introduction early middle ages marks birth of europe new ideas and experimentation unique...
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IntroductionEarly Middle Ages marks birth of EuropeNew ideas and experimentationUnique combination of
Graeco-Roman cultureGermanic cultureEvolving Christianity
Threat from Islamic worldWestern Europe increasingly isolatedLost touch with classical learning
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End of Western Roman Empire
ThreatsVisigoths under Alaric sack Rome – 410
Huns under Attila invade Italy – 452
Vandals overrun Rome – 455
Odovacar – 434-493Deposed Romulus Augustulus in 476
Odovacar recognized by Byzantine Zeno
Western empire completely overrun by barbarians
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Romans and BarbariansFall of Rome did not mean end of RomeBarbarian tribes borrow from Rome
Germanic institutions coexist with• Roman law• Roman government• Latin
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals entered the empire as Arian Christians
Franks converted to Catholicism
Roman traditions remained the stronger tradition
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Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman empire survives
Constantinople – capital
Justinian – r. 527-565Theodora
“One God, one empire, one religion”
Corpus Juris Civilis• Foundation for most European law
Goal was to centralize government• Impose legal and doctrinal conformity
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Byzantine Empire (cont.)
Religion also served to centralizeClose ties between emperors and patriarchsLarge number of Jews
• Legal protection
Empire’s strength was its 1500 citiesConstantinople – population of 350,000Cultural crossroads of Europe and AsiaDecurions – councils of wealthy landowners
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Eastern InfluenceHeraclius – r. 610-641
Much greater Eastern influencePressure from Islamic armies
Leo III – r. 717-741Enforced ban on images in Eastern churches
Manzikert - loss to Seljuq Turks in 1071Beginning of the end for the empire
Byzantium remained barrier between east/westMajor conduit of classical learning and science
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Religious DiversityChristianity official faith of Eastern Empire 391
All other religions “demented and insane”Enforced strict laws regarding Jews
East and west religious disputesMonophysite heresyRelationship among the members of the TrinityImages and IconsAbsolute sovereignty
Resulted in eventual schism 1054
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Impact of Islam
Vast Arabic conquestsFrom Spain to India
Christian world badly divided
Generally tolerant of Christians and JewsProvided they paid taxes
Kept their distance
Made no efforts to proselytize Muslims
Forbade mixed marriages
Special taxes on conquered peoples
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Western Debt to IslamEurope developed lasting fear of Islamic world
Arab expansion stopped by Leo III at Constantinople, and Charles Martel at Tours
More advanced Arab civilizationsGolden Age
• Arabic translations of Greek works• Hippocrates and Galen
Al Razi (Rhazes)Ibn-Sina (Avicenna)Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
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Developing the Roman Church
Slowly gained in strengthCentralized, organized on Roman modelLocal cathedral center of urban life
Constantine granted Christian churchSpecial privilegesWealth
Edict of Milan in 313 – legal standingsOfficial religion of empire in 391
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Monastic CultureFirst monks were hermits
Life of complete self-denial
Anthony of Egypt – father of hermit monasticismPachomius – organized monks in communitiesBasil the Great – emphasis on social serviceBenedict of Nursia – 480-547
Monte CassinoRules for MonasteriesPeriods of study and religious devotion
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Doctrine of Papal PrimacyPopes much stronger than Byzantine patriarchsDoctrine of “papal primacy”Pope Damasus I – r. 366-384
Declared Rome’s “apostolic” primacyPopes as direct successors of Peter
Pope Leo I – r. 440-461Pontifex maximus – “supreme priest”
Pope Gelasius I – r. 492-496Claim of supremacy over kings
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Division of Christendom
Split between Byzantine and Roman Catholic
Three major factorsQuestions of doctrinal authority
• Roman supremacy unacceptable in East
Western addition of the filioque clause to Nicene Creed• Belief that Christ of one essence with God
Iconoclastic controversy• Byzantine Emperor Leo III – r. 717-741
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Merovingians and CarolingiansClovis - 466-511
Founder of first Frankish dynasty• Merovingians
Converted to Christianity
Conquered territory across northern EuropeKingdom progressively fragmentedPepin II – d. 714 – mayor of the palace
Ruled in fact if not in title
Charles Martel “the Hammer” – d. 741Battle of Tours – 732
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Frankish ChurchClose ties between Frankish rulers and PopesConversion of ClovisCharles Martel used the church to pacify conquered tribesPope Zacharias sanctioned Pepin the Short’s termination of the Merovingian dynastyPope Stephen II – r. 752-757
Appealed directly to Pepin the Short for helpPepin received title Patricius Romanorum
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Charlemagne – r. 768-814Tremendous military leader
Kingdom – modern France, Belgium Holland, Switzerland, Germany, northern Italy
Capital at AachenUsed church to promote social stabilityImperial aspirations
Dreamt of Roman greatnessCrowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800Creation of Holy Roman Empire
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Charlemagne and Government
Use of 250 counts Local magnates with three responsibilities
• Maintain local army loyal to king
• Collect tribute and dues
• Administer justice throughout his district Mallus - district law court
Missi dominiciLay and clerical agents to watch over empire
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Carolingian Renaissance
Attempt to bring best scholars to court
Einhard – 770-840 – Charlemagne’s biographer
Alcuin of York – 735-804Director of palace school in 782
Brought classical learning to Aachen• Grammar, logic, rhetoric
Upgrade administrative skills of bureaucracy• Reading, writing, speaking sound reasoning
Minuscule
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Manor and Serfdom
Manors were focus of agrarian economyLord gave land and protection
Peasants labored in subordination to a lord
Peasants treated according to statusFreeman - peasant with own small property
• Clear definition of economic and legal rights
Impoverished serfs with no rights
Increase in agricultural productionMoldboard plow and three-field system
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Religion and Clergy
Lords had right to raise serfs to post of parish priest
Serf was supposed to be set free before entering clergy but lord was often reluctant to do this
Lords preferred a “serf priest”• Liked a docile parish clergy
Local priests often poorly educatedVeneration of relics and saints
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Breakup of Carolingian Kingdom
Dissolution lay in regionalismLouis the Pious – r. 814-840
Salic lawSons – Lothar, Louis, Pepin, Charles
Treaty of Verdun – 843Split between modern Germany and FranceContinual contest over middle territory
Threat from invasionsVikings, Magyars, Muslims
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Feudal Society
Chronic absence of effective central governmentAnd threat of famine, disease, foreign invasion
Weaker sought protection of stronger
Feudal society is the social, political, military and economic system from these conditions
Landed nobility became great lordsMaintained own armies
Regulated local tolls
Even minted own coins
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Origins of Feudal Society
Found in divisions of Merovingian societyIndividual freemen began placing themselves under protection of stronger freemen
Ingenui in obsequio – freemen in a contractual obligation of dependence
Vassi – “those who serve”
Vassalage
Lords granted vassals land as “tenement”Known as benefice or fief
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Vassalage and the Fief
Vassalage involved “fealty” to lordTo swear fealty was to promise to refrain from any action that might threaten the lordAnd to perform personal services
• Such as duty as a mounted knight• Scutage - monetary payment by vassal to get out of
military service
Vassal expected to give lord advice and sit as member of court when in session
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Lord’s Obligation to Vassal
Protect vassal from physical harm
Stand as vassal’s advocate in public court
Provide physical maintenance by bestowal of benefice
Money fiefs
Fief was usually a landed estate
Bishops and abbots also swore fealty and received their offices from king as a benefice
• Angered church
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Divided Loyalty
Multiplication of vassalageEffective occupation of land led to claims of hereditary possession
Hereditary possession became a legally recognized principle in the ninth century
One man could be a vassal to several different lords
“Liege lord”
“Oath of fealty”
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