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Section Title

I Introduction

i Company Overview

ii Fire Performance

iii Building Acoustics

iv Thermal Insulation and Condensation

v Robustness

vi Health and Safety

1 Plasters

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Plaster selection

1.3 Basecoat Plasters

1.4 Background preparation

1.5 Finishing Coat Plasters

1.6 ThistleBond-it

1.7 Thistle X-Ray Plaster

1.8 Airtightness Plaster

1.9 Dri-Coat Plaster

1.10 Casting Plasters

1.11 Plastering specifications

1.12 Plastering defects and remedies

1.13 Critical lighting

2 Plasterboards

2.1 Boards

2.2 Jointing Materials

2.3 Ceramic Tiling

2.4 Placocem

2.5 Decorative Effects

3 Partitions

3.1 Introduction

3.2 GypWall

3.3 GypWall CURVE

3.4 GypWall QUIET

3.5 GypWall QUIET SF

3.6 Gypwall QUIET IWL

3.7 Gyproc ShaftWall

3.8 Timber Stud

3.9 Cavity Barriers


4.4 GypWall ROBUST 186

4.5 GypWall EXTREME 198

4.6 FireWall 208

4.7 BlastWall 216

5 Wall Linings

5.1 Introduction 220

5.2 DriLyner 224

5.3 GypLyner IWL 236

5.4 GypLyner 246

5.5 FlameLyner 252

5.6 Timber frame external wall 258

6 Floors and Ceilings


6.2 CasoLine MF 272

6.3 GypLyner Ceiling 288

6.4 GypFloor SILENT 298

6.5 Timber joist 306

6.6 Gyproc Lay-in Grid Ceilings 320

6.7 Cavity Barriers 330

6.8 Semi-exposed soffits 336

7 Steel Encasement


7.2 GypLyner ENCASE 348

7.3 FireCase 356

8 Accessories

8.1 Board accessories 366

8.2 Plaster accessories 373

8.3 Decorative products 374

8.4 Gyproc Profilex Access Panels 376

9 Isover Products 380

10 Glossary 384

11 Index 388

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Gyproc, Gypframe and Glasroc are all registered trade names of Gypsum Industries Limited. Isover is a registered trade name of Saint-Gobain.

Proprietor: Gypsum Industries Limited registered in Ireland, Company No. 11815, registered office Unit 14, Park West Industrial Park, Dublin 12, Ireland.

Gypsum Industries reserves the right to revise product specification without notice.

The information contained in this Gyproc System Solutions book, is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of publication. For the very latest information, pleaserefer to the online version of the Gyproc System Solutions book (www.gyproc.ie), which is updated on a regular basis, as advice and specifications are changed. It remains thesole responsibility of the user to ensure current information is used at all times. Please note that 3D drawings have been included in this publication, and whilst they provide aclose representation of the products and systems, they are primarily intended for illustrative purposes only.

Services which are included within Gyproc building systems should be installed with all available relevant standards, guidelines and recommendations.

The inclusion of Gyproc building system specifications within this document does not imply compliance with all aspects of the Irish Building Regulations. If unsure about thesuitability of a building system, please refer to the relevant Technical Guidance Document(s).

The information herein should not be read in isolation as it is meant only as guidance for the user, who should always ensure that they are fully conversant with the products andsystems being used and their subsequent installation prior to the commencement of work. For further guidance on installation please refer to the Gyproc Installation Guide,available to download from www.gyproc.ie

We advise that you read and familiarise yourself with all the information contained in this literature prior to the commencement of the work or specification.

For a comprehensive and up-to-date library of information visit the Gyproc website at: www.gyproc.ie


Company Profile

Established in 1936 and based in Kingscourt, Co. Cavan, with administrative and

distribution facilities in Dublin and Cork, Gypsum Industries trading as Gyproc are the sole

manufacturers of gypsum based products in Ireland and are the market leaders in the

manufacture and supply of plaster, plasterboard and drylining systems to the Irish

construction industry.

Gyproc is part of the Saint-Gobain group. Saint-Gobain, the world leader in habitat and

construction markets, forms part of the world’s largest manufacturers of gypsum plasters

and plasterboards, operating in over 60 countries with more than 1400 companies

employing over 200,000 people across five separate industry sectors.

Our company vision is to be the preferred choice for interior building systems that

provide sustainable and lightweight innovative design solutions.

QualityWhether your project is residential, commercial, or industrial, we recognise the

importance of providing products and systems that can withstand the many rigours

encountered within complex internal building environments.

We offer excellent, fit for purpose products that are manufactured to world class

standards (including the EN520 gypsum plasterboard standard). We operate to

independently verified international standards, which include the customer-focused

quality management system I.S. EN ISO 9001.

Gyproc’s fully tested range of dry lining systems, with Gypframe metal components

designed using the unique UltraSTEEL process, can be specified to achieve most partition,

wall lining, ceiling and encasement specification requirements, with the knowledge and

confidence that they will last for their required lifetime.

All our products have been specifically developed to deliver warranted performance

systems you can rely on. Using our quality assured branded products as prescribed within

our published literature guarantees the unique SpecSure “off the shelf” performance

lifetime warranty. SpecSure confirms that when our genuine Gyproc branded systems are

installed they will perform to the tested parameters published for the period of time that

the system is used for its originally designed purpose.

Expertise & ExperienceIn today’s built environment, more and more emphasis is placed, both by regulation and

end user expectation, on the performance, safety and comfort of the buildings where we

live and work.

Constantly working hand in hand with building designers, contractors, and installers at

every stage of development projects, our technical and sales support team can deliver

successful solutions that address the fire, acoustic, thermal, impact and lifetime

performance demands of most internal building environments throughout the Irish

construction industry.

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To affirm our commitment to all participants of the built environment we have recently

opened the 'Saint-Gobain Technical Academy'. The new purpose built training academy

will support merchants, installers, architects and specifiers by providing dedicated

training programs to enhance their specialist knowledge in all aspects of Gyproc

plastering and plasterboard systems.

All published Gyproc system performances are fully substantiated by UKAS and other

fully accredited laboratory tests and assessments.

EnvironmentWe recognise that manufacturing and construction are often perceived as making heavy

demands on the environment. As part of our I.S. EN ISO 14001 environmental

management system accreditation we are committed to minimise our impact on valuable

natural resources, striving to provide products and systems that enable customers to build

in a more sustainable and responsible manner.

Sustainable development relies on the balancing of social, economic and environmental

objectives. In any given construction project it is vital that all three pillars are considered

to deliver a sustainable solution.

Social sustainability means we have a responsibility to identify the needs of individuals

and consider their well-being. It is a respect for people, their health and safety, their

development and their environment.

Environmental sustainability is probably the most recognised aspect of sustainable

development and one of the most difficult to manage effectively. Gypsum Industries is

concerned with protecting and conserving both biodiversity and the environment.

Every Gyproc product and system is designed for minimum environmental impact,

maximum energy efficiency, and minimum risk to health at every level.

Waste managementAs an organisation we are committed to the efficient use of resources, minimisation of

waste and the prevention of pollution. We can work closely with customers to initiate

measures that eliminate and reduce waste before it enters onto site.

We can offer best practice design assistance at specification stages to ensure systems are

value engineered and developed to best suit specific project requirements.

Encouraging the designing out of waste during the specification process, using bespoke

board and metal sizes and on-site technical assistance can all help reduce wasted resources.

All Gyproc products are manufactured with materials from recycled resources

where possible.


Fire Performance

LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

Irish Building Regulations – Fire SafetyTechnical Guidance Document B published by the

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local

Government is part of a series of documents forming the

Building Regulations.

The document specifies the minimum periods of fire

resistance to be achieved by building elements depending

upon their classification, which vary according to the

buildings size and use. Generally, the greater the designated

risk within a building, the greater the defined period of fire

resistance required to protect the elements within the

building. The document also sets out criteria relating to the

materials used to form the internal surfaces of the building

to control and reduce the risk of fire spread.

Fire Protection for Structural Steel in buildings,ASFP Yellow BookThis publication which is prepared by the Association for

Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP), sets out the theory and

provides guidance on the methods of fire protecting

structural steel to comply with the Building Regulations.

PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PERFORMANCE

Fire growthWhilst they may not be the materials first ignited in a fire,

the materials used in the construction of separating walls

and ceilings can significantly affect the rate of fire spread

and its growth within a building. The materials used for

such building elements are of particular importance where

linings constitute the boundaries of circulation spaces and

means of escape.

CompartmentationTo prevent the rapid spread of fire, which could trap

occupants within a building, and also reduce the chances of

a fire becoming large, the spread of fire can be restricted

by sub-dividing a building into compartments.

Compartmentation can relate to any element of a building,

typically walls and floors, that can offer fire resistance

between two defined areas for a designated period

of time.

The appropriate level of sub-division depends upon,

• The use and fire loading of the building

• The height and scale of the building in relation to

appropriate evacuation provision

Structural fire precautionsPremature failure of a building can be prevented by

ensuring loadbearing elements of the structure have a

minimum period of fire resistance to failure of their

loadbearing capacity.

Fire limit stateFor the purposes of structural design, fire is considered to

be an accidental limit state in which the structure must not

collapse. Within this manual where load bearing systems

are referenced, 100% loadbearing capacity may be

assumed unless their loadbearing capacity is quoted with

respect to a stated load ratio.

Structural members that are designed to be fully stressed

under normal conditions may be subject to reduced load

ratios under fire state conditions.

Structural behaviour of timber in fireTimber has a low thermal expansion coefficient and a low

thermal conductivity. The combination of these properties

enables the charring that occurs around the exterior of the

timber in a fire situation to provide an inherent level of

self protection, with the timber below the charred layer

maintaining a level of structural strength. The amount of

undamaged timber can be assessed for structural stability

using standard design guides in conjunction with stress

modification factors.

Structural behaviour of steel in fireSteel generally begins to start losing strength at

temperatures above 300°C, eventually melting at

approximately 1500°C. For the purposes of structural

design, the greatest loss of strength occurs between 400°C

and 600°C.

When determining the level of fire protection required to

prevent steel from structural failure, a critical design

temperature of 550°C is typically used unless otherwise

stated. The level of protection required is assessed based

on the relevant section factor A/V (Hp/A) of the steel. It is

the responsibility of a qualified design engineer to specify

the appropriate limiting steel temperatures.

The loss of strength from cold-formed steel at elevated

temperatures exceeds that of hot-rolled steel and specialist

advice is recommended in determining the strength

reduction factor at the limiting temperature.

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Charred timber joists after a test


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FIRE TEST STANDARDS

The Irish Building Regulations and its supporting technical

guidance documents require certain elements of structure

and other building elements to provide minimum periods

of fire resistance, which are typically expressed

in minutes, and generally based on the occupancy and size

of the building.

BS fire resistance standardsUnder the British test standards (BS) the fire resistance of

loadbearing and non-loadbearing elements are assessed

against the procedures set out in the relevant sections of

BS 476. The fire resistance of an individual building

element may relate to its loadbearing capacity, fire

integrity and/or fire insulation performance characteristics.

Loadbearing capacityA loadbearing element must support its test load or a

stated ratio of the test load. For horizontal elements i.e.

floors, roof, and beams, allowable levels of vertical

deflection may be permitted.

IntegrityA separating element must resist collapse, the occurance of

holes, gaps or fissures through which flames and hot gases

could pass, and sustained flaming on the unexposed face.

InsulationA separating element must restrict the temperature rise of

the unexposed face to below specified levels.

EN fire resistance standardsWhen compared against British Standards, the new

harmonised standards have lead to an increase in severity

of the test furnaces, particularly in the first 30 minutes of a

test. In addition, the new EN fire resistance classifications

also impose strict rules governing the use of tests to cover

specific end use scenarios.

Therefore, different specifications may be required to meet

EN standards compared to those required to meet BS

standards, often with additional limitations imposed on a

partitions maximum recommended height.

However, under the current Irish Building Regulations, the

two testing systems are operating concurrently and fire

resistances may still be based on the relevant parts of

BS 476. Designers therefore have the choice on the

standards they adopt for their projects.

REACTION TO FIRE TEST STANDARDS

Flame spread over wall and ceiling surfaces is controlled by

specifying materials that are either classified as non-

combustible or of limited combustibility.

Non-combustibilityWhere maximum fire safety is required, certain building

elements need to be constructed of non-combustible

materials. A building material is designated as non-

combustible if it satisfies the performance criteria when

tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 4:1970 (1984) Non-

combustibility test for materials and BS 476: Part 11:1982

(1988) Method for assessing the heat emission from

building materials.

Glasroc F Multiboard and Glasroc F FireCase are classified as

non-combustible in accordance with BS 476: Part 4.

Fire resistance test - integrity testing on 3m high partition

Loaded timber stud wall failing in respect of loadbearing capacity


Surface spread of flameWhen tested to either BS 476: Part 7: 1997 Surface spread

of flame test for materials or BS 476: Part 7: 1987 Method

for the classification of the surface spread of flame of

products, combustible materials (or certain materials of

limited combustibility) are classified as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4

with Class 1 providing the greatest resistance to surface

spread of flame.

The exposed plasterboard surfaces of Gyproc plasterboards

are all designated Class 1.

Fire PropagationIn addition to a materials contribution to the surface

spread of flame in a fire, consideration must also be given

to the amount and rate of heat evolved by these materials

when used in areas requiring maximum safety.

Within the Irish Building Regulations, circulation areas and

routes of escape are typically required to be constructed

using materials classified as either Class B-s3,d2 (European

Class) or Class 0 (National Class)

Please note, although Class 0 is the highest performance

classification for lining materials within the Building

Regulations, Technical Guidance Document B (Fire Safety),

it is not a classification identified in any British Standard

A Class 0 material is defined within the Irish Building

Regulations as either:

(a) composed throughout of materials of limited

combustibility (including non-combustible materials)

or

(b) a Class 1 material that has a fire propagation index (I)

of not more than 12 and a sub-index (i1) of not more

than 6.

The surfaces of Gyproc plasterboards and the exposed

plasterboard surface of Gyproc thermal laminates are

designated Class 0.

European test standardsThe Construction Products Directive (CPD) within European

legislation is designed to enable free trade across Europe in

construction products. EN test standards can be split into

two main parameters; reaction to fire and fire resistance.

EN Reaction to FireEN reaction to fire classifications also run concurrently with

the national standards which are classified under BS 476.

The EN Reaction to Fire classifications, in accordance with

BS IS EN 520 are the manufacturing standards by which all

Gyproc board products are classified.

The Euroclass test methodology which is based around the

Single Burning Item (SBI) test method (BS EN 13823: 2002),

along with the non-combustibility test (BS EN ISO 1182:

2002), heat of combustion test (BS EN ISO 1716: 2002) and

direct flame impingement test (BS EN ISO 11925-2: 2002),

predicts the performance of building materials in a real fire

more accurately than the old BS 476 standards.

Under EN standards, a materials classification is defined by

BS EN 13501-7: 2002 to give a Euroclass rating. The ratings

range from A1 (non-combustible) through to F. The table

below compares the EN classifications with the previously

used national standards.

Plasterboard is subject to ‘classification without further

test’. This assessment means that any type of plasterboard

can be classified as A2 so long as the grammage of the

paper liner does not exceed 220g/m2. All Gypsum Industries

Gyproc plasterboard products manufactured in accordance

with BS IS EN 520 are designated Euroclass A2.

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Surface spread of flame test

National Euroclass Safety levelclassification category

Non-combustible A1

Material of limited combustibility A2

Class 0 B

Class 1 C

Class 3 D

N/A E

N/A F

decreasing fire safety

Comparison of Technical Guidance Document Bcategories and relevant EN test requirements


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Irish Building Regulations – SoundTechnical Guidance Document E published by the

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local

Government is part of a series of documents forming the

Building Regulations.

The document specifies the required on-site performance

criteria for both airborne and impact sound transmission

values for separating elements between residential

dwelling units. The current Building Regulations do not

require any specific criteria for buildings other than

residential dwelling units. It is therefore often the

designer’s choice to specify the appropriate level of sound

performance of the dividing elements within a domestic

dwelling and for other building types. However, guidance

to the level of sound performance is often based on

specific sector guidance and previous experience.

BS 8233 – Sound insulation and noise reduction forbuildingsCode of practice which provides guidance to acoustic

ratings appropriate to different building types.

PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING ACOUSTICS

Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise within

buildings. This includes minimising noise transmission

between compartments and the control of sound

characteristics within a space.

The term ‘building acoustics’ embraces both sound

insulation and sound absorption.

Sound InsulationSound insulation is used to describe the reduction of sound

that passes between two spaces separated by a dividing

element. The sound energy that passes between these two

spaces may occur through the dividing element (direct

transmission) or through the surrounding structure

(indirect or flanking transmission). It is important to

distinguish between both methods of sound transmission

as the walls and floors which flank the dividing element,

can sometimes contribute significantly to the level of sound

transmission. The presence of nearby windows, doors,

service ducts, etc. can also affect the level of sound

transmission performance.

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Common flanking paths

External noise

External noise

Plant noise

Plant noise

Plant noise

Mechanical services noise

Plant noise

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It is therefore the whole acoustic environment of a room or

building and its ability to eliminate air paths in the vicinity

of sound reducing elements that should be considered

when assessing sound transmission performance. For these

reasons, it is often unlikely that RwdB figures quoted from

laboratory test conditions will be achieved in practice.

Also, when the background noise is low, consideration may

have to be given to a superior standard of sound insulation

performance in conjunction with the adjoining

flanking conditions.

The Irish Building Regulation requirements regarding

sound insulation of walls and partitions relates to the

transmission of airborne sound only, whereas the

regulations regarding a separating floor construction also

includes their ability to resist the transmission of impact

sounds. Airborne sound relates to sound which is emitted

from a source i.e speech, loudspeakers, instruments etc.

Impact sound relates to sound that is generated from

contact with the separating element i.e. footsteps and

moving furniture etc.

To ensure airborne sound insulation is maximised it is

important to seal any openings such as cracks, gaps, or

holes. For optimum airborne sound insulation a

construction should be airtight. Most gaps can be sealed at

the finishing stages using a variety of Gyproc products such

as Gyproc Sealant.

KEY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SOUND

Suspended ceiling voidsIt is recommended that where sound insulation is

important, partitions should, if possible, extend fully to the

structural soffit. Sound can travel through a suspended

ceiling void over the top of a partition where it abuts the

underside of the ceiling.

Composite constructionsA common mistake made when designing a dividing

element is to specify a high performance construction

which incorporates a lower performance element e.g. a

doorway. Consideration should be given to the weakest

element of the construction and the possible effect it will

have on the overall sound resistance.

Deflection headsWhere structural movement needs to be accommodated

with a deflection head detail at the top of a Gyproc

partition system, by definition, movement must be

accommodated. It is very difficult to achieve an airtight seal

at this location. Loss of sound insulation can be kept to a

minimum by including cloaking angles either side of the

deflection detail.

Deflection head (subject to fire performance)

PenetrationsThe sound insulation performance of all Gyproc partition

systems are quoted as imperforate membranes. Penetrations

made through the systems will downgrade the sound

insulation performance and should be avoided where sound

insulation is critical. Adopting best practice detailing can

help to minimise the reduction in sound performance.

ACOUSTIC PRIVACY

Two main factors affect the level of acoustic privacy

achieved when designing a building:

• The sound insulation performance of the structure

separating the two spaces

• The ambient background noise present within the

listening room.

The ambient background noise can help to mask speech

from an adjacent space and provide enhanced speech

confidentiality. Indicative guidance on sound insulation

levels for speech privacy are shown in the table below.

Guide to sound insulation levels for speech privacy

Sound insulation Speech privacybetween rooms Rw

25 dB Normal speech can be overheard

30 dB Loud speech can be heard clearly

35 dB Loud speech can be distinguished under normal conditions

40 dB Loud speech can be heard but notdistinguished

45 dB Loud speech can be heard faintlybut not distinguished

> 50 dB Loud speech can only be heard withgreat difficulty

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Gyproc Sealant for optimum sound insulation

50mm timber head plate equivalent to channel width formingfire-stop

Gypframe GA4 Steel Angle to minimise loss of sound insulationperformance due to air leakage

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Along with acoustic privacy, the level of sound energy

acceptable within a room should be assessed with regards

to intrusive noise levels and the level of potential noise

likely to be generated within the room itself. The factors

that affect the ambient noise level of a space are:

• The level of external noise

• The level of sound insulation offered by the surrounding

structure

• The amount and type of sound absorbing surfaces within

the room

• The noise generated by the building services

Where control of the ambient noise level is critical, advice

should be sought from an acoustic specialist.

SOUND INSULATION - RATING METHODS

The sound insulation rating methods that follow are

defined in:

BS EN ISO 717: Part 1: 1997 (airborne)

and

BS EN ISO 717 : Part 2: 1997 (impact)

Rw

This single figure rating method is the rating used for

laboratory airborne sound insulation tests. The figure

indicates the amount of sound energy being stopped by a

separating building element when tested in isolation in the

absence of any flanking sound paths. With airborne sound

insulation, the higher the figure the better the performance.

DnTw

This single figure rating method that gives the airborne

sound insulation performance between two adjacent

rooms within a building as measured on site. The result

achieved is affected not only by the separating element but

also by the surrounding structure and junction details. The

result achieved therefore become site specific.

CtrThe Ctr adaption term is a correction that can be added to

either the Rw (laboratory) or DnTw (site) airborne rating.

The Ctr adjustment focuses on the lower band frequencies,

in particular the performance achieved in the 100-315 Hz

frequency range. Ctr is not a statutory requirement within

the Building Regulations, but is sometimes required to

meet project specific requirements.

Lnw

This single figure rating method is the rating used for

laboratory impact sound insulation tests on separating

floors. The figure indicates the amount of sound energy

being transmitted through the floor test in isolation, in the

absence of any flanking paths. With impact sound

insulation, the lower the figure the better the performance.

LnTw

The single figure rating method that is used for impact

sound insulation tests for floors. The figure indicates the

sound insulation performance between two adjacent

rooms within a building as measured on site. The result

achieved is affected not only by the separating floor but

also by the surrounding structure. The result achieved

therefore become site specific.

Dncw

The single figure laboratory rating method that is used for

evaluating the airborne sound insulation performance of

suspended ceilings. Laboratory tests simulate the room to

room performance of the suspended ceiling when a

partition is built up to the underside of the ceiling with

sound transmitted via the plenum.

Lightweight constructionsTypically the average sound insulation of a material

forming a solid partition is governed by its mass. The

heavier the material, the greater the resistance to sound

transmission. The empirical mass law states that to increase

the sound insulation of a solid partition by about 4dB, the

solid mass must be doubled.

Increasing mass alone is a very inefficient way of achieving

sound insulation. One of the advantages of using

lightweight cavity partitions and walls is that they exceed

the typically predicted sound reduction values that can be

achieved, when compared to solid constructions of the

same dimensions.

SOUND ABSORPTION

Sound absorption is the term given to the loss of sound

energy on interaction with a surface. Sound absorbent

surfaces are used to provide the correct acoustic

environment within a room or space. Sound absorbing

materials can also convert some of the sound energy to

heat, assisting in sound insulation. However, this reduction

in noise is very small and should not be considered as an

adequate substitute for sound insulation.

Reverberant energyReverberation is the persistence of sound in a particular

space after the original sound is removed. The length of

this sound decay is known as the reverberation time and

can be controlled using sound absorbing materials. The

appropriate reverberation time will be determined by the

size and function of any given space.

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Speech ClarityReverberation time alone cannot be relied upon to deliver

a suitable environment for good speech intelligibility. In

any situation where sound communication is critical e.g.

conference room, lecture theatre or classroom, the design

of the space must consider an appropriate mixture of

sound reflective and sound absorbing surfaces.

SOUND ABORPTION RATING METHODS

The following ratings are calculated in accordance with BS

EN ISO 11654:1997.

Sound Absorption Coefficient, αs

Individual sound absorption figures quoted in third octave

frequency bands are used within advanced modelling

techniques to accurately predict the acoustic characteristics

of space. The coeffeicient ranges from 0 (total reflection)

through to 1 (total absorption).

Practical Sound Absorption Coefficient, αp

A convenient octave-based expression of the sound

absorption coefficient, commonly used by acoustic

specialists when performing calculations of reverberation

times within a building space.

Sound Absorption Rating, αw

A single figure rating used to describe the performance of

a material. Sometimes a bias may be applied to a particular

frequency band range i.e. low, mid or high.

Noise Reduction Coefficient, NRCThe NRC value is the arithmetic mean of the absorption

coefficients across a limited frequency range which does

not include the upper and lower most frequencies. This can

sometimes lead to a misleading perception of a material if

they perform particularly well (or bad) at these extremes.



Technical Guidance Document L, Conservation of Fuel and

Energy is divided into two sections, one specifically relevant

to Dwellings and the other which addresses Buildings other

than dwellings. Both are published by the Department of

the Environment, Heritage and Local Government as part

of a series of documents forming the Building Regulations.

The document specifies a range of minimum and maximum

criteria related to energy efficiency.

REDUCING HEAT LOSS

Any building with an internal temperature higher than the

external temperature will lose heat. The type of structure

and its materials will contribute towards the rate of heat

loss. The introduction of thermal insulation into a

structure helps to reduce the rate of heat loss, conserve

energy and subsequently reduce heating costs.

Building Regulations specify minimum levels of thermal

performance for external walls, roofs and floors of almost

all building types. Suitable levels of insulation must also be

provided for hot water heating services, pipes, warm air

ducts and hot water storage vessels.

Therefore, when specifying the insulation systems for a

particular building it is important to consider both the

heating regime and the pattern of usage of the building.

Infrequently heated buildingsIf a building is only infrequently heated, thermal insulation

materials are most effectively located as near as possible to

the internal surface of the building fabric. This helps to

provide a quick thermal response to heating input. It is also

essential in such conditions to reduce internal surface

condensation during the warm-up period, when the

maximum amount of water vapour is often present within

the atmosphere. It will also ensure that comfortable room

temperatures are quickly achieved.

Regularly heated buildingsIn many frequently occupied buildings, the heating regime

is usually fairly consistent with relatively equal periods of

heating activity and non-activity i.e. a domestic dwelling

during winter months. In this situation, traditional forms of

high mass construction, such as double leaf cavity walls, can

effectively exploit the ‘heat store’ concept when insulation

is located within the cavity. The thermal mass of the

internal fabric located inside the insulation envelope helps

to subdue excessive temperature fluctuations within the

building. Heat that is stored within the internal building

fabric whilst the heating is on, dissipates back into the

building. Further benefits are often observed due to the

reduced size and complexity of space heating equipment

necessary to maintain room temperatures.

AirtightnessThe air leakage characteristics of a building are described

by the term ‘airtightness’. In respect of the Irish Building

Regulations, it is measured by the rate at which the

internal volume of air contained within a building is

replaced at an artificially induced pressure (usually 50Pa).

The lower the air leakage rate, the greater the airtightness.

The current building regulations sets an upper limit of air

permeability of 10m3/hr.m2, although this level is expected

to be reduced in future revisions to Technical Guidance

Document L. In practice designs will need to be

significantly better than this. When correctly applied, the

airtightness of a building can offer significant contributions

towards its efficient energy performance.

Although prescribed air leakage can occur directly via

designed ventilation provision, the majority of leaks occur

indirectly. Air leakage paths are often complex and difficult

to trace and seal effectively. The following is a list of some

typical unprescribed air leakage paths.

• Cracks, gaps and joints in the structure

• Timber floors

• Joist penetrations of external walls

• Windows and doors

• Loft hatches

• Skirting boards

• Chimney and flues

• Service entry points

• Permeable building materials

It is therefore important to adopt appropriate detailing at

the areas identified above to overcome the weaknesses

they may present.

Significant improvements to the airtightness of the

building fabric can be achieved by utilising Gyproc

plasterboard internal dry lining systems or Gyproc plasters.

Gyproc Airtite can be used to successfully seal airpaths in

blockwork, and provide excellent improvements to the

airtightness of same prior to applying a dry lining system to

the wall. Gyproc plasters i.e. Airtite can also be utilised to

help seal permeable blockwork.

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THERMAL TERMINOLOGY

Thermal conductivity (λ)Expressed as W/mK, this is a measure of a single materials

ability to transmit heat, measuring heat flow in watts per

metre thickness of material for a temperature gradient of

one degree Kelvin (K).

Generally, dense materials have a high thermal conductivity

and are inefficient thermal insulants. Lightweight materials

tend to have a low thermal conductivity and can be

efficient thermal insulants. The lower the λ value of a

material the better its insulating efficiency.

Thermal resistance (R)Expressed as m2K/W, this is the measure of the resistance to

the passage of heat offered by the thickness of one or

more materials. The thermal resistance of a single material

is obtained from the following calculation.

R = tλ

Where t = thickness in metres and λ = thermal conductivity

(W/mK).

Thermal transmittance (U-value)U-values are used as the common basis for comparing

different constructions and for meeting prescribed

performance criteria. The lower the U-value of the

element, the better its thermal insulation.

Expressed as W/m2K, this is a property of the whole

construction, including air spaces and surfaces. It is a

measure of the constructions ability to transmit heat under

steady state conditions. The U-value of a construction build

up is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the sum of all

the individual thermal resistances. Consideration should

also be taken to the effects of any thermal bridging.

When calculating U-values, thermal resistances for the

inside and outside surfaces of a building element, and for

any cavities within it, have to be taken into account. This is

an additional factor to the thermal resistances directly

relating to the actual thickness of the materials.

The R-value of inside and outside surfaces and of any

cavities will vary according to their emissivity. Emissivity is

typically taken as high for all normal building materials

other than polished or metal surfaces, which are regarded

as low.

When calculating the U-value of some constructions the

effect of components that repeatedly bridge the insulation

layer, i.e. studs roof joists and wall ties etc, should be taken

into account. This is achieved by calculating the U-value of

the thermal bridge and relating it as a proportion of the

overall area. More insulation may therefore be needed to

compensate for the thermal bridging. The additional heat

loss for non-repeating thermal bridges, such as at windows

and doors, is determined separately.

CONDENSATION CONTROL IN BUILDINGS

Harmful effects of condensationCondensation can be one of the worst problems that

designers, owners and occupants of a building may

experience. Dampness and mould growth caused by surface

condensation can not only be distressing to the occupants

of a building, but can eventually lead to damage to the

building fabric itself.

Designers should take care to eliminate all problems caused

by condensation, particularly in refurbishment projects on

existing buildings, which may not be covered by current

regulation.

Reducing the riskDue to changes in building design, occupancy patterns and

increased thermal requirements, all buildings tend to be

more sensitive to condensation now than in previous years.

Thermal insulation, correctly positioned within specific

building elements, combined with adequate heating and,

where appropriate, the necessary water vapour control and

ventilation, should ensure trouble-free design.

How condensation occursAt any given temperature, air is capable of containing a

specific maximum amount of water in invisible vapour

form. The warmer the air, the greater the amount of water

vapour it can contain. Conversely, the lower the

temperature, the smaller the amount.

Where moisture-laden air comes into contact with cold

surfaces it will cool. As it cools, the amount of water it can

hold in vapour form reduces until, at a specific temperature

called the dew point temperature, it becomes saturated.

Water is then deposited in the form of condensation.

Surface condensationSurface condensation occurs when air containing water

vapour comes into contact with highly vapour resistant

surfaces, which are at, or below, the dew point temperature.

It is usually evidenced by beads of water, damp patches, and

where the problem persists, mould growth.

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Interstitial condensationWarm moist air will also diffuse through building elements

to reach colder, lower pressure conditions outside. If the

building materials have a low water vapour resistance, it is

possible for condensation to occur within the building

element. This will occur on the first cold surface, at or

below the dew point temperature, which is encountered by

the moisture vapour on its passage through the structure.

DESIGNING TO REDUCE CONDENSATION RISK

Thermal insulationThermal insulation helps to reduce the risk of surface

condensation by maintaining surfaces above the dew point

temperature subject to adequate heating being provided.

Gyproc Thermal laminated plasterboards and insulated

cavities help to maintain temperatures on the internal side

of a construction. They will also help to reduce the thermal

bridge effects in a building.

With some construction types the potential problem may

be one of interstitial condensation. Gyproc plasterboard

products are available with integral vapour control to

minimise the risk, of vapour migration through a building

element, but must be used in conjunction with the

appropriate construction build-up to eliminate any

potential risk.

HeatingAdequate heating helps to keep the temperature of the

internal surfaces above the dew point. Ideally, an air

temperature above 10°C to 12°C should be maintained in

all parts of the building.

VentilationVentilation removes the water vapour produced within a

building to the outside air. Adequate ventilation will help

to reduce harmful condensation and mould growth. Ideally,

ventilation, whether provided naturally or mechanically,

should control the internal air to between 40% and 70%

relative humidity (RH) for human occupation.

Condensation can occur in roof spaces of pitched roofs, and

in timber joist flat roofs with insulation, unless adequate

ventilation is provided.

Vapour control layerA vapour control layer, usually in the form of a membrane,

is used to substantially reduce the transfer of water vapour

through a building element in which it is incorperated.

A vapour control layer, positioned on the warm side of the

thermal insulation within a building element, helps to

reduce the risk of interstitial condensation occurring within

that element. However, other suitable precautions may also

be necessary, either in combination with, or as an

alternative to, a vapour control layer.

Vapour control layers should be as airtight as possible. Any

penetrations should be suitably sealed and detailed to

prevent localised condensation.

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BS 5234: Part 2: 1992 – Partition grading.

BS 5234 comprises two parts – Part 1 Code of practice for

the design and installation, and Part 2 Specification for

performance requirements for strength and robustness

including methods of test in relation to end-use categories.

The standard covers performance aspects such as stiffness,

crowd pressure, impact resistance, anchorage and door

slamming resistance.

PRINCIPLES OF ROBUST DESIGN

Partition duty ratingsAll Gyproc partition systems have a duty rating which has

been established in accordance with all the full

requirements of BS 5234. This rating relates the strength

and robustness characteristics of the partition system

against specific end-use applications. The table below gives

details of the four duty catorgories

Duty ratings

Partition Duty Category Examples

Light Adjacent space only accessible Domesticto persons with high incentive accommodationto exercise care. Small chance of accident occuring or misuse.

Medium Adjacent space moderately used, Officeprimarily by persons with some accommodationincentive to exercise care. Somechance of accident occuring or misuse.

Heavy Adjacent space frequently used by Public circulationthe public and others with little areas, industrialincentive to exercise care. Chance areasof accident occuring or misuse.

Severe Adjacent space intensively used by Major circulationthe public and others with little areas, heavyincentive to exercise care. Prone to industrial areasvandalism and abnormally rough use.

The level of deflection and strength performance required

to achieve Light Duty within BS 5234 is, in our opinion,

unsuitable for any application. We therefore do not offer

any systems with a rating less than Medium Duty.

The tests within BS5234 include

• Partition stiffness

• Resistance to damage from a small hard body impactor

• Resistance to damage from a large soft body impactor

• Resistance to perforation from a small hard body

impactor

• Resistance to structural damage from a large soft body

impactor

• Resistance to damage from door slamming

BS 5234 does not identify specific points of contact on a

partition that should be impacted. However, we understand

that there are limiting points in terms of impact resistance.

These are then subject to the impact tests to ensure that the

most onerous situations are assessed.

Optional tests are also detailed within the standard, but

these are not used in the partition grading. These include

• Resistance to damage from a crowd pressure load

• Lightweight anchorages pull down

• Lightweight anchorages pull out

• Heavyweight anchorages wall cupboard

• Heavyweight anchorages wash basin

To claim a partition duty, all required tests must achieve

the designated performance level. It is not possible, for

example, for a partition lined with a single layer of Gyproc

WallBoard (12.5mm) to achieve a duty rating better than

Medium, because of the board’s performance in the hard

body perforation test. In the majority of cases, the type of

board used will determine the maximum partition duty

rating. The table below shows the maximum rating

available based on a single layer board lining. In all cases, a

double layer lining on a Gyproc partition system achieves

Severe Duty.

Board type required to achieve a given duty rating

Board type Maximum rating

Gyproc WallBoard 12.5mm MediumGyproc WallBoard 15mm MediumGyproc SoundBloc 12.5mm MediumGyproc SoundBloc 15mm MediumGyproc FireLine 12.5mm Medium

Gyproc FireLine 15mm HeavyGyproc SoundBloc 15mm Heavy1

Glasroc F MULTIBOARD 10mm Heavy

Glasroc F MULTIBOARD 12.5mm SevereGyproc DuraLine 15mm Severe

Rigidur H 12.5mm / 15mm Severe

1 Minimum Gypframe 70mm Stud for Heavy Duty.

Maximum partition heightsIn our opinion, BS 5234: Part 2 does not contain a

consistent methodology for establishing the performance

of a partition in terms of height. We have therefore

adopted an industry standard methodology which is based

on the level of lateral deflection (at the mid-span) under a

given uniformly distributed load (UDL). The criterion is that

the maximum lateral deflection of the partition should not

exceed L/240 (where L is the partitions spanning height)

when the partition is uniformly loaded to 200Pa.

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A UKAS accredited test laboratory is utilised to evaluate

partition system heights against the performance criteria.

The test evidence comes from a full-scale test procedure

where the test specimen is subjected to a UDL and the

induced lateral deflection recorded. From this procedure it

is possible to establish the maximum heights for a range of

partition systems i.e. where stud centres are closed from

the typical 600mm.

Structural movementAll Gyproc metal stud partition systems are classified as

non-loadbearing constructions. Deflection of structural

floors and roof slabs can cause appreciable stress on

partitions if not correctly detailed. Therefore, where such

deflection is likely to occur, the partition to soffit junction

detail must be designed to accommodate the full level of

structural movement, whilst still complying with any fire

and acoustic requirements. Typical deflection head details

for fire-rated Gyproc partition systems are provided within

the relevant sections of this manual.

Where Gyproc systems cross a structural movement joint, a

corresponding movement joint should be provided within

the Gyproc system, at the same location, capable of the

same range of movement. Consideration should also be

given to the appropriate detailing to maintain fire and

acoustic performance.

Gyproc Control Joint provides a suitable solution for

movement up to +/- 7mm. Gyproc Control Joint may also

be required to relieve stresses induced by fluctuations in

environmental conditions. BS 8212: 1995 Code of practice

for dry lining and partitioning using gypsum plasterboard

states that ‘Consideration should be given to the inclusion

of movement joints at 10m intervals in long and

continuous partitions, walls and ceiling linings.’

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

TemperatureWith the exception of Gyproc Placocem tile backer boards,

all other Gyproc and Glasroc plasterboards should not be

used where the temperature will exceed 49ºC. Gyproc

Placocem Tile Backer boards have an upper limit of 90ºC.

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, and / or multiple

exposures for short periods, results in gradual continued

calcination of the gypsum and subsequent loss of its

inherent properties. Gyproc and Glasroc plasterboards can

be subject to freezing conditions without risk of damage.

MoistureGyproc plasterboards should not be used in continuously

damp conditions, or in buildings that are not weathertight.

However, Gyproc Moisture Resistant WallBoard, Glasroc

boards, Gyproc Placocem Tile Backer boards and other

moisture resistant (MR) grade plasterboards are all suitable

for use in intermittently damp conditions in conjunction

with an appropriate decorative finish. This should take the

form of ceramic tiling or other suitably impervious coating

by others.

Two coats of Gyproc DryWall Sealer applied to the face of

standard grade Gyproc plasterboards, with edges suitably

protected from moisture may also be suitable to receive a

tile finish. The application of Gyproc DryWall Sealer

provides resistance to surface water absorption only, and

does not meet the performance requirements for moisture

resistant grade boards as defined in BS EN 520, type H1.

Glasroc boards are also suitable for use in semi-exposed

situations. Semi-exposed environments can be defined as

being sheltered external areas where the board is free

from running water and direct weathering. Typical example

situations where these boards would be used would be

semi-exposed soffits such as the underside of roof eaves,

carports, basements, and the underside of sheltered

external porches.

Relative humidity (RH)In moderate humidity situations, i.e. 40% to 70% RH, no

special precautions need to be taken when using Gyproc

plasterboards, other than those necessary to prevent

interstitial condensation throughout the constructed

element. However, whenever the buildings heating system

is turned off a rapid increase in relative humidity can occur

as the building cools down. This could lead to the

occurance of potentially harmful surface condensation.

Suitable precautions should therefore be taken.

Low humidity does not affect the plasterboards, but may

lead to distortion of timber framing members as they dry

below their usual moisture content.

Intermittently high relative humidity, i.e. above 70% RH,

requires special treatment to the face of the

plasterboards, and only moisture resistant (MR) grade

plasterboards, Gyproc Placocem boards or Glasroc boards

should be used. Suitable surface treatments include

ceramic tiling and water vapour resistant paint systems.

No Gyproc or Glasroc plasterboard is considered suitable

for continuously high humidity situations. Note that

swimming pool environments are regarded as

environments with continuously high humidity.

X-ray protectionThistle X-Ray plaster provides X-ray protection and is

approved by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland

for use with certain types of facilities within hospital and

other healthcare environments.

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IMPORTANT:Please read the following notes before specifying, handling

or installing Gypsum Industries products. The notes are for

guidance purposes and are not intended to be exhaustive.

When installing proprietary products, by others, reference

should be made to the manufacturers’ instructions and

product data.

General The advice and guidance referred to does not seek to

replace the Health and Safety advice and systems of

employers in relation to the use and installation of the

Company’s products but should also be considered. At all

times all users of such products and installation techniques

should ensure that they are familiar with, and adhere to,

their employer’s own Health and Safety procedures and all

relevant Health & Safety legislation, standards and guidance.

The Gypsum Industries products and systems included in

this manual have been developed for use in domestic,

commercial and industrial buildings. Guidance as to the

correct installation and use of these products and systems is

included in the installation sections.

It is important to follow good site practice at all times and

to ensure that appropriate safety precautions are taken

(including the wearing of appropriate personal protective

equipment and clothing) when working with Gypsum

Industries products.

The following general notes are offered for guidance:

• Gypsum Industries systems are non-loadbearing and are

not designed to support body weight. Fixers

must work from an independent support system.

• Manual off-loading of boards, panels and bagged

materials should be carried out with care to avoid

unnecessary strain.

• Keep sanding and other dust generation to a

minimum. Maintain adequate ventilation and/or

wear suitable protection.

• When cutting boards or metal sections, hand and

power tools should be used with care keeping

blades and saw teeth clear of hands, etc.

• Power tools should be used in accordance with

manufacturers’ recommendations, and only be

used by people who have been instructed and

trained to use them safely.

• When using powdered products, mix with water

in well ventilated conditions. Avoid contact with

eyes and skin – wear suitable eye and skin

protection. In the event of contact with the eyes,

irrigate with plenty of clean water immediately.

• When handling insulation or cutting board

products containing glass fibre, wear suitable

face and skin protection. Wear eye protection

when working overhead.

Suitable protection should be to the following standards:-

• Face protection: EN 149 Class FFP2.

• Eye protection: BS EN 166.

Further information is available in our Material Safety Data

Sheets (MSDS), which are available on request.

Customers are also reminded that under the Safety, Health

and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (Republic of Ireland) and the

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Northern Ireland), and

the following subsequent regulations, employers are under

a duty to ensure that all risks associated with the use of

equipment are properly risk assessed, that employees are

informed of the findings of these assessments and are

instructed, trained and supervised in the proper use of such

work equipment and protective equipment. The extent of

instruction, training and supervision required will depend

on the employees existing competence necessary to use the

work equipment with due regard for Health and Safety.

• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations

• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations

• Personal Protective Equipment Regulations

Handling and storageGypsum Industries fully accepts its responsibilities as a

supplier of building materials and systems as required by

Section 16 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act

2005 (Republic of Ireland) and by Section 6 of the Health

and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Northern Ireland).

However, in designing and installing systems incorporating

Gypsum Industries products, full consideration must be

taken of the legal requirements of:

Republic of Ireland1 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work

(General Application) Regulations 2007, Part 2,

Chapter 4, Manual Handling of Loads

2 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)

Regulations 2006

3 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005

4 Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents)

Regulations 2001

Northern Ireland1 Manual handling Operations Regulations

2 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

3 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations

(COSHH)

Guidance documents / approved codes of practice regarding

these regulations are available via the Irish Health and

Safety Authority and the Health and Safety Executive.

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Loading and unloading palletsPPE: Hard hat, hi-vis and safety shoes required.

● Always place one foot forward by operating from the corner of the pallet or placing one foot on the pallet, taking care to ensure that the pallet does not tip in the process.

● Unlock the knees for low level work.

● Take a firm grip of the load with both hands.

● Lift using the legs to start themovement.

● Always keep the load close when carrying.

● DO NOT LIFT WITH FEET IN LINE OR WITH LOAD IN FRONT OFTHE FRONT FOOT.

Mixing of bagged productsPPE: Mask, eye protection, hard hat, hi-vis andsafety shoes required.

Emptying bags into a mixer ● Always place one foot down by the side of the mixing container.

● Unlock the knees if necessary.

● DO NOT EMPTY BAGS WITH FEET IN LINE.

When mixing ● Keep the foot to the side of the mixing container.

● Unlock the knees if necessary.

● Maintain a balanced position.

● DO NOT WORK WITH FEET IN LINE.

Picking from mid levelPPE: Hard hat, hi-vis and safetyshoes required.

● Place one foot forward.

● Take a firm grip of the load.

● Pull the load to a point of pivot(using the legs if necessary).

● Pivot against the stack.

● Keep the load close.

● DO NOT TWIST.

● DO NOT PICK WITH FEET IN LINE.

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Handling bucketsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.

● Always place one foot alongside the bucket before lifting, or pivotthe bucket towards you before lifting.

● Take a firm grip with both hands.

● If heavy, you may need to tilt and take agrip of the base and the top of the bucket.

● Start the lift with the legs.


● Always turn by moving the feet.

● If taking two buckets, always carry in abalanced manner.

● Only handle what you can manage.

● DO NOT CARRY HEAVY OBJECTS ONONE SIDE.

● DO NOT TWIST.

Handling lengths of metalPPE: Gloves, hard hat, hi-vis and safety shoes required.

● Always approach the lengths ofmetal from one end.



● Take a firm grip.

● Lift using the legs to start the movement.

● DO NOT PICK FROM THE MIDDLE OFTHE STACK.

EITHER

● Work your way to the middle.

● Pivot the stack and carry in a balanced manner.

OR

● Place over the shoulder.

● Work your way to the middle (point of balance).

● Unlock the knees to rest the stack against the shoulder.

● Allow the stack to pivot against the shoulder as you stand up.

● Only carry over the shoulder if you can remain upright.

● Be aware of your surroundings when carrying lengths of metal in this way.

● DO NOT LEAN.

If removing from racksPPE: Gloves, hard hat and safety shoes required.


● Drive with the legs to bring the load to one end.

● Carry in a balanced manner.

● Always communicate during the lifts and carrying.


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Fixing wallsPPE: Eye protection, gloves, hard hat,hi-vis and safety shoes required.

● Operate in a balanced manner.

● Always keep one foot forward.


● Always work in front of the body.

● Use appropriate platforms where necessary.

● DO NOT OVER-REACH OR STRETCH TOTHE SIDES OR ABOVE THE HEAD.

Lifting plasterboards into place(including ceilings) - two personoperation PPE: Eye protection, hard hat, gloves, hi-vis andsafety shoes required.

● Communicate - work together.

● Take a firm grip of the board in both hands.

● Unlock the knees to place board into position.

● Always work in front of the body.

Fixing ceilingsPPE: Eye protection, hard hat and safety shoes required.

● Always work in a balanced position.

● Operate with one foot forward.

● Keep the body upright.

● Always use appropriate platformswhere necessary.

● DO NOT OVER- REACH.

Handling boardsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.

One person operation● Pull the board in towards yourself.


● Lift by using the legs.

● Try using handles for carryingplasterboard.

● Improve your grip and help to make the lift less awkward.

● Tools are available to reduce the timeyou spend in overhead work andholding, to help hold boards in placefor fixing.

● Use team lifting where appropriate.

● Carry the board in a balanced manner (for large boards, you can support the board on the top of the chest/ shoulder).

● Only lift what you feel you can manage.

● If necessary, seek assistance.

● When stacking boards, position boards sideways slightly in front of you, so you do not have to reach over your head or twist your body tolift them.

● Position panels to lean flat against a wall and do not wobble or slide.

● Push and slide panels along their edge or get assistance from a co-worker.

Two person operation● Operate from the corners of the stack.


● Lift board together to vertical position.


● Carry in a balanced manner across the body.

● If walking backwards, ensure it is over the shortest possible distance and clear the route beforehand.

● DO NOT CARRY HEAVY OBJECTS ON ONE SIDE.

Carrying board up / down stairsPPE: Hard hat, gloves, hi-vis and safety shoes required.

● Whether going up or down stairs,place one foot forward then bringboth feet together on each step.

● Keep the boards in a balancedmanner.

● Place both feet on eachstep before moving off toimprove control and balancethroughout the lift.

● Work together and in time.

● Stop wherever necessary (if steps are in poor order, orhave a deeper drop, you may need to place the load down first).


All content and imagery in this sectionhas been produced in association with


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