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Introduction Introduction Diffuse flow is detected using remote acoustic imaging. It is traditionally difficult to measure because it has a lower temperature and velocity than does focused flow (black and white smokers) and occurs over large areas. Studying diffuse flow is important because it is possible that more heat is transferred by diffuse flow than by focused flow in the ocean’s hydrothermal system. Characterizing Diffuse Hydrothermal Flow in the Main Characterizing Diffuse Hydrothermal Flow in the Main Endeavour Field, Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge Juan de Fuca Ridge Catherine Jedrzejczyk, Karen Bemis, Peter Rona Methods Methods The purpose of this project was to establish relationships among data gathered from the hydrothermal system of the Grotto region of the Main Endeavour Field. I worked with the following data sets: Main Endeavour Field bathymetry, diffuse flow maps, and diffuse flow rate measurements. The measurements of diffuse flow were collected by the Vent Imaging Pacific 2000 cruise (R/V Thompson cruise 114 with ROV Jason; 21-31 July 2000) . Using Matlab, I created images of diffuse flow draped over the bathymetry of the seafloor hydrothermal field. Then, I divided my data into three regions of diffuse flow. From the plots, I quantified the area where diffuse flow was measured. Diffuse flow rates are measured by video time-lapse photography. I reviewed the tapes filmed during dive JAS-285 of VIP 2000 and calculated flow rates from particle movement across the temperature sensor in the flow. From my velocity calculation and point measurements of temperature, I calculated the heat flux for that region. JAS-285 July 30.2000194/07 Tape 16 Horizontal Time Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s) 14:34:59 4.7 23 0.77 6.1 14:35:00 4.7 15 0.5 9.4 14:35:02 4.7 18 0.6 7.8 14:35:18 4.7 23 0.77 6.1 14:35:20 4.7 24 0.8 5.9 14:35:24 4.7 21 0.7 6.7 14:35:52 4.7 19 0.63 7.4 14:35:58 4.7 25 0.83 5.6 14:36:15 4.7 22 0.73 6.4 14:36:15 4.7 17 0.57 8.3 Mean: 7.0 St Dev: 1.2 JAS-285 July 30.2000 020/30 Tape 17 Time Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s) 16:41:46 16.5 36 1.2 13.8 16:41:49 16.5 35 1.2 14.1 16:41:49 16.5 45 1.5 11.0 16:41:52 16.5 39 1.3 12.7 16:42:41 16.5 80 2.7 6.2 16:42:00 16.5 70 2.3 7.1 16:42:11 16.5 75 2.5 6.6 Mean: 10.2 St Dev: 3.5 JAS-285 July 29.2000 093/04 Tape 2 Time Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s) 11:16:37 11.5 15 0.50 23.0 11:16:57 11.5 34 1.13 10.1 11:16:59 11.5 14 0.47 24.6 11:17:33 11.5 26 0.87 13.3 11:17:38 11.5 13 0.43 26.5 11:18:48 11.5 21 0.70 16.4 11:17:40 11.5 14 0.47 24.6 11:17:43 11.5 14 0.47 24.6 11:17:48 11.5 18 0.60 19.2 11:17:49 11.5 10 0.33 34.5 11:18:22 11.5 14 0.47 24.6 11:18:28 11.5 15 0.50 23.0 Mean: 22.1 St Dev: 6.5 Total area measured (m 2 ) Area of diffuse flow (m 2 ) Percent diffuse flow Temperature of diffuse flow (deg C) Heat Flux (MW) Region 1 8537 1249 14.6 - - Region 2 2801 548 19.6 max 22.7 min 5.8 max 1.05 x 10 4 min 1.68x10 3 Region 3 5721 702 12.3 - - Total 17059 2499 14.6 References Bemis, K. G., P.A. Rona, D. R. Jackson, C. D. Jones, K. Santilli, K. Mitsuzawa. B12A-0749 Integrating acoustic imaging of flow regimes with bathymetry: a case study, Main Endeavour Field. Rona, P.A., D.R. Jackson, T. Wen, C. Jones, K. Mitsuzawa, K. G. Bemis, J. G. Dworski. Acoustic mapping of diffuse flow at a seafloor hydrothermal site: Monolith Vent, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 2351- 2354, 1997. VIP (Vent Imaging Pacific) 2000 Cruise Report. R/V THOMPPSON, 21-31 July 2000. Main Endeavour Field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. IMCS, Rutgers. Applied Physics Lab, UW. Deep Sea Research Dept.. JAMSTEC. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab, NOAA. Conclusions Conclusions I was able to use computer visualization technology to create a 3D image of diffuse flow draped over the ocean floor. From 2D plots of diffuse flow intensity, I could estimate the size of the regions of flow. From video data of Region 2, I could estimate flow rates. I used these estimations of velocity and area in a formula to calculate the heat flux for the region. Even with its low temperature and velocity, diffuse flow is extremely important in the transmission of heat to ocean water. The heat flux may even exceed that of smokers because the wide areas of diffuse flow compensates for its low temperature and flow rates. Temperature probe over alvinellids 4.924 4.925 4.926 4.927 4.928 4.929 x 10 5 5.3104 5.3105 5.3105 5.3106 5.3106 5.3106 5.3107 5.3107 5.3108 5.3109 5.3109 x 10 6 D ecorrelation in dB -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Region 3 Region 2 Region 1 Easting (m) Northing (m) Intensity of diffuse Intensity of diffuse flow flow Results Results Diffuse flow Diffuse flow draped over draped over bathymetry bathymetry Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) Water depth (m) Water depth (m) Water depth (m) Determining a Threshold Value Determining a Threshold Value Raw data plotted with no threshold. Bands of noise visible. By comparing graphs of different threshold values, I decided to consider only readings above -13 dB. 1 2 3 From these calculations, diffuse flow velocity in this region ranges between 0.07 and 0.28 m/s. For one area, I estimated a current velocity of 0.07 m/s. Flow Rate Measurements from Flow Rate Measurements from Video Data Video Data Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) Northing (m) (dB) (dB) (dB)

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Temperature probe over alvinellids. Intensity of diffuse flow. Water depth (m). Water depth (m). Region 2. Northing (m). Region 3. Region 1. Water depth (m). Easting (m). Characterizing Diffuse Hydrothermal Flow in the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction

IntroductionIntroductionDiffuse flow is detected using remote acoustic imaging. It is traditionally difficult to measure because it has a lower temperature and velocity than does focused flow (black and white smokers) and occurs over large areas. Studying diffuse flow is important because it is possible that more heat is transferred by diffuse flow than by focused flow in the ocean’s hydrothermal system.

Characterizing Diffuse Hydrothermal Flow in the Main Endeavour Field, Characterizing Diffuse Hydrothermal Flow in the Main Endeavour Field,

Juan de Fuca RidgeJuan de Fuca Ridge

Catherine Jedrzejczyk, Karen Bemis, Peter Rona

MethodsMethodsThe purpose of this project was to establish relationships among data gathered from the hydrothermal system of the Grotto region of the Main Endeavour Field. I worked with the following data sets: Main Endeavour Field bathymetry, diffuse flow maps, and diffuse flow rate measurements. The measurements of diffuse flow were collected by the Vent Imaging Pacific 2000 cruise (R/V Thompson cruise 114 with ROV Jason; 21-31 July 2000) . Using Matlab, I created images of diffuse flow draped over the bathymetry of the seafloor hydrothermal field. Then, I divided my data into three regions of diffuse flow. From the plots, I quantified the area where diffuse flow was measured. Diffuse flow rates are measured by video time-lapse photography. I reviewed the tapes filmed during dive JAS-285 of VIP 2000 and calculated flow rates from particle movement across the temperature sensor in the flow. From my velocity calculation and point measurements of temperature, I calculated the heat flux for that region.

JAS-285July 30.2000 194/07Tape 16 HorizontalTime Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s)

14:34:59 4.7 23 0.77 6.114:35:00 4.7 15 0.5 9.414:35:02 4.7 18 0.6 7.814:35:18 4.7 23 0.77 6.114:35:20 4.7 24 0.8 5.914:35:24 4.7 21 0.7 6.714:35:52 4.7 19 0.63 7.414:35:58 4.7 25 0.83 5.614:36:15 4.7 22 0.73 6.414:36:15 4.7 17 0.57 8.3

Mean: 7.0St Dev: 1.2

JAS-285July 30.2000 020/30Tape 17Time Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s)

16:41:46 16.5 36 1.2 13.816:41:49 16.5 35 1.2 14.116:41:49 16.5 45 1.5 11.016:41:52 16.5 39 1.3 12.716:42:41 16.5 80 2.7 6.216:42:00 16.5 70 2.3 7.116:42:11 16.5 75 2.5 6.6

Mean: 10.2St Dev: 3.5

JAS-285July 29.2000 093/04Tape 2Time Distance(cm) Frames Seconds Rate (cm/s)

11:16:37 11.5 15 0.50 23.011:16:57 11.5 34 1.13 10.111:16:59 11.5 14 0.47 24.611:17:33 11.5 26 0.87 13.311:17:38 11.5 13 0.43 26.511:18:48 11.5 21 0.70 16.411:17:40 11.5 14 0.47 24.611:17:43 11.5 14 0.47 24.611:17:48 11.5 18 0.60 19.211:17:49 11.5 10 0.33 34.511:18:22 11.5 14 0.47 24.611:18:28 11.5 15 0.50 23.0

Mean: 22.1St Dev: 6.5

Total area measured (m2)

Area of diffuse flow (m2)

Percent diffuse flow

Temperature of diffuse flow (deg C)

Heat Flux (MW)

Region 1 8537 1249 14.6 - -

Region 2 2801 548 19.6 max

22.7

min

5.8

max

1.05 x 104

min

1.68x103

Region 3 5721 702 12.3 - -

Total 17059 2499 14.6

ReferencesBemis, K. G., P.A. Rona, D. R. Jackson, C. D. Jones, K. Santilli, K. Mitsuzawa. B12A-0749 Integrating acoustic imaging of flow regimes with bathymetry: a case study, Main Endeavour Field.

Rona, P.A., D.R. Jackson, T. Wen, C. Jones, K. Mitsuzawa, K. G. Bemis, J. G. Dworski. Acoustic mapping of diffuse flow at a seafloor hydrothermal site: Monolith Vent, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 2351-2354, 1997.

VIP (Vent Imaging Pacific) 2000 Cruise Report. R/V THOMPPSON, 21-31 July 2000. Main Endeavour Field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. IMCS, Rutgers. Applied Physics Lab, UW. Deep Sea Research Dept.. JAMSTEC. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab, NOAA.

ConclusionsConclusionsI was able to use computer visualization technology to create a 3D image of diffuse flow draped over the ocean floor. From 2D plots of diffuse flow intensity, I could estimate the size of the regions of flow. From video data of Region 2, I could estimate flow rates. I used these estimations of velocity and area in a formula to calculate the heat flux for the region.

Even with its low temperature and velocity, diffuse flow is extremely important in the transmission of heat to ocean water. The heat flux may even exceed that of smokers because the wide areas of diffuse flow compensates for its low temperature and flow rates.

Temperature probe over alvinellids

4.924 4.925 4.926 4.927 4.928 4.929

x 105

5.3104

5.3105

5.3105

5.3106

5.3106

5.3106

5.3107

5.3107

5.3108

5.3109

5.3109x 10

6 Decorrelation in dB

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Region 3

Region 2

Region 1

Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Intensity of diffuse flowIntensity of diffuse flow

ResultsResults

Diffuse flow draped Diffuse flow draped over bathymetryover bathymetry

Easting (m)

Easting (m)

Easting (m)

Northing (m)Northing (m)

Northing (m)

Wa

ter

de

pth

(m

)W

ate

r d

ep

th (

m)

Wa

ter

de

pth

(m

)

Determining a Threshold ValueDetermining a Threshold Value

Raw data plotted with no threshold. Bands of noise visible. By comparing graphs of different threshold values, I decided to consider only readings above -13 dB.

1 2

3

From these calculations, diffuse flow velocity in this region ranges between 0.07 and 0.28 m/s.

For one area, I estimated a current velocity of 0.07 m/s.

Flow Rate Measurements from Video DataFlow Rate Measurements from Video Data

Easting (m)Easting (m)Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Easting (m) Easting (m) Easting (m)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

Nor

thin

g (m

)

(dB) (dB)(dB)

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02fire/background/plan/media/nepac.html

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