �F;N?L;FPM�G?>C; F� ;H> ;HN?LCILCNS�@IOLF?P?FM�JL?@LIHN;FPM�@LIHN;FPM�N?GJILIJ;LC?N; FPM�I==CJCN;F�; M@;=NILM�"F?=NLI>?MCH=FO>?> Q?L? F?@N;H>LCABNF;N?L;FJL?@LIHN;F �))-@ ;H>/ )- @� F?@N;H>LCABNG?>C;FJL?@LIHN;F �)*-@ ;H> /*- @�F?@N; H>LCABNF;N?L;F@LIHN;F�))# L;H> /)#L� F?@N;H> LCABNG?>C;F@LIHN;F �)!#L ;H> /! #L� F?@N;H> LCABNF;N?L;FN?GJIL;F�))1? ;H> /)1?� F?@N; H>LCABNG?>C;FF;N?L;FJ; LC?N;F�)!- ; ;H>/!-;� F?@N;H>LCABNF;N?L;FI==CJCN;F�)),=; H>/ ),= � ;H> F?@N; H>LCABNG?>C;FI==CJCN;F�)*, = ; H>/*,=�� 1I =ILLI<IL;N?MG;FF?LFI=; F?@@?=NM; H�+, 3� Q;MJ?L@ILG?> IH KO;>L;HNL?ACIHMI@?F?=NLI>?M�F?@N; HN?LCIL� ))-@ ))#L )*- @)! #L�LCABN;HN?LCIL� /)-@ /)#L / *-@ /!#L� F?@NJIMN?LCIL� ))1? )),= )! -; )*,= � LCABNJIMN?LCIL� /)1? /),= /!-; /*,=� IL IHCH>CPC>O;F?F?=NLI>?M� �FF ;H;FSM?MQ?L?LOHIH G?;H ;GJFCNO>?MI@JL?>?N?LGCH?>F;N?H=S CHN?LP;FM<;M?>IH JLCILL?M?; L=B �+ � � � c�� GM�-� � �� c�� GM�-� �� c� GM�+ � � � c� GM�)� +� � c� GM�OHF?MMINB?LQCM?HIN?>� 1B?%OSHB#?F>N�%OSHB� #?F>N�� =ILL?=NCIH@ILF;=EI@MJB?LC=CNSQ;M;JJFC?>;H>=ILL?=N?> pP;FO?M;L? L?JILN?>QCNBNB?ILCACH;F>?AL??MI@@L??>IG�

2.3.Results. 1B? G?;H =ILL?=NL?MJIHM?L;N?MNI=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM@IFFIQCHA0/ M�� ;H> ,/M �� >C>HIN>C@@?LMCAHC@C=;HNFS�� PM�� L?MJ?=NCP?FS��

IG JL?B?HMCIH ;==OL;=S Q; MBCAB?L@IL@CFF?LM?HN?H=?M�� @IL M?HN?H=?MQCNB; H>QCNBIONJBL;M?MNLO=NOL?PCIF;NCIHM�� @ILM?HN?H=?MQCNB;H> QCNBIONM?G; HNC=CH=IHALOCNS�� ;H> �� @ILM?HN?H=?MQCNB;H> QCNBIONM=L;G<FCHA��

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� � L?@?L??;ME?>QBS NB?L?Q;MHI >C@@?L?H=?CHNB?;==OL;=SL;N?I@L?MJIHM?MNINB?=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM@IFFIQCHA0/M ;H> ,/M >?MJCN?NB?L?JILN?>>C@@?L?H=?CH<L;CHL?MJIHM?M� &NCMCGJILN;HNNI<?;LCHGCH>NB;N=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM;L? ; G?;MOL?I@I@@FCH?F;HAO;A?JLI=?MMCHAQBCF?"/-M ;L? ; G?;MOL?I@IHAICHA<L;CH;=NCPCNS� 1B? OM?I@; MO<M?NI@NB?M;G??RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MCH; JLCIL?S?NL;=ECHAMNO>S;HINB?LIHFCH?G?;MOL?I@F;HAO;A?JLI=?MMCHASC?F>?>L?MOFNM=IGJ;L;<F? NINB?"/- L?MOFNML?JILN?>B?L?�QBCF?,/M Q?L?L?;>GIL? MFIQFSNB;H0/M NB?L?Q;MHI >C@@?L?H=?CHNB?=ILL?=N;HMQ?LL;N?<?NQ??HNB?NQI =IH>CNCIHM�(QIH ?N;F� � � �� 1BCMNB?HMOAA?MNMNB;N=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM;L? HIN; G?;MOL?M?HMCNCP??HIOABNI >?N?=NNB?JLI=?MMCHA;MSGG?NLSI@0/M ;H> ,/M CHNB?M??RJ?LCG?HNM�*IL?IP?L<?=;OM?"/- L?MJIHM?M;L? CHA?H?L;FGIL? M?HMCNCP?NB;HINB?L<?B;PCIL;FG?;MOL?MCNCMI@N?HNB?=;M?NB;N"/-M MBIQMCAHC@C=;HN>C@@?L?H=?MIL =ILL?F;NCIHMQB?L?<?B;PCIL;FG?;MOL?MMBIQHIH?�M??*=);OABFCH?N;F� � � @ILDOMNIH? MO=B?R;GJF?�

� � 4? <?FC?P?NB;NNB?L;NB?LFIQ =IGJL?B?HMCIH;==OL;=SL;N?M@ILIOL?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M;L? ;HCH?PCN;<F?;H> >CL?=N=IHM?KO?H=?I@NB?>?MCAHQ? =BIM?@ILNBCMMNO>S;H> I@IOL;NN?GJNMNI?FCGCH;N?JIN?HNC;F=IH@IOH>M@LIGCN��M >CM=OMM?>CH_�� M??;FMIHM�� c �� IOL?RJ?LCG?HN;FMNCGOFCQ?L?�C� BCABL?ACMN?L=IGJF?RH?QMJ;J?LMNSF?M?HN?H=?MNB;N�CC� ;PIC>?>NB?OM?I@MOJJILNCHA=IHN?RNNI@IL=?MSHN;=NC=

/ ?=;FFNB;NNB?@I=OMI @NBCM?RJ?LCG?HNQ; MNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@<;=EQ;L>�A;J @CFF?L�>?J?H>?H=C?MCH(IL ?;H L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�NB?L?MOFNMQ?L?NB?HNI<? =IGJ;L?> QCNBNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@@ILQ;L> >?J?H>?H=C?MCH"HAFCMBL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�1I CHP?MNCA;N?NB??@@?=NMIH NB?"/ - L?=IL>I@; H OH@CFF?>A;J CHH??> I@CHN?AL;NCIHQCNB; MO<M?KO?HN@CFF?LQ? JF;HH?> NI?R;GCH?"/- L?MJIHM?MNI0/M ; H>,/M CHNBL?? L?ACIHM�L?F;NCP?=F;OM? B?;> HIOH ;H> G; CHP?L<L?ACIHM;MMBIQHCH1; <F?�� ?@IL? JL?M?HNCHANB?G;CH?RJ?LCG?HN;F@CH>CHAMQCNBL?A;L>NIL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MBIQ?P?LQ? @CLMNJL?M?HNNB?L?MOFNM@IL NB?@CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQBC=BB?FJNIJLIPC>?MIG?=IHN?RN@ILNB?CHN?LJL?N;NCIH I@NB??RJ?LCG?HN;FL?MOFNM�

Filler sentences with phrase structure violations: P� . 1B? OHAL;GG; NC=;F@CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQCNBJL?JIMCNCIHMCHJF;=? I@JIMNJIMCNCIHM�e�NINB?�J; LEf ��<� ?FC=CN?>; JIMCNCP?AICHA"/- CH=IGJ;LCMIHNI NB?AL;GG;NC=;F =IHNLIFMQCNBJIMNJIMCNCIHM�eNB?�J;LENIf ��;� � 1BCM?@@?=NQ; MQC>?FS>CMNLC<ON?> ;=LIMMNB?M=;FJ�#CAOL?�� 1B?@OFF�+ ,3 � CHNB?� c� GMF;N?H=SL;HA?QCNB; FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MMBIQ?>;G;CH?@@?=NI@AL;GG;NC=; FCNS�M?? 1;<F?� @IL; MOGG; LSI@NB?�+, 3� L?MOFNM�� &HNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCMNB?L?Q; M;A;CH; MCAHC@C=;HNG; CH?@@?=NI @AL;GG;NC=;FCNS;H>; MCAHC@C=;HNCHN?L;=NCIHI@AL;GG; NC=;FCNS F;N?L;FCNS;H> ;HN?LCILCNS� QBCF?NB?L?F;NCP?>C@@?L?H=? CH; GJFCNO>?I@NB?F;N?JIMCNCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NIOHAL;GG;NC=;FPM�AL;GG;NC=;FM?HN?H=?MQ;M=IHMN;HNIP?LF;N?L;F ?F?=NLI>?MCNQ;MF;LA?LIP?LNB?<;=E NB;HIP?LNB?@LIHNI@NB?B?;> ;NG?>C;F?F?=NLI>?M�#CA� � ��


JLI=?MMCHA;H> �CCC� @?;NOL?>JIMM?MMCP?B?;> HIOHMQCNB>C@@?L?HNAL;GG;NC=;F@OH=NCIHMCHNB?G;CH;H>L?F;NCP?=F;OM?;H> �CP� NQIM?G;HNC=;FFSL?P?LMC<F?BOG;H>CM=IOLM?L?@?L?HNMNB;NQ?L?GIL?IP?L�P� <;F;H=?>@ILJF;OMC<CFCNSCH; JLCILHILGCHAMNO>S;H> �PC� L?@?LL?>NI<S M?G;HNC=;FFSL?F;N?>I==OJ;NCIH;FNCNF?M�?�A� conductor PM�vocalist�� 1;E?H NIA?NB?LNB?M?=IHMC>?L;NCIHML?H>?L?>?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M>C@@C=OFN�NBIOAB=?LN;CHFSHINCGJIMMC<F?�NIJLI=?MM;H> NIL?G?G<?L@ILJOLJIM?MI@;HMQ?LCHAIOLCHN?LGCNN?HN=IGJL?B?HMCIHKO?MNCIHM=ILL?=NFS�

� � IFIL P?LMCIHMI@#CAM��c � ;H> �c� =;H <? ;==?MM?>;N BNNJ��GOM?�DBO�?>O�DIOLH;FM�F;HAO;A?�P �� EQIH ��BNGF�

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Table �� #CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQCNBPM�QCNBIONJBL;M?MNLO=NOL?PCIF;NCIHM�

Filler sentences with semantic incongruity: +� . 1B? M?G;HNC=;FFSCH=IHALOIOM@CFF?LM?HN?H=?M�?�A�e&HNB?GILHCHAJ?IJF? ;N?; <IIEf � <� ?FC=CN?>; H?A;NCP?AICHA"/ - CH=IGJ;LCMIHNINB?=IHALOIOM=IHNLIFM�?�A�‘&HNB?GILHCHAJ?IJF?;N? ; G?; Ff � ;� ;MM??HCH#CAOL?�� 1B? @OFF�+ ,3� CHNB?� c� GMF;N?H=SL;HA?QCNB; FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MMBIQ?> ; G;CH?@@?=NI@=IHALOCNS; H>; MCAHC@C=;HNCHN?L;=NCIH I@=IHALOCNS ;H> ?F?=NLI>?M�M?? 1;<F? � @IL; MOGG;LS I@NB?�+,3� L?MOFNM��&HNB? >CMNLC<ONCIH;F ;H;FSMCMNB?L?Q;M;A;CH; G;CH?@@?=NI@=IHALOCNS; MCAHC@C=;HNCHN?L;=NCIHI@=IHALOCNS;H> F;N?L;FCNS=;OM?><S F;LA?L>C@@?L?H=?MCH;GJFCNO>?<?NQ??H=IHALOIOM;H> CH=IHALOIOMM?HN?H=?M; NG?>C;FNB;H; NF;N?L;F?F?=NLI>?M; H>;HCHN?L;=NCIHI@=IHALOCNS;H> ; HN?LCILCNS=;OM?><S F;LA?L>C@@?L?H=?MCH;GJFCNO>?IP?LNB?I==CJCN; F;H> N?GJILIJ;LC?N;FL?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ NB;HIP?LJL?@LIHN;F;H> @LIHN;FL?ACIHM�# CA� � � � &H;>>CNCIHIH PCMO;FCHMJ?=NCIHNB?>C@@?L?H=?FIIE?> MFCABNFSF;LA?LIP?LNB?LCABNNB;HIP?LNB?F?@NMC>?I@NB?B?;> ;H> NBCMCGJL?MMCIHQ; M=IH@CLG?> <S; HCHN?L;=NCIHI@=IHALOCNS; H>B?GCMJB?L?�,P?L; FFNBCML?MJIHM?B;> NB?F;N?H=SGILJBIFIAS ;H> M=;FJ >CMNLC<ONCIHNSJC=;F I@;H + � ?@@?=N�

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/language/v089/89.3.kwon01.html

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/language/v089/89.3.kwon01.html

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"/- Q;P?@ILGM@ILAL;GG;NC=;F�d� ;H>OHAL;GG;NC=;F�gggg�JBL;M?M;NNB?G?>C;FJ;LC?N;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?

�OHAL;GG;NC=;Fc AL;GG;NC=;F=IH>CNCIHM� c � GM��

� c� ms post-onset of ‘�;N? ; <IIE f vs. e;N?; G?;Ff

full analysis=IHALOCNS F�� p � � �=IHALOCNSh ?F?=NLI>?M F�� p � � �

=IHALOCNS F�� p � � ��

distributional analysis=IHALOCNSh F;N?L;FCNS F�� p � � ��=IHALOCNSh ;HN?LCILCNS F�� p � � ��=IHALOCNSh B?GCMJB?L? F�� p � � ��

Table �� #CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQCNBPM�QCNBIONM?G;HNC==IHALOCNSPCIF;NCIHM�

Filler sentences with scrambling: lan. 0=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M��<� ?FC=CN?>GIL?H?A;NCPCNS L?F;NCP?NIM?HN?H=?MCH=;HIHC=;F QIL> IL>?L��;� MN;LNCHA;JJLIRCG;N?FS� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?MO<D?=NeJLCH=CJ;Fnom’CH��< ; H>=IHNCHOCHACHNINB?H?RNQIL> eM=BIIFgen’�� ,H PCMO;FCHMJ?=NCIH NBCMH?A;NCPCNS ;JJ? ;L?>NIB;P? ; MSGG?NLC=;F ;HN?LCILG;RCGOG�#CAOL?�� 0CH=?Q? B;> JL?>C=N?>NB;NNBCMG;HCJOF;NCIH


� � #IL NBCM=IGJ;LCMIHQ? OM?>HIGCH;NCP?+-M CH>C@@?L?HNM?HN?H=?JIMCNCIHM�@IFFIQCHA2?HI � (FO?H>?L� �� L;NB?LNB;HNB?M;G?+- CHHIGCH;NCP?PM�;==OM;NCP?=;M?�IL NIJC=G;LE?>�CHNB?M;G?M?HN?H=?JIMCNCIH�@IFFIQCHA%;ACQ;L;?N;F� � �� 0CH=?NB?NQIG?NBI>MI@=IGJ;LCMIHB;P? SC?F>?>?KOCP;F?HNL?MOFNM;=LIMMMNO>C?MQ? >I HIN<?FC?P?NB;NNBCM>C@@?L?H=?CMI@;HS =IHM?KO?H=?�

Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NI=IHALOIOM�meal-ACC ate e;N?; G?;Ff� MIFC>FCH?—� ;H>CH=IHALOIOM�book-ACC ate e;N?; <IIEf� >INN?>FCH?gggg�M?HN?H=??H>CHAM;N;FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?

MCN?M�� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGM@IL=IHALOIOM�d� ;H>CH=IHALOIOM�gggg�?H>CHAM;NNB?LCABNG?>C;F=?HNL;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?

G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?�CH=IHALOIOMc =IHALOIOM=IH>CNCIHM� c � GM��

QIOF>?FC=CN; )� + ?@@?=NQ? @CLMNG?; MOL?> NB?L?MJIHM?NINB?MO<D?=NHIOHeJLCH=CJ;Fnom’ CH; F;N?H=SQCH>IQI@� c� GM�1B?L? Q;M; MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NI@M=L;G<FCHACHNB?@OFF;H;FSMCM�M?? 1; <F? � @IL; MOGG;LSI@NB?�+ , 3� L?MOFNM�� 1BCMQ;M;FMINB?=;M?CH NB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCMQBC=B ;>>CNCIH;FFSL?P?;F?>; H CHN?L;=NCIHI@M=L;G<FCHA;H>F;N?L;FCNS =;OM?><SF;LA?L>C@@?L?H=?MIP?LG?>C;FNB;HIP?LF;N?L;F?F?=NLI>?M;MQ?FF;M; G; LACH;FCHN?L;=NCIHI@M=L;G<FCHAB?GCMJB?L? F;N?L;FCNS ;H>;HN?LCILCNS� 1BCM@IOLQ;S CHN?L;=NCIH; JJ? ; LMNI B;P?<??H=;OM?><SNB?@;=NNB;NNB?H?A;NCP?L?MJIHM?Q;MF;LA?MNIP?L; HN?LCIL?F?=NLI>?MI@NB?F?@NG?>C;F;LL;S �#CA� � � ��

4? H?RNG?;MOL?>NB?L?MJIHM?CH; F;N?H=SQCH>IQI@� c�� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB? MO<D?=NHIOHeJLCH=CJ;Fnom’: CHINB?LQIL>M� c� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?@IFFIQCHAQIL> eM=BIIFgen’ (��<� <ONQCNBIONL?<;M?FCHCHA�1B?L?Q; M; A;CH; G;CH?@@?=NI@M=L;G<FCHACH<INBNB?@OFF;H;FSMCM;H> NB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM; MQ?FF; M; NBL??Q;S CHN?L;=NCIHI@M=L;G<FCHAB?GCMJB?L? ;H> F;N?L;FCNS =;OM?><S NB?F;LA?L>C@@?L?H=?IP?L LCABNG?>C;F;H> F;N?L;F;H> F?@NG?>C;F?F?=NLI>?MNB;HIP?LF?@NF;N?L;F ?F?=NLI>?M�#CA� � ! ��

%IQ? P?L QB?HQ? L?<;M?FCH?> NB?"/- MNINB?M?=IH> QI L> eM=BIIFgen’, NB?H?A; NCP??@@?=N>CM;JJ?;L?> CH<INBNB?@OFF; H>NB? >CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM�4? NB?L?@IL?>?=C>?> NIM?? C@CNQ;MJIMMC<F?NINL?;NNB?H?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?M?NQIQIL>M;MMOMN;CH?> CHH;NOL? ;MQ? B;> CH@;=N; HNC=CJ;N?>;H> G?; MOL?> CN@LIG � c�� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@eJLCH=CJ;Fnom’� 1BCML?MOFN?>CH; MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NCH<INBNB?@OFF� +, 3� ;H> NB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM�1B? >CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM;FMISC?F>?>; G; LACH;FCHN?L;=NCIH I@M=L;G<FCHA; H>F;N?L;FCNS>O?NI; F;LA?L>C@@?L?H=?<?NQ??H=IH>CNCIHMIP?LG?>C;FNB;HIP?LF;N?L;FL?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ;H>; G;LACH;FCHN?L;=NCIHI@M=L;G<FCHAB?GCMJB?L?;H> F;N?L;FCNS� 1BCMQ; M;A;CHFCE?FS=;OM?> <S NB?F;LA?L>C@@?L?H=? IP?LLCABNG?>C;F; H>F;N?L;F;H> F?@NG?>C;F?F?=NLI>?MNB;HIP?LF?@NF;N?L;F?F?=NLI>?M�#CA� �! ��

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

� c� ms post-onset of ‘JLCH=CJ;Fnom’full analysis M=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � ��

M=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � �distributional analysis M=L;G<FCHAh F;N?L;FCNS F�� p � � ��

M=L;G<FCHAh B?GCMJB?L?F;N?L;FCNSh ;HN?LCILCNSF�� p � � �

� c�� ms post-onset of ‘JLCH=CJ;Fnom’ �QCNBIONL?<;M?FCHCHANINB?H?RNQIL>�full analysis M=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � ��

distributional analysisM=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � �M=L;G<FCHAh B?GCMJB?L?h F;N?L;FCNS F�� p � � ��

� c�� ms post-onset of ‘JLCH=CJ;Fnom’ �QCNBL?<;M?FCHCHANINB?H?RNQIL>�full analysis M=L;G<FCHA F�� H�M�

distributional analysis M=L;G<FCHA F�� H�M�

� c�� ms post-onset of eJLCH=CJ;Fnom’full analysis M=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � ��

M=L;G<FCHA F�� p � � ��distributional analysis M=L;G<FCHAh F;N?L;FCNS F�� p � � ��

M=L;G<FCHAh B?GCMJB?L?h F;N?L;FCNS F�� p � � ��

Table �� #CFF?LM?HN?H=?MQCNBPM�QCNBIONM=L;G<FCHA�

1B?L?Q?L? MIG?QB;NMOLJLCMCHAFSHI MO<M?KO?HN"/- >C@@?L?H=?MdH?CNB?L; NL;HMC?HN)�+ HIL; F;N? JIMCNCP?L?MJIHM?d NINB?QIL>MCGG?>C;N?FSJL?=?>CHA�hayngsa-ey e?P?HNNIf� IL@IFFIQCHA�chotayhay-ss-ta eCHPCN?pstdecl’,NB;NCMNB?M?HN?H=?@CH;FG; CH=F;OM?P?L<� NB?JOLJILN?>A;J JIMCNCIHCHM=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M��<� �

ERP results for sr and or sentences. �M ; HCFFOMNL;NCIHI@NB?IP?L;FFJ;NN?LH#CAOL?� MBIQMNB?"/- L?MJIHM?M?FC=CN?>;NF?@NF;N?L;F ?F?=NLI>?M<S ,/M PM�0/M CHNB?M?HN?H=?CHCNC;F L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHI@NB?MNCGOFOMG; N?LC;FM�CH=FO>CHANB?B?;>HIOHNB?F;MNQIL> I@NB?;P?L;A?�� 3CMO;FCHMJ?=NCIHMOAA?MNMNB;N, /M ?FC=CN?>AL?;N?LH?A;NCPCNS NB;H0/ M;NNQIM?HN?H=? JIMCNCIHM�NB? M?=IH> ;H> NBCL>QIL>MI@NB?JL?HIGCH;FL?F;NCP? =F;OM?�eJO<FCMB?L+ ,* M?=L?NFSf� M??1; <F?�� ;H> ;A;CH; NNB? B?;>HIOH�eM?H;NIL$"+ f�� "; =BI@NB?M??@@?=NMCM>CM=OMM?> CH>?N;CFCHQB;N@IFFIQM OMCHA"/ - L?MJIHM?MI<N;CH?>IP?LNB??HNCL?B?;>�


Canonical word order — � NB;N ECH>?LA;LN?Hgen JLCH=CJ;F+ , *

Scrambledword order ····� J; L?HNMacc NB;N ECH>?LA;LN?Hgen JLCH=CJ;F+ , *

Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NI=;HIHC=;F�MIFC>FCH?—� ;H> M=L;G<F?>�>INN?>FCH?gggg�QIL>IL>?LM?HN?H=?M;NNB?HIGCH;NCP?G;LE?>+- ;FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MCN?M�� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGM@IL=;HIHC=;F�d� ;H> M=L;G<F?>�gggg�QIL> IL>?LM;NNB?F?@NG?>C;F@LIHN;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?;NeJLCH=CJ;Fnomf �M=L;G<F?>c =;HIHC=;FQIL>IL>?L=IH>CNCIHM� c � GM��!� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?G;J I@

NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?;NeM=BIIFgen’ �M=L;G<F?>c =;HIHC=;FQIL>IL>?L=IH>CNCIHM� c �� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@eJLCH=CJ;Fnom’��

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NI+- acc/nom CHMO<D?=N�eJO<FCMB?LaccM?=L?NFSJIFCNC=;FFS?RJFICNadnM?H;NILgen’� MIFC>FCH?—� ;H>I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�eJO<FCMB?LnomM?=L?NFS

JIFCNC=;FFS?RJFICNadnM?H;NILgen’� >INN?>FCH?gggg�;NNB?F?@NF;N?L;F@LIHN;F?F?=NLI>?�

Relative clause region prior to the relative clause verb. /?= ;FFNB?MNLO=NOL?I@NB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?�1; <F?�� 4 � Q; M; FQ;SM; HIOHCHA?HCNCP?=;M?;MMI=C;N?>QCNB4 � QBC=B;JJ?;L?> CHNB?HIGCH;NCP?C@NB? L?F;NCP?=F;OM?A;J Q;MNB?I<D?=N�, / �; H>CHNB?;==OM;NCP? C@NB?L?F; NCP?=F;OM?A;J Q;MNB?MO<D?=N�0/�� 3CMO;FCHMJ?=NCIHI@NB?"/ -MCHL?MJIHM?NINB?4� JIMCNCIH�M?? 1;<F? �� L?P?;F?> ; F;LA?L<LI;> @LIHN;FH?A;NCPCNS NINB? , / �eJO<FCMB?Lnom’, �� NB;HNINB?0/ =IH>CNCIH�eJO<FCMB?Lacc’,�� J; LNC=OF;LFS ;NF;N?L;F?F?=NLI>?M�� 1BCM?@@?=N=IHNCHO?>NBLIOABIONNB?L?MJIHM?NI4 � eM?=L?NFSf ;MMBIQHCH#CAOL?��

1I =ILLI<IL;N?;JJ; L?HN?; LFS?@@?=NM�# CA� � �� G?; HPIFN;A?G?;MOL?MQ?L?N;E?HCHNB?+� � � c�� GM�;H>- � �� c�� GM�F;N?H=S QCH>IQM�1B?M?G?;MOL?MQ?L?MO<D?=N?> NI <INB@OFF; H>>CMNLC<ONCIH;FIGHC<OM� +,3�M �M??1;<F? � @IL; MOGG;LSI@NB?� +, 3� L?MOFNM�� &HNB?;H;FSMCMI@NB?� c�� GMCHN?LP;FNB?L?Q;MHI MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=N?CNB?LCHNB?@OFF; H;FSMCM�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?h �� ?F?=NLI>?M�IL CHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCM�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?h B?GCMJB?L? h F;N?L;FCNSh ;HN?LCILCNS�� 4CNBL?A;L>NI ;JJ;L ?HN- � ?@@?=NMCHNB?�� c�� GMCHN?LP;F<S =IHNL;MNNB?L?Q;M;MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CH<INBNB?@OFF; H>NB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSM?MCH>C=;NCHANB;NNB?,/ =IH>CNCIH<?A;HNI?FC=CN?;LFSH?A;NCPCNSIP?LGO=BI@NB?M=;FJ�

� � 0/M ;H>,/M >C>HIN>C@@?LMCAHC@C=;HNFS;N4� CH;HSI@NB?NCG?QCH>IQMI@ c� GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M��IL � c� GM�F �� H�M��

1I KO;HNC@SF;N?L?@@?=NMQ? @CLMNG?; MOL?>NB?L?MJIHM?NI?; =BQIL>M?J;L;N?FS;MQ?B;> >IH? CHNB?M=L;G<FCHA=IGJ;LCMIH��FNBIOABQ? B;> ;=NO;FFSHIN?RJ?=N?> ; MOMN;CH?>H?A;NCPCNS CHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F; NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHI@IOL?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M�_�� Q? B;> ;FFIQ?>@ILCN;M; FIAC=;FJIMMC<CFCNS��;� � 4? NB?L?@IL?G?;MOL?> ?;=BI@NB?NQI QIL>M�eJO<FCMB?L+ , * M?=L?NFSf� NB;N; JJ?; L?> NI?FC=CN; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH�#CA� �� @ILMN;H>;L>)�+ ?@@?=NMCH; F;N?H=S QCH>IQI@� c� GM;H> � c�� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@eJO<FCMB?L+ , * f L?MJ?=NCP?FS �C�?� QCNBIONL?<;M?FCHCHA;NNB?M?=IH>QIL> eM?=L?NFSf��%IQ?P?LH?CNB?LI@NB?M?G?;MOL?G?HNMJLI>O=?> MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NMCH?CNB?LNB?@OFFILNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCM�

4? NB?L?@IL? =IH>O=N?>;H ; H;FSMCMCH; NCG?QCH>IQI@� c�� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@eJO<FCMB?Lnom/accf CHIL>?LNI?H=IGJ;MM<INBQIL>MMCGOFN;H?IOMFS�*?; MOLCHANB?H?A;NCPCNSCHNBCMQ;S SC?F>?> ; MCAHC@C=;HNCHN?L;=NCIHI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?;H>?F?=NLI>? CHNB?@OFF;H;FSMCM;H>; =ILL?MJIH>CHACHN?L;=NCIHI@L?F;NCP? =F;OM?NSJ?;H>; HN?LCILCNSCHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCM�1BCMQ;M>O?NIGIL? JLIHIOH=?> H?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NI ,/M I P?LF;N?L;F@LIHN;FL?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ �#CA� � �� 0N;NCMNC=;F;H;FSM?MI@NB? MCRN??HCH>CPC>O;F?F?=NLI>?MCH=FO>?> CHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCML?P?;F?> MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NMI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?;NF?@NF;N?L;F@LIHN;F;H>LCABNF;N?L;F@LIHN;F ?F?=NLI>?M�;FFINB?LFM� �� #CA� � ��

,P? L;FFNB?M??@@?=NMCH>C=;N?> NB;N, /M?FC=CN?>GIL? ; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSNB;H0/M CHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH�� MCAHC@C=;HNG; CH?@@?=NCHNB?-� NCG?QCH>IQCH>C=;N?>NB;NNBCMH?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NI,/M N?H>?> NIIHM?N?;LFS�U� GM��MCAHC@C=;HNCHN?L;=NCIHMCHNB?FIHA?LNCG?QCH>IQI@� c�� GMCH>C=;N?> NB;NNB?H?A;NCPCNS<?=;G ? GIL? @LIHN;FFS>CMNLC<ON?> F;N?LCHNB??JI=B�

Relative clause verb and head noun region. 3CMO;FCHMJ?=NCIHI@NB?Q;P? @ILGMMOAA?MN?> @;CLFSQC>?MJL?;> H?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?B?;> HIOHI@NB?,/=IH>CNCIH �� =IGJ;L ?> NINB?B?;> HIOHI@NB?0/ =IH>CNCIH�� ;H> ;NMIG?�?MJ?=C;FFS LCABNJIMN?LCIL� ?F?=NLI>?MF?MM=IHMCMN?HNH?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<I@NB?,/ =IH>CNCIH;MQ?FF�#CAOL?� �� 1I =IGJ; L?NB?M?L?MOFNM>CL?=NFS


� c�� ms post-onset of 4� eJO<FCMB?Lacc/nom’full analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�

�� c�� ms post-onset of 4� eJO<FCMB?Lacc/nom’full analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � �distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � �

� c� ms post-onset of 4� eJO<FCMB?Lacc/nom’full analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�

� c�� ms post-onset of 4� eJO<FCMB?Lacc/nom’full analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�

� c�� ms post-onset of 4� eJO<FCMB?Lacc/nom’full analysis / NSJ?h ?F?=NLI>?M F�� p � � �distributional analysis / NSJ?h ;HN?LCILCNSF�� p � � �left lateral frontal electrode / NSJ? F�� p � � ��right lateral frontal electrode / NSJ? F�� p � � �

Table �� 0/ PM�,/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHJLCILNINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<�

�� 0/M ;H>,/M >C>HIN>C@@?LMCAHC@C=;HNFS;N4� ��>P- CGG?>C;N?FSJL?=?>CHANB?/ P?L<�CH;HS I@NB?NCG?QCH>IQMI@ c� GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M�� c � GM�F �� H�M�� IL � c� GM�F �� H�M��

NINBIM?I@2 ?HI ;H> $ ;LHM?S �� ;H ;H;FSMCMQ; M@CLMN=IH>O=N?>IH NB?"/-M NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<; H>NB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHMNIA?NB?L;A;CHCH; NCG?QCH>IQI@� c� � GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<e?RJFICNadnf �M??1;<F? �@IL ; MOGG; LSI@NB?�+,3� L?MOFNM�� 1B?L? Q; M; MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ? CH<INBNB?@OFF;H;FSMCM;H>NB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM� 1B?L?Q?L? HI INB?LMCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NM�;FFFM� ��

4 BCF?NB?L? Q;MCHA?H?L;FGIL? H?A;NCPCNS NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L< ;H>B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHMCHNB?, / =IH>CNCIH; MNB?L?B;> <??HCH2?HI ;H>$;LHM?SfM�� MNO>SI@'; J;H?M?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?MNB?"/- L?MJIHM?MNINB?M?NQIM?HN?H=? JIMCNCIHMMBIQ?>

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NI+- acc/nom CHMO<D?=N�eJO<FCMB?LaccM?=L?NFSf�MIFC>FCH?—� ;H>I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�eJO<FCMB?LnomM?=L?NFSf�>INN?>FCH?gggg�;N;FF

NQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MMCN?M�� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGM@IL0/M �—� ;H>,/M �gggg�;NNB?F?@NF;N?L;F@LIHN;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJ

CMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?�,/ c 0/ =IH>CNCIHM� c � GM��


>C@@?L?HN>CMNLC<ONCIHMMOAA?MNCHANB;NNB?S Q?L?HIHC>?HNC=;F��M HIN?>JL?PCIOMFSNB?H?A;NCPCNS NI NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<; JJ?;L?> NIB;P? ; LCABNJIMN?LCILG;RCGOG�#CA�� QBCF? NB?H?A;NCPCNSNINB?B?;> HIOHQ; MQC>?FS >CMNLC<ON?>IP?L NB?M=;FJ;H>GIL? JLIHIOH=?> ;N@LIHN;FMCN?M�# CA� � !�� *IL ?IP?L IP?LF?@N@LIHN;FL?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ NB?L?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<CHNB?,/ =IH>CNCIHQ;MCH@;=NJIMCNCP?CHJIF;LCNS�#CAM� � � ;H> � ��

1BOMM?J;L;N?MN;NCMNC=;F;H;FSM?MQ?L? OH>?LN;E?HI@NB?M?NQI; JJ;L?HNFSM?J;L;N??@@?=NM�&H; F;N?H=SQCH>IQI@� c� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<NB?L? Q; MHI MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NCHNB?@OFF;H;FSMCM<ON; G; LACH;FG;CH?@@?=NI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCML?@F?=NCHAIP?L;FFAL?;N?LH?A;NCPCNSNINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<CHNB?, / NB;HCHNB?0/ =IH>CNCIH�#CA� � �� %IQ?P?LKO;>L;HN;H;FSM?MCHNB?M;G?F;N?H=S QCH>IQL?P?;F?> ; G; LACH;FG; CH?@@?=NI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?IP?LNB?F?@N;HN?LCILL?ACIHQB?L?NB?L?MJIHM?Q;M; =NO;FFSGIL? JIMCNCP?NINB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?P?L<CHNB?,/ NB;HCHNB?0/ =IH>CNCIH�1B?L?Q?L?HI MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NMIP?LINB?LL?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ�

&H; F;N?H=SQCH>IQI @� c�� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<e?RJFICNadn’ �C�?� � c� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?B?;>HIOHeM?H;NILgen’QCNBIONL?<;M?FCHCHA� NB?L? Q?L? MCAHC@C=;HNG; CH?@@?=NMI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CH<INBNB?@OFF;H>>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSM?M;MQ?FF;M; G; LACH;FCHN?L;=NCIHI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?B?GCMJB?L? F; N?L;FCNS ;H> ; HN?LCILCNSCHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM�1BCMG;LACH;F@IOLQ;S CHN?L;=NCIH Q;M=;OM?><SMNLIHA?L?@@?=NM;NF?@NF;N?L;F ;H>LCABNG?>C;F?F?=NLI>?MIP?L; HN?LCILL?ACIHM�M??#CA� � !� � , NB?L?@@?=NMQ?L? HIHMCAHC@C=;HN�;FFFM� ��

4B? H"/ -MQ?L? L?<;M?FCH?>;NNB?IHM?NI@NB?B?;> HIOH�eM?H;NILgen’) JIMCNCIH�# CAOL? �� BIQ?P?LNB?L? Q?L?MOLJLCMCHAFSHI MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NMI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CH; F;N?H=S QCH>IQI@� c� GM?CNB?LCHNB?@OFF;H;FSMCMIL CHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F; H;FSMCM�1B?L? Q;MBIQ?P?L; MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?IP?LNB?F?@N;HN?LCIL L?ACIHI@NB?KO;>L;HN;H;FSMCM; H>HI MCAHC@C=;HN?@@?=NMCHINB?LKO;>L;HNM�;FF

� c�� ms post-onset of ‘?RJFICNadn’full analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � ��distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � ��

� c� ms post-onset of e?RJFICNadn’distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � �left anterior region / NSJ? F�� p � � ��left posterior region / NSJ? F�� H�M�right anterior region / NSJ? F�� H�M�right posterior region / NSJ? F�� H�M�

� c�� ms post-onset of e?RJFICNadn’full analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � �distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � �

/ NSJ?h B?GCMJB?L?h F;N?L;FCNSF�� p � � ��h ;HN?LCILCNS

� c� ms post-onset of eM?H;NILgen’ (L?<;M?FCH?>�full analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� H�M�left anterior quadrant / NSJ? F�� p � � ��

� c� ms post-onset of ‘M?H;NILgen’ (BCABJ;MM@CFN?LCHA>;N;QCNBION<;M?FCHCHA�full analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � ��distributional analysis / NSJ? F�� p � � ��

Table �� 0/ PM�,/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?M�L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<;H>B?;> HIOH�

FM� �� 4 ? BCABJ;MM@CFN?L?> IOL>;N;;N�� %TQCNBION<;M?FCHCHA@LIGNB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?M?HN?H=?CHIL>?LNI;PIC>NBCML?<;M?FCHCHAJLI<F?G; NNB?B?;>HIOHJIMCNCIH�1BCMJLI=?>OL?; A;CHSC?F>?>MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NMI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CH<INBNB?@OFF; H>>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSM?MCH; F;N?H=SQCH>IQI@� c� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?B?;> HIOH=IH@CLGCHANB;NNB?L?MJIHM?NI ,/M Q;MGIL? H?A;NCP?NB;HNB?L?MJIHM?NI0/ M�1B?L?Q?L?HI CHN?L;=NCIHMQCNBL?F;NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?�;FFFM� ��

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<;H> B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHM�e?RJFICNadn M?H;NILgen I@@C=?NIf�CHMO<D?=N�MIFC>FCH?—� ;H> I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�>INN?>FCH?gggg� ;N;FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MCN?M�� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGM@IL0/ �—� ;H>,/ �gggg� =IH>CNCIHM;NNB?F?@NF;N?L;F@LIHN;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?;N NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<�,/ c 0/ =IH>CNCIHM� c � GM�� !� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJ

CMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?G?;H >C@@?L?H=?;NNB?B?;> HIOH�,/ c 0/ =IH>CNCIHM� c �� GMJIMNMNCGOFOMIHM?NI@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<��


Figure �� $L;H>;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGMCHL?MJIHM?NINB?B?;> HIOH�;H> @IFFIQCHAQIL>�ejel� eM?H;NILgen I@@C=?NIf�I@MO<D?=N�MIFC>FCH?—� ;H>I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�>INN?>FCH?gggg� ;N;FFNQ?HNSMCR?F?=NLI>?MCN?MQCNBL?<;M?FCHCHA�� $L;H> ;P?L;A?"/- Q;P?@ILGM@IL0/ �—� ;H> ,/ �gggg� =IH>CNCIHM;NNB?F?@NF;N?L;F@LIHN;F?F?=NLI>?�NB??F?=NLI>?CHNB?>INN?>MKO;L?CH�� 1IJIAL;JBC=M=;FJCMIPIFN;A?G;J I@NB?

G?;H >C@@?L?H=?;NNB?B?;> HIOH�,/ c 0/ =IH>CNCIHM� c � GM��

Main clause verb region. 1B?L?Q; MHI ?@@?=NL?F;N?> NIL?F; NCP?=F;OM?NSJ?CHNBCML?ACIH�0/ M; H>,/ MQ?L?HINMCAHC@C=;HNFS>C@@?L?HN@LIG?; =BINB?LCH;HSNCG?QCH>IQ�

3. Discussion. 1B? AI;FI@NBCMMNO>SQ; MNICHP?MNCA;N?NIQB;N?RN?HNNB?=IAHCNCP?�H?OL; FJLI=?MM?MOH>?LFSCHANB?JLI=?MMCHAI@JIMNHIGCH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHF;HAO;A?MFCE? "HAFCMB!ON=B ; H>$?LG; HL?M?G<F?NBIM?OH>?LFSCHANB?JLI=?MMCHAI@JL?HIGCH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHB?;>@CH;FF;HAO;A?MFCE?( IL?;H�4? ;FMIQ;HN?>NICHP?MNCA;N?NB??@@?=NI@J;L;G? NLC=P;LC;NCIHCH=IHMCMN?HNB?;>?>H?MM�';J;H?M? ;H> (I L?;H�=;M?G; LECHA�';J;H? M?;H> ( IL?;H� ; H>L?F;NCP?=F;OM?G;LECHA� BCH?M?;H>

( IL?;H� ;=LIMMNB?"; MN�MC;HF;HAO;A?M�1I ;>>L?MMNB?M?KO?MNCIHMQ? ;FMI?R;GCH?>NB?JLI=?MMCHAI@e<;M?FCH?f FCHAOCMNC=G;HCJOF;NCIHMH;G?FSM?HN?H=?MNB;N=IHN;CH?>JBL;M?MNLO=NOL?PCIF;NCIHMM?G;HNC==IHALOCNSPCIF;NCIHM;H>eM=L;G<F?>f =IHMNCNO?HNM�NB?M?>;N;Q?L?H??>?><?=;OM?;NNB?NCG? I@NB?MNO>SHI ?F?=NLIJBSMCIFIAC=;FL?M?;L=BB;> JL?PCIOMFS<??H>IH?IH ( IL?;H�1B?M?NBL?? NSJ?MI@G; HCJOF;NCIHM?FC=CN?>MN;H>;L>-� +� ; H>)�+ L?MJIHM?ML?MJ?=NCP?FSCH=IGJ; LCMIHNI=IHNLIFM?HN?H=?MQCNBHI MSHN;=NC=PCIF;NCIHMM?G;HNC=PCIF;NCIHMIL M=L;G<F?> =IHMNCNO?HNM�C�?�QCNB=;HIHC=;F�OHM=L;G<F?> QIL>IL>?L�� 1B? L?MJIHM?MQ?L?MCGCF;LNIJL?PCIOMFS L?JILN?> ?@@?=NMCHNB?CLGILJBIFIASF;N?H=S ;H>>CMNLC<ONCIH�1BCMMOAA?MNMNB;NNB?"/-L?MJIHM?M?FC=CN?> CHNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@(IL ?;H M?HN?H=?M;L? HI >C@@?L?HN@LIG NBIM?I<M?LP?> CHINB?LF;HAO;A?M��

, P?L;FF(IL?;H L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M?FC=CN?>"/- ?@@?=NMKOCN?MCGCF;LNINBIM??FC=CN?><S"HAFCMBL?F;NCP?M�(CHA� (ON;M�� M CH"HAFCMBCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH,/M?FC=CN?> ; H?A;NCP? JI N?HNC;FQCNB;H ; HN?LCILG;RCGOGQB?H=IGJ;L?> NI0/M �M??>CM=OMMCIHCH_�� NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH(IL ?;H , / M;A;CH?FC=CN?>; H?A;NCP?JIN?HNC;F QCNB;H ;HN?LCIL G;RCGOG; H?@@?=NMCGCF;LNI?KOCP;F?HN=IGJ;LCMIHMCH"HAFCMB�(CHA� (ON;M�� NL;HMC?HN)� + ?@@?=N� ;H>';J;H?M?L?F;NCP?M�2?HI � $; LHM?S� ��MOMN;CH?> H?A;NCPCNS MN;LNCHA@LIG NB?JL?=?>CHA/ P?L< ;H>=IHNCHOCHANBLIOABNB?@IFFIQCHAB?; > HIOH��S =IHNL;MN( IL?;H,/ M>C>HIN?FC=CN; -� IL P;LC; HNNB?L?I@;NM?HN?H=?JIMCNCIHM@IFFIQCHANB?B?;> HIOH; @CH>CHA>C@@?L?HN@LIGNB;NI@2? HI ;H>$ ;LHM?S�� 1BCMM?NI@L?MOFNMMOGG;LCT?> CH1;<F? � CM>CM=OMM?> <?FIQCHN?LGMI@NB??@@?=NMI@G;DILNSJIFIAC=;F @?;NOL?MdCH=FO>CHAJL? PM�JIMNHIGCH;FL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M; H>GILJBIFIAC=;FG; LECHAdIH J;LMCHAMNL;N?AC?M�

3.1.Effects within the relative clause region prior to the embedded verb.4CNBCHNB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?L?ACIH,/M �eJO<FCMB?Lnom’ �� ?FC=CN?>; MOMN;CH?>; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSCH=IGJ; LCMIHNI0/M �eJO<FCMB?Lacc’ �� 1B? >CMNLC<ONCIHI@MFIQ JI N?HNC;F ?@@?=NMB;MP;LC?> ; =LIMMMNO>C?M�F?@N;HN?LCILG;RCGOG�(FO?H>?L � (ON;M��; < ( FO?H>?L� *^HN?�� #C?<;=B?N;F� � � #?FM?L?N; F�� MSGG?NLC=;F; HN?LCIL G; RCGOG� ( CHA� (ON;M�� 2 ?HI � (FO?H>?L� � -BCFFCJM?N;F� � ��MFCABNFS�LCABNF;N?L;FCT?> ;HN?LCIL=?HNL;F G;RCGOG�*^FF?L?N;F� �� 2 ?HI � (FO?H>?L� �� NBIOABNB?S;L? CHA?H?L;F<CF;N?L;F ;H> C@F;N?L;FCT?> OMO;FFSNINB?F?@N�1BOMCNM??GMNB;NNB?;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?><S ,/M ; NNB?G;CH;LAOG?HNI@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?�4� eJO<FCMB?Lnom’� M??1; <F?�� B;M;H IHM?NF;N?H=S ; H>; M=;FJ >CMNLC<ONCIH=IGJ;NC<F?QCNBNB?; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNC?ML?JILN?> CHJL?PCIOMMNO>C?Md; MQ?FF; MQCNBNB?;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?> CHL?MJIHM?NIIOLM=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M�#CA� ��

%IQ? P?L NBCM?@@?=NQCNBCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHCMJOTTFCHA@IL M?P?L;FL?;MIHM�#CLMN 0/ M�� <?A;HQCNB;H ;JJ;L ?HNFS HIH=;HIHC=;FM?HN?H=?CHCNC;F+- acc QBCF?, /M �� <?A;HQCNB+ - nom, ;H> NBOMJL?M?HN?>; M?HN?H=?CHM??GCHAFS=;HIHC=;F

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

� � 1B? IH? >C@@?L?H=?Q? >C>I<M?LP?Q;MNB?F;=EI@;HS ;JJ;L?HNL?MJIHM?;NNB?A;J JIMCNCIHCHIOLM=L;G<F?>@CFF?LM?HN?H=?M��<� CH=IHNL;MNNIL?JILNMI@NL;HMC?HN)�+ �2?HI � (FO?H>?L� �� ;H> -� ?@@?=NM�2?HI � (FO?H>?L� � %;ACQ;L;?N;F� � �� ?FC=CN?><S QIL>MMOLLIOH>CHAA;J JIMCNCIHMCH';J;H?M? M=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M�4? B;P? HI L?;>S?RJF;H;NCIH@ILNBCM;JJ;L?HN=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=>CM=L?J;H=S;NNBCMNCG?�

� � 1BCMF;=EI@F;N?JIMCNCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?M?=IH>?F?G?HN�C�?�NB?B?;> HIOH�I@; <;=EQ;L>A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=SCH; JL?HIGCH;F(IL?;H L?F;NCP?=F;OM?=IHNL;MN?>;MQ?FFQCNBNB?L?JILN?>F;N?JIMCNCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?M?=IH>?F?G?HN�C�?�NB?A;J� CH; @ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J>?J?H>?H=SCH';J;H?M? M=L;G<FCHA=IHN?RNM�2?HI � (FO?H>?L� � %;ACQ;L;?N;F� � �� M L?JILN?>;<IP? CHH�� BIQ?P?LQ? I<M?LP?>HI >C@@?L?H=?MCHNB?"/-M NINB?QIL>MJL?=?>CHA�hayngsa-ey e?P?HNNIf�IL @IFFIQCHA�chotayhay-ss-taeCHPCN?pstdecl’ � NB?A;JMCHIOL(IL?;H M=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M��<��

QIL>IL>?LMN;LNCHAQCNBNB?MO<D?=N�- L?PCIOM"/- ?RJ?LCG?HNMCH$?LG; H;H>';J;H?M?B;P? MBIQHNB;NM=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?MMN;LNCHAQCNBHIH=;HIHC=;FI<D?=NM?FC=CN; �)��+IL ; QC>?MJL?; > H?A;NCPCNS CH=IGJ;LCMIHNIM?HN?H=?MMN;LNCHAQCNB=;HIHC=;F MO<D?=NM�/ \MF?L?N; F�� *;NTE??N;F�� 0=BF?M?QMES?N; F�� 2 ?HI � (FO?H>?L� � %;ACQ; L; ?N; F�� 4IF@@?N; F�� ;H> NB?M=L;G<FCHA=IH>CNCIHCHIOL@CFF?LM?HN?H=?ML?JFC=; N?> NB?M?L?MOFNMCH(IL?; H�#CA� �� &HFCABNI@NBCMNB?H?A;NCPCNSQCNB;H;HN?LCILG;RCGOGCHL?MJIHM?NI,/M QCNB; HCHCNC;F+ - nomM??GMMOLJLCMCHA�

,H? JIMMC<CFCNS CMNB;NNB?;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?><S NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHI@IOL, / ?RJ?LCG?HN;F M?HN?H=?M�� CM;NNLC<ON;<F?NI; MNL;N?AC=JLI=?MMCHA?@@?=NMJ?=C@C=NINB?Q; S CHQBC=BIOL?RJ?LCG?HNQ;MLOHd<ONQBC=BHIH?NB?F?MML?JFC=;N?MNB?JL?PCIOML?M?;L=BL?@?LL?>NICHNB?@CLMNJ;L; AL;JBI@NBCMM?=NCIH�&HINB?LQIL>MC@NBCM;==IOHNCM=ILL?=N CNCH>C=; N?MNB;NNB?MNL;N?AC=JLI=?MMCHA?@@?=NQ; ML?F;N?> NINB?CHNLCHMC=>C@@C=OFNS ; MMI=C;N?>QCNBJLI=?MMCHANB?A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=SCH; HI<D?=NL?F; NCP?=F;OM?� 0J? =C@C=;FFS HIN?NB;NNB?@CLMNNQI QIL>M�ejel� CHIOL?RJ?LCG?HN;F0/M?HN?H=?M�� Q?L? ;FQ;SM+- gen +- acc QBCF?NB?@CLMNNQIQIL>MCH?RJ?LCG?HN;F,/ M?HN?H=?M�� Q?L?; FQ;SM+ - gen +- nom �M??H�� ;H> H�� $CP?HNB?H;NOL?I@IOL>?MCAHNBCMG?;HMNB;NJ;LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q@ILNSM?HN?H=?MI@?;=BI@NB?M?J;NN?LHM�� ONL?=;FF@LIG _�� NB;NNBCMMNO>SQ;MLOH=IH=OLL?HNFSQCNB;HINB?L?RJ?LCG?HNCHQBC=B J; LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q;HINB?L@ILNSI<D?=NL?F;NCP?MI@QBC=BNB?@CLMNNQIQIL>MQ?L?; FMI;FQ; SM+- gen +- nom. 1B? =IGJ;LCMIH=IH>CNCIHCHNB;N?RJ?LCG?HN=IHMCMN?> I@@ILNSGCHCG;FJ;CLM?HN?H=?M=IHN;CHCHA;>DOH=Ne<?=;OM?f =F;OM?MNB;N;FMI<?A;HQCNB+ - gen + - nom ;MNB?S; FMI=IHN;CH?> >LIJJ?> I<D?=N;LAOG?HNM�1BOMIP?L;FFH?;LFSIH? NBCL>I@NB?M?HN?H=?M�� NB;NJ;LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q>OLCHA?RJ?LCG?HN;F M?MMCIHM=IHN;CH?>; HI<D?=NA;J @CFF?LM?KO?H=?I@MIG?ECH>QBC=BGIL?IP?L; FQ;SM<?A;HQCNB+- gen + - nom �M??; FMIH�� &NNB?L?@IL?; JJ?;LMNB;NQB?H?P?LJ; LNC=CJ;HNMM;Q NB?M?KO?H=? +- gen +- nom CHIOLMNCGOFOMG;N?LC;FMNB?SB;>?P?LSL?;MIHNI ?RJ?=NNB;NMO=B; M?HN?H=?QIOF>=IHN;CH; HI<D?=NA;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=SL?MIFP?> >IQHMNL?;G; NNB?MO<M?KO?HNG;CH=F;OM?MO<D?=N�4? <?FC?P?NB;NNB?


relative clause region4� 4� 4� 4�

0/ :: i MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAul JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFIH?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LACC M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

,/ MCHGQOHM;OS M;=;HAi :: i JCGCFFC?S =?HA=BC=?EOFIH?QMJ;J?Lgen JO<FCMB?LNOM M?=L?NFS JIFCNC=;FFS

RC region� MOMN;CH?>;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS

RC verb main clause region

0/�,/ 4� 4� 4� 4� 4�CSIHAB;H OSQIHOSi M;GQOMCF?S EE;HAJB;SE; NOFC=BS?MMN;?RJFICN-rel M?H;NILgen I@@C=?NI A;HAnom ;NN;=E?>

Headnoun region� NL;HMC?HN;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS

0/� e$;HAM;NN;=E?>NB?I@@C=?I@NB?M?H;NILQBI M?=L?NFSNIIE;>P;HN;A?I@NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?L@ILJIFCNC=;FJOLJIM?M�f

,/� e$;HAM;NN;=E?>NB?I@@C=?I@NB?M?H;NILQBI NB?JO<FCMB?LI@NB?H?QMJ;J?LM?=L?NFSNIIE;>P;HN;A?I@@ILJIFCNC=;FJOLJIM?M�f

Table �� 0OGG;LSI@L?MOFNM�

H?A;NCPCNS ?FC=CN?> CHNBCM=IG J; LCMIHQCNBCHNB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?L?ACIHQ;M;H CH>?RI@NBCM?RJ?=N;NCIHMCH=??; LFC?LMNO>C?MB;P? >?GIHMNL;N?>NB;N;MMIIH;MNB?<L;CHB;ML?; MIHNI <?FC?P? �OMO;FFS<S PCLNO?I@N?FFN;F?=;M?G;LECHA�NB;NNB?L?CM;H I<D?=N>?J?H>?H=S I@;HSNSJ?NIJLI=?MMNB?L?CM; H?A;NCP? PIFN; A?>?@F?=NCIHL?F;NCP?NI=IH>CNCIHMNB;N>I HIN=IHN;CHMO=B; >?J?H>?H=S �(FO?H>?L � *^HN? �� 2?HI �( FO?H>?L� �� &HMIG?M?HM?NB?OHCHN?H>?> JL?>C=N;<CFCNSI@NB?CHCNC;F=;M?G;LECHAGILJBIFIASCHIOL<;=EQ;L>A;J@CFF?LM?HN?H=?MG;S B;P? J?L@ILG?> ; JLI=?MMCHA@OH=NCIHMCGCF;LNI NB;NI@; @CFF?LCH; @ILQ; L>@CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=S H;G?FSNIMCAH;FNB?JL?M?H=?I@;H I<D?=N>?J?H>?H=S�

� JIMMC<F?JLI<F?G @ILNBCM;==IOHNI@NB?; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?L?ACIHI@,/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MCMNB;NNB?NBCLNS@CP?=IHNLIFM?HN?H=?M��;� @IL IOLNBCLNS@CP?@CFF?LM=L;G<F?> M?HN?H=?M��<� ; FMI<?A;HQCNB+ - gen +-nom ; H>IH? =;HL?;MIH;<FSQIH>?LQBSCHNBCM=;M?NB?M=L;G<FCHA=IH>CNCIHQBC=B?RBC<CN?> ; >C@@?L?HNQIL> IL>?L�C�?� +- gen +- acc) QIOF>?FC=CNAL?;N?L;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS CHMN?;>�M??_�� ;H> #CA� �� 4? <?FC?P?NB;NNBCMG;S ;A;CH<? >O?NINB?@;=NNB;NNB?MNLO=NOL?I@MO=B M?HN?H=?M<?=;G? ;JJ;L?HN; =LIMMNB?=IOLM?I@NB??RJ?LCG?HN;FM?MMCIHMCH=? NB?M=L;G<FCHA=IHNLIFM?HN?H=?M��;� ;FQ;SM<?A;HQCNBeNB;N+ - gen + - nom’ L;NB?LNB;HQCNBG?L?FSe+- gen + - nom’, ;MQ;MNB?=;M?CHI<D?=NA;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=C?M�I<D?=NL?F;NCP?M��&H;HS =;M? CNCM=F?;L NB;NM=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?MQBC=B;FQ; SM<?A;HOH;G<CAOIOMFSQCNBe+- acc NB;N+- gen +- nom’,=F?;LFSMCAH;F?>NB?JL?M?H=?I@; HI<D?=N@CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=SQCNB;H CHCNC; F+ - accCHIOLMNCGOFOMG;N?LC;FM;H>;MMO=B?FC=CN?>AL?;N?L; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSNB;HM?HN?H=?MQCNB=;HIHC=;FQIL> IL>?L�1BCMCM?HNCL?FS =IHMCMN?HNQCNBJLCIL MNO>C?MCHQBC=B; ==OM;NCP?G; LE?>I<D?=N+- MB;P? <??HM=L;G<F?>CH@LIHNI@HIGCH;NCP?G;LE?> MO<D?=N+ -M<INBCH$?LG;H �/\MF?L?N;F� �� *; NTE? ?N;F� � � 0=BF?M?QMES?N;F� � ��; H>CH'; J;H?M?�2 ?HI � ( FO?H>?L� � %;ACQ;L; ?N;F� � � 4IF@@?N;F� � ��

&H MOGG;LS (IL?;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M?FC=CN?> ; <CF;N?L;F=IHNCHOIOM; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS =IGJ;L?> NI0/M L?G;LE;<FS MCGCF;LNI?@@?=NMM??H CH"HAFCMB; H>CHL?MJIHM?NI M=L;G<F?> M?HN?H=?MCH( IL?;H��FF NBL?? M?HN?H=?NSJ?M=IHN;CHI<D?=N>?J?H>?H=C?M<ONQBCF?"HAFCMBI<D?=NL?F;NCP? =F;OM?M;H> ( IL?;H M=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M=IHN;CH@ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=C?M( IL?;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP?M=IHN;CH<;=EQ;L>A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=C?M�&H;>>CNCIH(IL ?;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP?M;H> M=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M>C@@?LCHNB?CLM?HN?H=?CHCNC;F=;M?G;LECHAJLIJ?LNC?M�&H MJCN?I@;FFI@NB?M?MOL@;=?F?P?F>C@@?L?H=?MCHM?HN?H=? NSJ? =; M?G;LECHA;H> F;HAO;A?@;GCFSNB?<L;CHM??GMNIL?MJIH>=IHMCMN?HNFS NII<D?=N>?J?H>?H=C?MI@;HSNSJ?�1BCM;JJ?; LMNI<? ; NNLC<ON;<F?NI

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� � &NCM;FMIJIMMC<F?NB;NNB?H?A;NCPCNSNI,/M �+- gen +- nom� CHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIHQ;ML?F;N?>NIJLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNS;MMI=C;N?>QCNB; HIGCH;NCP?G;LE?>+-� +IGCH;NCP?G;LE?>+-M CH';J;H?M? ;H>(IL?;H B;P? <??HMBIQHNI=;OM?JLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNS�(QIH � �;� ?MJ?=C;FFSCH=F;OM?M=IHN;CHCHANQIHIGCH;NCP?G;LE?>+-M �KIL?;H� (CG �� (QIH � �; � ';J;H?M?� 6;G;MBCN;�� *CS;GINI � � ).0O<D?=NMI@N?HM?LP?;MM?HN?HNC;FNIJC=M�/?CHB;LN�� );HA;=E?L�� NB;NL?JL?M?HNIF>CH@ILG;NCIH;H>NBOMN?H>NI<? >LIJJ?> CH(IL?;H ;H> ';J;H?M?� CH(IL?;H � � I@MO<D?=NM;L? >LIJJ?> �(CG � �� 4B?HMO<D?=NM>I I==OLQCNB; HIGCH;NCP?G;LE?LQBC=BNSJC=;FFS?H=I>?MH?Q CH@ILG;NCIHCH(IL?;H � BIC�� NBCMG;S JLIP? NI<? GIL? >C@@C=OFNNIJLI=?MM�$CP?HNB;NNB?L?G;CHCHAJ;LNI@NB?M?HN?H=?JL?>C=;N?MIP?L NB?MO<D?=N�=@�/?CHB;LN�� MO==?MM@OFJLI=?MMCHAI@NB?MO<D?=NJL?>C=;N?L?F;NCIHG;S L?;MIH;<FSL?KOCL?NB?MO<D?=NNI<? GIL? >??JFS?H=I>?>NB;HINB?L;LAOG?HNM;H> NBCM=IOF>F?;> NI?RNL;QILECHAG?GILS >?G;H>MCH,/M �+- nom� �@ILJLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNSI@=IGJF?RMO<D?=NMCH"HAFCMBM??(FO?H>?L� �� %IQ?P?L;H ;==IOHN<;M?>IH JLI=?MMCHA=IMNML?F;N?>NIM?HN?H=?CHCNC;FHIGCH;NCP?=;M?G;LECHA>I?MHIN?RJF;CHQBSNB?L?CMHI "/- ?@@?=N=ILL?MJIH>CHANIM?HN?H=?CHCNC;FHIH=;HIHC=;FQIL>IL>?L�C�?�;M?HN?H=?CHCNC;F+- acc� CH0/M ;MQ;MNB?=;M?CHL?MJIHM?NIIOL@CFF?LM=L;G<F?>M?HN?H=?M��<� #CA��

NB?=IGGIH QILECHAG?GILS >?G;H>MI@JLI=?MMCHAI<D?=N@CFF?LM;H>NB?CL;MMI=C;N?>A;JMCLL?MJ?=NCP? I@INB?LNSJIFIAC=;FP;LC;<F?M�4? L?NOLHNINBCMJICHN<?FIQ�

3.2.Effects at the embedded verb and the head noun region. ,/M �� ;FMI?FC=CN?>MCAHC@C=;HNFSAL?;N?LH?A;NCPCNS CH=IGJ; LCMIHNI0/M �� QB?HG?;MOL?G?HNMQ?L?N;E?H;=LIMMNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<;H> B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHMNIA?NB?L�4B?H NB?"/ - L?MJIHM?MNINB? L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<; H>NINB?B?;> HIOHQ?L?G?;MOL?> M?J;L;N?FS QCNBCHNBCMNQIQ IL>; P?L;A?NB;NCMQCNBIONL?<;M?FCHCHANB??@@?=NNOLH?>IONNI<? MNLIHA?L; NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH<ON=IHMC>?L;<FSQ?;E?L;H>M?F@=IHNL;>C=NILS;NNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L< JIMCNCIH�NB?L?Q; M; G;LACH;FG;CH?@@?=NI@H?A;NCPCNSCHNB?>CMNLC<ONCIH;F;H;FSMCM<ON=OLCIOMFSHI ?@@?=NI@H?A;NCPCNSCHNB?LCABNJIMN?LCILKO;>L;HN QB?L? CN; JJ?;L?> G; RCG;F�#CAM� � � ; H>� � QCNB; G; LACH;F ?@@?=NI@JIMCNCPCNSCHNB? F?@N; HN?LCILKO;>L;HNCHMN?;>� 1BCMMOAA?MN?>NB;NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHQ;M>LCPCHANB?IP?L; FFH?A;NCP?L?MJIHM?;NNB??H>I@NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?�6?NQB?HQ? L?<;M?FCH?>; NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHCNM?F@�#CA� �� NB??@@?=NJ?LMCMN?>IHFSCHNB?F?@N;HN?LCIL KO;>L;HN; H;FSMCMdNBIOABNBCM=IOF>; FMIB;P? <??H;H ;LNC@;=NI@L?<;M?FCHCHAACP?HNB?G; LACH;FFSMCAHC@C=;HNF?@N;HN?LCIL JIMCNCPCNSCHNB?JLCIL?JI=B CHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?P?L< �M??;FMIH�� 1I =IGJ ?HM;N?@ILNBCMQ? BCABJ; MM@CFN?L?>IOL>;N;MN;LNCHA@LIGNB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?M?HN?H=?QCNBION<;M?FCHCHA�1BCM;A;CHL?MOFN?> CH; MCAHC@C=;HNG;CH?@@?=NI@AL?;N?LH?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM? NII<D?=NL?F;NCP?M;NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH� ,P? L;FF; MNBCMQ; M; JF;HH?>=IGJ;LCMIH;N; M?HN?H=?JIMCNCIHQB?L?Q? B;> JL?>C=N?>; )�+ ?@@?=N��<� ; H>@IOH>MCAHC@C=;HN?PC>?H=?I@CNCH@IOLI@NB?@CP?Q;SMCHQBC=BQ? G?; MOL?> CNQ? =IH=FO>?NB;NNB??@@?=NCML?FC;<F?�

1B? F;N?H=S ;H>>CMNLC<ONCIHI@NBCM?@@?=N;L?=IGJ; NC<F?QCNBNB?NL;HMC?HN�F?@N�;HN?LCIL H?A;NCPCNC?ML?F;N?>NIL?NLC?P;FI@@CFF?LM; NA;J JIMCNCIHMCH"/- MNO>C?MI@@ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=C?M;=LIMMF;HAO;A?M�"HAFCMB�(FO?H>?L� (ON;M��; (CHA�(ON;M�� ! ON=B�3IM?N;F�� $?LG; H�#?FM?L?N; F�� ';J; H?M?�2?HI � (FO?H>?L� �� 1BOM>?MJCN?>C@@?L?H=?MCH@CFF?LA;JIL>?LCHA<;=EQ;L>A;J@CFF?L;MMI=C;NCIHCH(IL ?; HL?F;NCP? =F;OM?M?FC=CNMNL;HMC?HN�)� �+ L?MJIHM?MNB;N; L?MNLCECHAFSMCGCF;LCHH;NOL?NINBIM??FC=CN?><S@ILQ;L>@CFF?LA;J ; MMI=C;NCIH=LIMMFCHAOCMNC=;FFS�M??_�� @IL; =IGJ; LCMIHQCNB2?HI ;H>$;LHM?SfM�� MNO>SI@'; J;H?M?��

IHMC>?LBIQ <;=EQ;L>M?;L=BGCABNIJ?L; N?CH; ( IL?;H A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=S; H>BIQ NBCMJLI=?MMGCABNL?MOFNCH>C@@?L?HNC;FQILECHAG?GILS =IMNM@IL,/M PM�0/ M�0CH=? NB?<?ACHHCHAI@NB?>?J?H>?H=S CMHING; LE?> <S ; @CFF?LNB?L?CMHI JIMMC<CFCNSI@@CFF?LL?; =NCP;NCIH� %IQ?P?LNB?;>HIGCH;FG; LE?L(nu)n ;NN;=B?>NINB??G<?>>?>P?L<CH( IL?; HMCAH;FMNB;NNB?=OLL?HN=F;OM?M?LP?M; M; GI>C@C?LI@�=@� �� IL =IGJF?G?HNNI �=@� �� NB?@IFFIQCHAHIOH�&@NB?L?F;NCIHMBCJCMIH? I@GI>C@C=;NCIH;NNB?B?;> HIOHNB?J;LM?LCM=IGJ?FF?>NIJIMCN; A;J �IL ; HCH=IGJF?N?>?J?H>?H=S�;H>B;MNI L?NLC?P? ;H OH@CFF?>;LAOG?HNJIMCNCIH@LIGJL?PCIOMFSJ; LM?> G;N?LC;FCHIL>?LNI; MMI=C;N?NB;NA;J QCNBNB?H?QFS;P; CF;<F?@CFF?L�0O=BA;J JIMCNCHA;H>L?NLC?P;FI==OLMCH<INB0/M ; H>,/M� �ONL?NLC?PCHANBCMOH@CFF?>;LAOG?HNJIMCNCIH@LIGJL?PCIOMFSJ; LM?> G; N?LC;F �IL L?NLC?PCHA;H CH=IGJF?N?MSHN;=NC=L?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@;FL?;>SJ;LM?>


� � �HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNC?MB;P? I@=IOLM?;FMI<??H?FC=CN?>CHL?MJIHM?NIJB;M?MNLO=NOL? IL GILJBIMSHN;=NC=PCIF;NCIHM�(ON;M� %CFFS;L>�� +?PCFF??N;F� �� #LC?>?LC=C?N;F� �� ,MN?LBION� *I<F?S �� $OHN?L?N;F� �� IOFMIH?N;F� �� *^HN? %?CHT??N;F� �� %IQ?P?LNB?AL;GG;NC=;FCNSI@NB?0/;H> ,/ ?RJ?LCG?HN;FM?HN?H=?MCHNB?JL?M?HNMNO>S;MQ?FF;MNB?CLP?LSMCGCF;LJF;OMC<CFCNS�� PM�� ;H>=IGJL?B?HMCIH;==OL;=SM=IL?M�� PM�� MOAA?MNNB;NNB?;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?>;NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHQ;M GIL? FCE?FSL?F;N?>NI NB?QILECHAG?GILS =IMNM;MMI=C;N?>QCNBJLI=?MMCHA; @CFF?LA;J>?J?H>?H=S�(FO?H>?L� (ON;M��; (CHA� (ON;M��

G; N?LC;F@ILJOLJIM?MI@A;J@CFF?L; MMI=C;NCIH�=IOF> CH=OLAL?;N?LQILECHAG?GILS=IMNMCH, /M NB;HCH0/M @IL NB?@IFFIQCHAL?;MIHM�

4CNBCH ; MO<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?NB?MNLO=NOL;FL?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@NB?P?L<JBL;M?CM=IGJF?N? MCH=?<INBNB?I<D?=N; H>NB?P?L< �C�?�eJO<FCMB?Lacc ?RJFICNadn’� B;P? ;FL?; >S ?HN?L?> NB?J;LM?QB?HNB??G<?>>?>P?L<JIMCNCIHCM?H=IOHN?L?>�1BOMCHNBCM=;M? M?G; HNC= CHN?LJL?N;NCIH I@NB?P?L<JBL;M?CML?;>CFS;P;CF;<F?;H> ;NNB?B?;>HIOHJIMCNCIH NB?J;LM?LMCGJFSH??>MNI ?MN;<FCMBNB?MO<D?=NJL?>C=;N?L?F;NCIH<?NQ??HNB?B?;> HIOH;H>NB?L?F;NCP?=F; OM?�� NNB??G<?>>?>P?L<JIMCNCIHCH;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP? <S=IHNL;MN NB?M?G;HNC=CHN?LJL?N;NCIHI@NB?P?L<JBL;M?=;HHIN<? =IGJF?N?><?=;OM?NB?I<D?=NCMMNCFFGCMMCHA�"P? HQB?HNB?B?;> HIOH<?=IG?M;P; CF;<F?CNMM?G; HNC= L?F;NCIHQCNBNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?CMHINMIMNL;CABN@ILQ;L>QB?H=IGJ;L?> NINB?MO<D?=NJL?>C=;N?L?F;NCIHCH0/M� &H,/M NB?J;LM?LfMQILEJLI=??>MCHNQIMN?JM�@CLMNCNB;MNI ; MMI=C;N?NB?B?;> HIOHQCNBNB?GCMMCHA;LAOG?HNCHMC>?NB?P?L<JBL;M?�� S>ICHAMICN=IGJF?N?MNB?M?G;HNC=L?JL?M?HN;NCIHI@NB?P?L<JBL;M?;H>IHFS; @N?LNB;N=;H CN>?N?LGCH?NB? IP?L;FFMO<D?=NJL?>C=;N?L?F;NCIHQCNBCHNB? L?F;NCP?=F;OM?<S ;NN;=BCHANB? L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MO<D?=N�1BCM?RNL;MN?J�;MMI=C;NCHANB?B?;> HIOHQCNBNB?GCMMCHA; LAOG?HNCHMC>?NB?3-� G; S CGJIM? AL?;N?LQILECHAG?GILS =IMNM;MCH>?R?><S ; F;LA?LNL;HMC?HN)�+ NI, /M�

3.3.Implications for processing models. %?L? Q? >CM=OMMNB?CGJFC=;NCIHMI@NB?0/ PM�, / JLI=?MMCHA>C@@?L?H=?M?NIONCH_�� CHN?LGMI@NB?NB?IL?NC=;FGI>?FMJL?M?HN?> CHNB?CHNLI>O=NCIH�&H_�� Q? HIN?>NB?@;CFOL?I@FCH?;L�N?GJIL;F<;M?> GI>?FMI@M?HN?H=?JLI=?MMCHANI;==IOHN@ILNB?0/ JLI=?MMCHA;>P;HN;A?CH';J;H? M?; H>(I L?; H;H> CH=?LN;CHI@NB?; P;CF;<F? BCH?M?MNO>C?M�� L?F;N?>G?GILS<; M?>GI>?F CMNB?MNIL;A?=IMNG?GILS ;==IOHN�$ C<MIH�� 0NIL;A?=IMNG?GILS<;M?>NB?ILC?MJL?>C=N;H ,/ ; >P;HN;A?QCNBCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH; H>; H0/ ;>P;HN;A?; NNB?B?;> HIOHCH B?;>@CH;FF;HAO;A?MFCE? ';J;H?M? ;H> (IL?; H �$C<MIH� 4O� � �� 1BCMCM<;M?>IH NB?N?GJIL;LS ; G<CAOCNSI@';J;H?M? ; H>(IL? ;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�0J?=C@C=;FFS <?=;OM?;H I<D?=NL?F;NCP?MN;LNMQCNB; M??GCHAFS=;HIHC=;F+-nom ; H>CMNB?L?@IL? GIL? FCE?FSNI<? CHN?LJL?N?>;MNB?G;CH=F;OM?I@NB?M?HN?H=?;MG;FF?L HOG<?LI@MSHN;=NC=B?;>M; L? CHCNC;FFSL?KOCL?> NI =IGJF?N?; AL;GG;NC=;FMNLO=NOL?� 0O<D?=NL?F;NCP?M<S =IHNL;MNMN;LNQCNB; HIH=;HIHC=;F+- acc� �FNBIOAB( IL?;H ; FFIQM;LAOG?HN>LIJ$ C<MIH;H> 4O MOAA?MNNB;NCH; HOFF=IHN?RN; M?HN?H=?CHCNC;F+- acc CMFCE?FSNINLCAA?L; L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?;>CHA;MNB?CHCNC;FCHN?LJL?N;NCIH� 1BOMIH NBCM;==IOHN0/M ; L?JL?>C=N?> NI<? GIL? >C@@C=OFNNIJLI=?MMQCNBCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH ; MGIL? MSHN;=NC=B?;>MGOMN<? JL?>C=N?> NI=IGJF?N?; AL;GG; NC=;FM?KO?H=?CH0/M NB;HCH,/M� &H=IHNL;MN;NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH,/M ;L?JL?>C=N?> NI<? GIL? >C@@C=OFNNB;H0/M ;MNB?CHCNC;FG; CH=F;OM?CHN?LJL?N;NCIHI@,/MQCFFH??> NI<? L?PCM?>�

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Marking of nouns and the sustained frontal negativity. /?=;FF NB;NCH';J;H?M?NB?AL?; N?L;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?> <S, /MMN;LN?>;NNB??G<?>>?>P?L< NB;NCMbefore NB?B?; > HIOH�@CFF?L�JIMCNCIH;H> NB??@@?=N; NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHQ;MHINMN;NCMNC=; FFSL?FC;<F?;H>NBOMeM??GMNI<? ; =IHNCHO;NCIHI@NB;N?PIE?> <SNB?JL?PCIOM


QIL>NB?/ P?L<f �2?HI � $; LHM?S� �� 1B?L?;L? NQIJIMMC<F?CHN?LJL?N;NCIHMI@NBCM?@@?=NCHL?F;NCIHNINB?@CH>CHAMI@NB?JL?M?HNMNO>S�1B? @CLMNCMNB;NNB??@@?=NCH2 ?HI � $ ; LHM?SCMCH>?J?H>?HNI@NB?JL?M?H=?I@; @CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=S�� FNBIOAB;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS Q;MI<M?LP?>;N; >C@@?L?HNM?HN?H=?JIMCNCIHCHNB?NQIMNO>C?M�C�?�2 ?HI ; H>$;LHM?SfMMNO>S�;NNB?L?F;NCP?=F; OM?P?L<8/ +- acc�nom 3?L<9� JL?M?HNMNO>S�; NNB?;>P?L<C;FJBL;M?8/ +- acc/nom �>P- 3?L<adn9� CH<INBMNO>C?MNB??@@?=NQ;MI<M?LP?>CGG?>C;N?FS@IFFIQCHA;H +- nom. TBCMMOAA?MNMNB;NNB??@@?=NCH2 ?HI ;H>$;LHM?SfMMNO>S=IOF><? ; L?@F?=NCIH I@IH? I@NB?NSJIFIAC=;FMCGCF;LCNC?M<?NQ??H';J; H?M?;H> (IL? ;H H;G?FS=;M?G;LECHAI@HIOHJBL;M?M;H> ;H CH>?RI@NB?=IMNM;MMI=C;N?> QCNBNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@IP?LNHIGCH;NCP?G;LE?>+-MCHNB?M?F;HAO;A?M�M??H��

� HINB?LJIMMC<CFCNSCMNB;NNB?;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS;NNB??G<?>>?> P?L<CH2?HI �$ ;LHM?S� � CMNB? L?MOFNI@JL?>C=NCP?;H> MNL;N?AC=J;LMCHAMCGCF;LNI NB??@@?=NQCNBCHNB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?CHNB?JL?M?HNMNO>S�_�� 4BCF?0/ ;H> , / @L;AG?HNM�+-nom/acc 3?L<� CH';J;H? M?=;HNB?IL?NC=;FFS ?H>;NNB?P?L< JIMCNCIH ;M; GIHI=F;OM;FM?HN?H=? ;FFI@NB?M?HN?H=?MOM?><S 2?HI ; H>$ ;LHM?SQ?L?;NF?;MNMCRQIL>MFIHA; H>NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<Q; MIHFSNB?NBCL>QIL> CH; HSACP?HM?HN?H=?� &HPC?QI@NBCM2 ?HI ; H>$;LHM?S=F;CG?> NB;NL?;>?LMQ?L?FCE?FSNI?RJ?=NNB?=IHNCHO;NCIHI@NB?M?HN?H=? ;@N?LNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<�*IL? CGJILN;HNFS<;M?>IH ; HILGCHAMNO>SCHQBC=BJ;LNC=CJ;HNM=IGJF?N?>; M?HN?H=?@L;AG?HNOJ NBLIOABNB?/ P?L<; M; L?F;NCP? =F;OM?M?HN?H=?GIL? NB;H� � I@NB?NCG? 2?HI ;H> $;LHM?S ;LAO?>NB;NJ;LNC=CJ; HNMQ?L? FCE?FSNI <? ?RJ?=NCHA; L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MNLO=NOL?;NNB?/ P?L<�1B?L? Q; M; FMIHI "/- L?MJIHM?NIM?HN?H=?CHCNC;FHIH=;HIHC=;FQIL>IL>?L�C�?� ; M?HN?H=?CHCNC;F+ - acc� CHMO<D?=NL?F;NCP?MCH2? HI ; H>$ ; LHM?SfMMNO>S DOMN;MCHNB?JL?M?HNMNO>S�� FFI@NBCMMOAA?MNMNB;NNB?; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS?FC=CN?><S NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH I@I<D?=NL?F;NCP?MCH<INBMNO>C?MCM;NNLC<ON;<F? NIMNL;N?AC=�JL?>C=NCP?JLI=?MMCHA�1B? OHCHN?H>?> JL?>C=N;<CFCNSI@NB?M?HN?H=? MNLO=NOL? <;M?>IH NB?=;M?G;LECHAI@+-M CH?RJ?LCG?HN;F M?HN?H=?MCH<INBMNO>C?MG;S B;P? ?FC=CN?>; JLI=?MMCHA@OH=NCIHMCGCF;LNINB;NI@; @ILQ;L> @CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=S�

Marking of relative clause verbs and (sustained) late positivity. /?=;FFNB;NCH2? HI ; H>$;LHM?SfM�� MNO>SI@';J;H? M?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?MNB?L?Q;M;H ?@@?=NI@F;N?JIMCNCPCNS ;NNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHI@I<D?=NL?F;NCP?M� ,/M CH(IL ?;H ?FC=CN?>IHFS; )� + BIQ?P?L DOMN; MCH"HAFCMBL?F;NCP? =F;OM?MQCNBHI F;N?JIMCNCPCNS;NIL; @N?LNB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH�1BCM>C@@?L?H=?=IOF> <? >O?NINB?F;=EI@GILJBIFIAC=;FG;LECHA; NNB?LCABN?>A?I@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCH'; J;H?M?� &H';J;H? M?NB?J;LM?LB;MNI=IHMNLO=N; H?G<?>>?> =F;OM?;NNB?L?F;NCP?FSOH?RJ?=N?> B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH MCH=? NB?L? CMHI?RJFC=CNGILJBIFIAC=;F=O?@ILL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHNB?F;HAO;A?� � FNBIOABNBCMJ;LNC=OF;LMSHN;=NC=L?JL?M?HN;NCIHG; S B;P? <??HCH;>P?LN?HNFSMCAH;F?><SNB?H;NOL?I@NB?MNCGOFOMG;N?LC;FM;M>CM=OMM?>CHNB?JL?=?>CHAM?=NCIH NBCMJLI=?MMG;S MNCFF<? GIL? >C@@C=OFNQB?HNB?J;LM?LMCGOFN;H?IOMFSB;MNICHN?AL;N?; GIL? >??JFS?G<?>>?>A;J �C�?�; HI<D?=NA;J� QCNB NB?B?;> HIOH�2?HI � $;LHM?S� �� $ CP?HNB;NF;N?JIMCNCPCNSB;M<??HCHN?LJL?N?> ; M; HCH>?RI@MSHN;=NC=JLI=?MMCHA>C@@C=OFNS�M?? _�� NB?AL?;N?LF;N?JIMCNCPCNS?FC=CN?><S , /M CH2? HI ;H> $ ;LHM?SfMMNO>SGCABNNBOM<? ;NNLC<ON?>NINB?MSHN;=NC=CHN?AL;NCIH>C@@C=OFNSJL?M?HN?> <S B?;> HIOHMd;H> CHJ;LNC=OF;LNB?B?;>HIOHMI@I<D?=NL?F;NCP?=F;OM?Md>O? NI NB? F;=E I@LCABN?>A?G;LECHAI@L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCH';J;H?M?� 1BCMCM>C@@?L?HN@LIGNB? JLI=?MMCHAI@(IL ?;H L?F;NCP?=F;OM?MCHQBC=BNB?; >HIGCH;FG; LE?L; NNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?P?L<=F?;LFSMCAH;FMNB;N; HIOHQCFF@IFFIQNB?=OLL?HN=F;OM?; H>NBOM; B?;> HIOHCM?RJ?=N?>�

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4. Conclusions. 1BCM; LNC=F?CHP?MNCA;N?> NB?<L;CHL?MJIHM?M?FC=CN?><S L?F;NCP?=F;OM?=IHMNLO=NCIHMCH(IL? ;H H;G?FSMOMN;CH?> ;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSCHL?MJIHM?NINB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH ;H> NL;HMC?HN;HN?LCIL H?A;NCPCNSNINB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIH�4BCF?NB?L?MJIHM?I==OLLCHA?;LFSCHNB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?G;S B;P? <??HCH>O=?><S MNL;N?AC=JLI=?MMCHA;G IHANB?J;LNC=CJ;HNMCHIOLMNO>SCNHIH?NB?F?MM>?GIHMNL;N?MNB;N; MMIIH; MNB?J; LM?L;HNC=CJ;N?M;H OJ=IGCHAI<D?=N>?J?H>?H=S;H CGG?>C;N?<L;CHL?MJIHM?I@MOMN;CH?>H?A;NCPCNSCM?FC=CN?> IP?L ;HN?LCIL L?ACIHMI@NB?M=;FJ�1BCMCM=IHMCMN?HNQCNBHOG?LIOMMNO>C?MCHNB?FCN?L;NOL?; MQ?FF;MQCNBIOLIQ H M=L;G<FCHAL?MOFNM�4CNBCHNB?";MN� MC;HF;HAO;A?MNB?NL;HMC?HNL?MJIHM?NINB?B?;> HIOHJIMCNCIHCHIOL>;N;M??G?> GIMNMCGCF;LNINB;N?FC=CN?><S BCH?M?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?M�4? MOAA?MN?>NB;NNBCMQ;M<?=;OM?NB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?HINIHFS JL?=?>?MNB?B?;> HIOH<ONCM; FMIGILJBIFIAC=;FFS G;LE?>; NCNMLCABN?>A?CH(IL? ;H ;H> BCH?M?�*IL?IP? LNB?M?L?MOFNM=F?;LFS>?GIHMNL;N?> MCGCF;LCNSCHNB?JLI=?MMCHAI@<;=EQ;L>; H>@ILQ;L>>?J?H>?H=C?MCHL?F;NCP?=F;OM?MI@NSJIFIAC=;FFS>CMNCH=NF;HAO;A?M�=IGJ;L?> NI?KOCP;F?HN0/M( IL?;H ,/ M�C�?�<;=EQ;L> A;J@CFF?L>?J?H>?H=C?M�?FC=CN?><INB MOMN;CH?>;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS CHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH;H> NL;HMC?HN; HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNS;NNB?A;J @CFF?L; MMI=C;NCIHJIMCNCIH �NB?B?;> HIOH�DOMN;M"HAFCMB,/M �C�?� @ILQ;L> @CFF?LA;J >?J?H>?H=C?M�?FC=CNMOMN;CH?>;HN?LCILH?A;NCPCNSCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?L?ACIH;H> NL;HMC?HN; HN?LCILCNSH?A;NCPCNS; NNB?@CFF?LA;J ; MMI=C;NCIHJIMCNCIH�NB?G; CH=F;OM?P?L<�QB?H=IGJ; L?>NI0/M� 1BCMI@@?LM@OLNB?LMOJJILN@IL NB?OHCP?LM;FJLI=?MMCHA; >P;HN;A?I@0/M IP?L,/M CH<INBNSJ?MI@>?J?H>?H=C?M�1BCM;>P;HN;A?=;H<? CHN?LJL?N?>CHNQI >C@@?L?HNQ;SM?CNB?LCHN?LGMI@NB?MNLO=NOL;F=IGJF?RCNSI@NB?A;J CHNB?L?F;NCP? =F;OM?IL CHN?LGMI@NB?JL?>C=;NCIHL?F; NCIHNB;NBIF>M<?NQ??HNB?B?;> HIOH;H>NB?L?G; CHCHAG;N?LC;FCHNB?L?F;NCP?=F;OM?� ,OL ?RJ?LCG?HN;FL?MOFNMIP?L;FFMOJJILNJLI=?MMCHAGI>?FM<;M?> IH F;HAO;A?OHCP?LM;FM�NB?;==?MMC<CFCNSBC?L;L=BS�( ??H;H� IG LC? �� ;H> NB?JBL;M?MNLO=NOL;F>CMN; H=?BSJINB?MCM�,f $L;>S ��

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�� 0/� 소아과 의사를 비겁하게 경찰서에 고소한 운전기사의 회사에서 난리가 났다�,/� 소아과 의사가 비겁하게 경찰서에 고소한 운전기사의 회사에서 난리가 났다�

�� 0/� 부띠끄의 디자이너를 우연히 레스토랑에서 마주친 배우의 소속사에 사람들이 몰렸다�,/� 부띠끄의 디자이너가 우연히 레스토랑에서 마주친 배우의 소속사에 사람들이 몰렸다�

�� 0/� 마을의 노인을 사심없이 친절하게 도와준 청년의 집에서 경사가 났다�,/� 마을의 노인이 사심없이 친절하게 도와준 청년의 집에서 경사가 났다�

�� 0/� 홍보부 팀장을 이유없이 매우 싫어한 실장의 차에 고양이가 숨어들었다�,/� 홍보부 팀장이 이유없이 매우 싫어한 실장의 차에 고양이가 숨어들었다�

�� 0/� 교회 목사를 언제나 깊이 신뢰한 장로의 건물에서 바자회가 열렸다�,/� 교회 목사가 언제나 깊이 신뢰한 장로의 건물에서 바자회가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 도서실의 사서를 오랫동안 깊이 짝사랑한 선생님의 집에서 파티가 열렸다�,/� 도서실의 사서가 오랫동안 깊이 짝사랑한 선생님의 집에서 파티가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 국회 의장을 공공연히 정면으로 공격한 총장의 집에 기자들이 몰렸다�,/� 국회 의장이 공공연히 정면으로 공격한 총장의 집에 기자들이 몰렸다�

�� 0/� 부띠끄의 미용사를 우연히도 자주 마주친 여가수의 차에서 폭탄이 터졌다�,/� 부띠끄의 미용사가 우연히도 자주 마주친 여가수의 차에서 폭탄이 터졌다�

�� 0/� 신문사의 사장을 비밀리에 정치적으로 이용한 의원의 사무실에 깡패가 들이쳤다�,/� 신문사의 사장이 비밀리에 정치적으로 이용한 의원의 사무실에 깡패가 들이쳤다�

�� 0/� 유치원 교사를 내심 오랫동안 흠모해온 교생의 자전거에 나뭇잎이 떨어졌다�,/� 유치원 교사가 내심 오랫동안 흠모해온 교생의 자전거에 나뭇잎이 떨어졌다�

�� 0/� 재개발 책임자를 토론차 회의장에서 대면한 시민들의 아파트에서 싸움이 일어났다�,/� 재개발 책임자가 토론차 회의장에서 대면한 시민들의 아파트에서 싸움이 일어났다�

�� 0/� 프로그램의 작가를 개인적으로 매우 존경한 연출자의 집에서 화재가 발생했다�,/� 프로그램의 작가가 개인적으로 매우 존경한 연출자의 집에서 화재가 발생했다�

�� )�+$2�$" 3,)2*" �� +2*�"/ � ��

�� 0/� 중국집 배달원을 평소에 동생처럼 아낀 미용사의 가게에 화분이 배달됐다�,/� 중국집 배달원이 평소에 동생처럼 아낀 미용사의 가게에 화분이 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 아파트 관리인을 어이없이 술자리에서 폭행한 경비의 지갑에서 돈이 없어졌다�,/� 아파트 관리인이 어이없이 술자리에서 폭행한 경비의 지갑에서 돈이 없어졌다�

�� 0/� 고위급 공무원을 오랫동안 비밀리에 지원해온 재경인의 회사에 감사가 있었다�,/� 고위급 공무원이 오랫동안 비밀리에 지원해온 재경인의 회사에 감사가 있었다�

�� 0/� 회사 이사를 내심 오랫동안 견제해온 상무의 정원에서 문서가 발견됐다�,/� 회사 이사가 내심 오랫동안 견제해온 상무의 정원에서 문서가 발견됐다�

�� 0/� 프로그램의 진행자를 매우 높게 평가한 여배우의 소속사에 전화가 빗발쳤다�,/� 프로그램의 진행자가 매우 높게 평가한 여배우의 소속사에 전화가 빗발쳤다�

�� 0/� 인기 여가수를 공개적으로 톡톡히 망신준 축구선수의 대학교에서 콘서트가 열렸다�,/� 인기 여가수가 공개적으로 톡톡히 망신준 축구선수의 대학교에서 콘서트가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 교회의 목사를 매주 정기적으로 찾아간 장애인의 집으로 선물이 배달됐다�,/� 교회의 목사가 매주 정기적으로 찾아간 장애인의 집으로 선물이 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 미국의 심리학자를 학술적으로 매우 존경한 교수의 대학에서 학회가 열렸다�,/� 미국의 심리학자가 학술적으로 매우 존경한 교수의 대학에서 학회가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 이사회 실장을 회의장에서 친절히 안내한 스님의 가방에서 목탁이 없어졌다�,/� 이사회 실장이 회의장에서 친절히 안내한 스님의 가방에서 목탁이 없어졌다�

�� 0/� 연구소의 소장을 은근히 내심 시기한 교수의 연구실에 경보장치가 설치됐다�,/� 연구소의 소장이 은근히 내심 시기한 교수의 연구실에 경보장치가 설치됐다�

�� 0/� 시민 단체를 공공연하게 적극 후원한 정치인의 자택에 관련자들이 모였다�,/� 시민 단체가 공공연하게 적극 후원한 정치인의 자택에 관련자들이 모였다�

�� 0/� 소속사 매니저를 계속해서 공공연히 헐뜯은 배우의 집에서 회의가 열렸다�,/� 소속사 매니저가 계속해서 공공연히 헐뜯은 배우의 집에서 회의가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 연속극의 작가를 너무나 깊이 신뢰한 감독의 별장에서 행사가 진행됐다�,/� 연속극의 작가가 너무나 깊이 신뢰한 감독의 별장에서 행사가 진행됐다�

�� 0/� 무명의 화가를 부담없이 자주 찾아간 작가의 고향에 신도시가 건설됐다�,/� 무명의 화가가 부담없이 자주 찾아간 작가의 고향에 신도시가 건설됐다�

�� 0/� 유명 소설가를 파티에서 처음 만난 시인의 마을에 벚꽃이 한창이다�,/� 유명 소설가가 파티에서 처음 만난 시인의 마을에 벚꽃이 한창이다�

�� 0/� 홍보부 과장을 속으로 매우 미워한 차장의 책상에 서류가 놓여있다�,/� 홍보부 과장이 속으로 매우 미워한 차장의 책상에 서류가 놓여있다�

�� 0/� 행사장 진행자를 거리에서 우연히 마주친 모델의 집으로 꽃다발이 배달됐다�,/� 행사장 진행자가 거리에서 우연히 마주친 모델의 집으로 꽃다발이 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 신인 정치가를 부당하게 낮게 평가한 기자의 신문사에서 회의가 소집됐다�,/� 신인 정치가가 부당하게 낮게 평가한 기자의 신문사에서 회의가 소집됐다�

�� 0/� 영화의 스태프들을 여러모로 살뜰히 챙긴 여배우의 정원에 장미꽃이 만발했다�,/� 영화의 스태프들이 여러모로 살뜰히 챙긴 여배우의 정원에 장미꽃이 만발했다�

�� 0/� 위원회의 임원을 겨우 간신히 기억해낸 회계사의 회사에서 파티가 있었다�,/� 위원회의 임원이 겨우 간신히 기억해낸 회계사의 회사에서 파티가 있었다�

�� 0/� 성가대 지휘자를 후에 다시 만나게된 피아니스트의 자가용에 진흙이 튀었다�,/� 성가대 지휘자가 후에 다시 만나게된 피아니스트의 자가용에 진흙이 튀었다�

�� 0/� 구역의 동반장을 몰래 뒤에서 욕한 주부의 부엌에 물이 넘쳤다�,/� 구역의 동반장이 몰래 뒤에서 욕한 주부의 부엌에 물이 넘쳤다�

�� 0/� 항공사의 직원을 이유없이 노골적으로 깔본 일병의 배낭에서 지갑이 떨어졌다�,/� 항공사의 직원이 이유없이 노골적으로 깔본 일병의 배낭에서 지갑이 떨어졌다�

�� 0/� 시민 단체를 항상 재정적으로 후원해온 예술가의 집에서 바자회가 열렸다�,/� 시민 단체가 항상 재정적으로 후원해온 예술가의 집에서 바자회가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 항공사 과장을 작년에 친구로부터 소개받은 여선생의 가방에서 여권이 없어졌다�,/� 항공사 과장이 작년에 친구로부터 소개받은 여선생의 가방에서 여권이 없어졌다�

�� 0/� 운전학원의 강사를 은근히 몰래 짝사랑한 여직원의 신발에 빗물이 고였다�,/� 운전학원의 강사가 은근히 몰래 짝사랑한 여직원의 신발에 빗물이 고였다�

�� 0/� 공원의 청소부를 언제나 성심껏 도와준 정원사의 동네에 소나기가 내렸다�,/� 공원의 청소부가 언제나 성심껏 도와준 정원사의 동네에 소나기가 내렸다�

�� 0/� 정보 부장을 비밀리에 배후에서 조종하는 외교관의 나라에 기름값이 폭등했다�,/� 정보 부장이 비밀리에 배후에서 조종하는 외교관의 나라에 기름값이 폭등했다�

�� 0/� 신문사의 편집장을 끊임없이 집요하게 협박한 총장의 집에서 도둑이 잡혔다�,/� 신문사의 편집장이 끊임없이 집요하게 협박한 총장의 집에서 도둑이 잡혔다�


�� 0/� 인접국의 외교관을 사적으로 특실에서 접견한 장관의 자동차에 폭탄이 장치됐다�,/� 인접국의 외교관이 사적으로 특실에서 접견한 장관의 자동차에 폭탄이 장치됐다

�� 0/� 마을의 이장을 가까스로 위험에서 구해낸 약사의 가게에서 사람들이 모였다�,/� 마을의 이장이 가까스로 위험에서 구해낸 약사의 가게에서 사람들이 모였다�

�� 0/� 영화사의 감독을 오랫동안 비밀리에 위협한 연출자의 가방에서 금품이 발견됐다�,/� 영화사의 감독이 오랫동안 비밀리에 위협한 연출자의 가방에서 금품이 발견됐다�

�� 0/� 당의 지도부를 대놓고 마구 비방한 의장의 사무실에 기자들이 도착했다�,/� 당의 지도부가 대놓고 마구 비방한 의장의 사무실에 기자들이 도착했다�

�� 0/� 대기업의 회장을 어제 간담회에서 소개한 방송인의 마을에서 잔치가 열렸다�,/� 대기업의 회장이 어제 간담회에서 소개한 방송인의 마을에서 잔치가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 쿠데타의 주동자들을 당일 전국에 지명수배한 수상의 저택에 폭탄이 떨어졌다�,/� 쿠데타의 주동자들이 당일 전국에 지명수배한 수상의 저택에 폭탄이 떨어졌다�

�� 0/� 대학의 노교수를 항상 건성으로 대접한 총장의 고향에 댐이 건설됐다�,/� 대학의 노교수가 항상 건성으로 대접한 총장의 고향에 댐이 건설됐다�

�� 0/� 노조의 대표를 토론차 홀로 만난 이사의 우편함에서 편지가 사라졌다�,/� 노조의 대표가 토론차 홀로 만난 이사의 우편함에서 편지가 사라졌다�

�� 0/� 유명 가수를 취중에 심하게 폭행한 배우의 집에서 기자회견이 열렸다�,/� 유명 가수가 취중에 심하게 폭행한 배우의 집에서 기자회견이 열렸다�

�� 0/� 부대의 사병을 몰래 잔혹하게 죽이려한 소설가의 자가용에 바위가 떨어졌다�,/� 부대의 사병이 몰래 잔혹하게 죽이려한 소설가의 자가용에 바위가 떨어졌다�

�� 0/� 학원의 원장을 공식적으로 행사에 초대한 동장의 손가락에서 반지가 없어졌다�,/� 학원의 원장이 공식적으로 행사에 초대한 동장의 손가락에서 반지가 없어졌다�

�� 0/� 부처의 본부장을 공개적으로 심하게 힐책한 부서장의 사무실에 불이 났다�,/� 부처의 본부장이 공개적으로 심하게 힐책한 부서장의 사무실에 불이 났다�

�� 0/� 공장의 직공을 일산으로 친절히 안내한 운전수의 택시에서 지문이 채취됐다�,/� 공장의 직공이 일산으로 친절히 안내한 운전수의 택시에서 지문이 채취됐다�

�� 0/� 대학의 학자를 언제나 자주 찾아갔던 연구원의 연구실에서 회의가 진행됐다�,/� 대학의 학자가 언제나 자주 찾아갔던 연구원의 연구실에서 회의가 진행됐다�

�� 0/� 정당의 사무장을 여러번 우연히 마주친 상무의 별장에서 파티가 열렸다�,/� 정당의 사무장이 여러번 우연히 마주친 상무의 별장에서 파티가 열렸다�

�� 0/� 위원회의 임원을 연달아서 심하게 질책한 위원장의 거처에서 총소리가 들렸다�,/� 위원회의 임원이 연달아서 심하게 질책한 위원장의 거처에서 총소리가 들렸다�

�� 0/� 우체국의 부장을 강력히 부처에 추천한 경찰관의 숙소에서 화재가 발생했다�,/� 우체국의 부장이 강력히 부처에 추천한 경찰관의 숙소에서 화재가 발생했다�

�� 0/� 공병대의 병사를 너무나 혹독하게 고문한 하사의 잠자리에서 서적이 발견됐다�,/� 공병대의 병사가 너무나 혹독하게 고문한 하사의 잠자리에서 서적이 발견됐다�

�� 0/� 국회 의장을 공개적으로 전폭적으로 지지한 총리의 관저에서 시민들이 데모했다�,/� 국회 의장이 공개적으로 전폭적으로 지지한 총리의 관저에서 시민들이 데모했다�

�� 0/� 수도원의 수녀를 너무나 정성껏 치료해준 수도사의 봇짐속에 빵이 들어있었다�,/� 수도원의 수녀가 너무나 정성껏 치료해준 수도사의 봇짐속에 빵이 들어있었다�

�� 0/� 천재적 발명가를 항상 여러모로 도와준 과학자의 실험실에서 생쥐가 죽었다�,/� 천재적 발명가가 항상 여러모로 도와준 과학자의 실험실에서 생쥐가 죽었다�

�� 0/� 공원의 정원사를 비겁하게 카드판에서 속이려한 경비의 가슴에 꽃이 달려있었다�,/� 공원의 정원사가 비겁하게 카드판에서 속이려한 경비의 가슴에 꽃이 달려있었다�

�� 0/� 기업의 사장을 조용히 비밀리에 살해하려한 이사장의 빌라에서 싸움이 있었다�,/� 기업의 사장이 조용히 비밀리에 살해하려한 이사장의 빌라에서 싸움이 있었다�

�� 0/� 병원의 의사를 수술실로 급하게 호출한 간호사의 사물함에서 마약이 발견됐다�,/� 병원의 의사가 수술실로 급하게 호출한 간호사의 사물함에서 마약이 발견됐다�

�� 0/� 지역구의 의원을 검찰에 즉시 고발한 시민단체의 사무소에 소포가 배달됐다�,/� 지역구의 의원이 검찰에 즉시 고발한 시민단체의 사무소에 소포가 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 관리부의 직원을 재빨리 경찰에 신고한 경리의 서랍에서 수표가 발견되었다�,/� 관리부의 직원이 재빨리 경찰에 신고한 경리의 서랍에서 수표가 발견되었다�

�� 0/� 회사의 홍보실장을 비밀리에 호텔에서 만난 국장의 서재에서 거래가 이루어졌다�,/� 회사의 홍보실장이 비밀리에 호텔에서 만난 국장의 서재에서 거래가 이루어졌다�

�� 0/� 아파트의 건설주를 � 년간 비밀리에 협박해온 중개업자의 자택에서 협상이 이루어졌다�,/� 아파트의 건설주가 � 년간 비밀리에 협박해온 중개업자의 자택에서 협상이 이루어졌다�

�� 0/� 연구소의 소장을 특별히 공청회에 초대한 정치가의 당사무소에서 여기자가 쓰러졌다�,/� 연구소의 소장이 특별히 공청회에 초대한 정치가의 당사무소에서 여기자가 쓰러졌다�

�� 0/� 학교의 설립자를 무조건 완전히 내쫓으려했던 이사진의 모임에서 해결책이 논의되었다�,/� 학교의 설립자가 무조건 완전히 내쫓으려했던 이사진의 모임에서 해결책이 논의되었다

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�� 0/� 공사의 감독관을 공개적으로 크게 질책한 건축가의 회사에 투서가 배달됐다�,/� 공사의 감독관이 공개적으로 크게 질책한 건축가의 회사에 투서가 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 교향악단의 지휘자를 오페라에 공식적으로 초대한 시의원의 좌석에 오물이 던져졌다�,/� 교향악단의 지휘자가 오페라에 공식적으로 초대한 시의원의 좌석에 오물이 던져졌다�

�� 0/� 극단의 매니저를 너무나 깊이 사모한 무용수의 연습실에서 행사가 치뤄졌다�,/� 극단의 매니저가 너무나 깊이 사모한 무용수의 연습실에서 행사가 치뤄졌다�

�� 0/� 공장의 정비사를 오전에 터미널에서 배웅한 미용사의 미용실에서 친구들이 모였다�,/� 공장의 정비사가 오전에 터미널에서 배웅한 미용사의 미용실에서 친구들이 모였다�

�� 0/� 콩쿨의 시험관을 우연히 술집에서 알게된 화가의 화실에서 여인이 울고있었다�,/� 콩쿨의 시험관이 우연히 술집에서 알게된 화가의 화실에서 여인이 울고있었다�

�� 0/� 관제탑의 요원을 언제나 진심으로 아껴온 조종사의 호텔에 전보가 배달됐다�,/� 관제탑의 요원이 언제나 진심으로 아껴온 조종사의 호텔에 전보가 배달됐다�

�� 0/� 탄광의 광부를 산속에서 극적으로 발견한 농부의 마을에서 꼬마들이 뛰어놀았다�,/� 탄광의 광부가 산속에서 극적으로 발견한 농부의 마을에서 꼬마들이 뛰어놀았다�

�� 0/� 상대팀의 응원단을 무례하게 마구 조롱한 선수들의 훈련장에 아이들이 낙서했다�,/� 상대팀의 응원단이 무례하게 마구 조롱한 선수들의 훈련장에 아이들이 낙서했다�

�� 0/� 논밭의 지주를 수차례 직접 방문한 농부들의 텃마루에서 아낙네들이 식사했다�,/� 논밭의 지주가 수차례 직접 방문한 농부들의 텃마루에서 아낙네들이 식사했다�

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Gibson, Edward. � �� )CHAOCMNC==IGJF?RCNS� )I= ; FCNSI@MSHN;=NC=>?J?H>?H=C?M�Cogni-tion ��c��

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Gibson, Edward. � � 1B? >?J?H>?H=SFI=;FCNSNB?ILS� � >CMN;H=?<;M?> NB?ILSI@FCHAOCMNC= =IGJF?RCNS�Image, language, brain: Papers from the first Mind ArticulationProject symposium ?>� <S �F? = -� *; L;HNT6; MOMBC*CS;MBCN; ;H> 4; SH?,f+?CF��c�� ;G<LC>A? *�� *&1 - L?MM�

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Hagoort, Peter; Colin Brown; ; H>Jolanda Groothusen. �� 1B?MSHN;=NC=JIMCNCP?MBC@N�0-0� ;M ;H "/- G?;MOL?I@MSHN;=NC=JLI=?MMCHA�Language and CognitiveProcesses ��c�� .

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Huynh, Huynh, ;H> Leonard S. Feldt. �� "MNCG;NCIHI@NB?<IR =ILL?=NCIH@IL>?AL??MI@@L??>IG@LIG M;GJF? >;N;CHL;H>IGCT?> <FI=E ; H>MJFCNJFIN>?MCAHM�Journalof Educational Statistics ��c ��

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