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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Fruit crops are our greatest heritage from time immemorial, so-called

prehistory era (Harlan 1992; Diamond 2002). How, where, and when the

domestication of fruit crops is slowly becoming revealed were practiced

although not completely understood (Camp et al., 1957; Smartt and Simmonds,

1995; Gepts, 2003). In some cases, the genetic distance between wild and

domestic plants is so great, and so surprising that maize and crucifers, for

example, that their origins are obscure.

In the late Neolithic and Bronze Ages between 6000 and 3000 BCE, the

ancient Mediterranean fruits (date, olive, grape, fig, sycomore fig, and

pomegranate) were domesticated (Zohary and Spiegel-Roy 1975). Fruits such

as citrus, banana, various pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, medlar) and stone

fruits (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum) were domesticated in Central

and East Asia and reached the West in antiquity. A number of fruits and nuts

were domesticated only in the 19th and 20th centuries (blueberry, blackberry,

pecan, and kiwifruit). Some well-known fruits, although extensively collected,

remain to be domesticated such as lingonberry, various cacti such as pitaya,

brazilnut, and durian.

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The world of today is suffering from the problem of shortage of food.

Billions of people suffer from severe problem of nutrition. Asian, Africans,

Latin American countries, North American and Western European countries

suffer from malnutrition. There is nearly 20 year gap in life expectancy

between the rich and poor nations. Although many foodstuffs are available for

the daily supplement in human body, there is lapse of nutrient from fruits,

which is one of the major supplier of nutrition that exists naturally. Apart from

the caloric needs there is a severe shortage of food materials, such as fruits and

vegetables, tubers, root crops, and fruit nuts, which are the most important

plant foods, supplying the people with many of their nutritive requirements,

including minerals, vitamin C, β- carotene, vitamins B-complex, dietary fiber,

as well as a variety of flavors. With the increasing recognition of their values in

the human diet, fruits are gaining commercial importance (Salunkhe and Desai,

1984). Fruits are highly perishable food products. Wastage of fruits is so high

in some instances that between the field and the consumer, bountiful amounts

of highly nutritious crops are reduced to heaps of refuse. Lack of understanding

of the postharvest etiology affects both the suppliers and profits and as a result

there is outmost need of modern postharvest technology which is mainly

concerned with storage.

Fruits are grown in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the

world. Among the fruits grown in temperate and subtropical regions, grapes are

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the major temperate fruit in term of quantity produced, with large quantities

being utilized to make wine and dried fruits. The subtropical regions of the

world have expanded their tropical fruit production over the last 20 years. In

many of these countries, tropical fruits have become an important source of

export revenue. The United States is the leading producer of fruits in the world,

followed by Brazil, Italy, India, France, the USSR, and China (Underhill, 1993;

Salunkhe and Kadam, 1995)

NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF FRUIT

The nutritional value of fruits as a vital source of essential minerals,

vitamins and dietary fiber has been well recognized. In addition to these

constituents, fruits also supply fair amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and

energy. Fruits play particularly an important role in human nutrition in

supplying certain constituents in which other food materials are deficient.

Fruits contributes 90% of the vitamin C ,50% of the β-carotene (vitamin –

A),35% of the vitamin B6, 20% of the thiamine, 25% of the magnesium, 20%

of the iron,10% of the calories, 10% of the proteins, and the bulk of the dietary

fiber to the diets of human being (Salunkhe et al., 1991a). For a balance diet we

need minimum 85 g fruit per head per day (Das and Das, 2003). Fruits are rich

source of minerals. A large number of mineral elements are the structural

components of body and act as catalytic agents in many physiological

reactions. Ten minerals are essential for the growth and development of human

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body. Of these, calcium, phosphorus, iron and magnesium are most essential

(Das and Das, 2003).Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the principal vitamin

supplied by fruit and (about 90% of a person’s dietary required these vitamin).

On average, an adult human being requires about 50mg of vitamin C per day,

and many fruits contain this amount in less than 100g of tissue (Salunkhe et al.,

1991a). Citrus fruits have around 50 mg per 100g, kiwi fruit 100mg per 100g

(Smith and Somerset, 1993), while gooseberry and acerola fruits contain about

300- 100 mg per100g. Green and yellow fruits are rich sources of β- carotene,

thiamin, niacin, and folic acid. Vitamin A (β- carotene) is essential for the

normal functioning of the visual processes and structure of the eye, and a

prolonged deficiency of this vitamin may lead to blindness. Fruits do not

contain the active vitamin A compound, retinol, but certain carotenoids such as

β –carotene are converted to active retinol in the body. Only about 10% of the

carotenoids present in fruit product are precursors of vitamin A. The orange

coloured fruits such as rockmelon, peach, persimmon, apricot are rich in β –

carotene. Pantothenic acid is found in appreciable quantities in watermelon,

currants, apricots, and berries and nicotinic acid in apricots, nectarines,

peaches, passionfruits and guavas. Fruit are rich in pectins and gums. Pectin

acts as a general intestinal regulator and detoxifying agent and its effective in

reducing cholesterol levels (Pilnick and Voragen, 1970). A substantial

proportion of carbohydrates in fruits is present as dietary fiber in the form of

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances and lignin.

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Human beings lack certain enzymes such as cellulose, hemicellulase and

pectinase. Fiber was once considered an unnecessary component in the human

diet, although it was thought to relieve constipation. The epidemiological

evidence obtained shows that dietary fiber can be the panacea to cure several

human diseases, especially in the affluent Western societies. Most developed

countries encourage increased consumption of complex carbohydrates and

fiber, which are abundant in fruits, and dietary recommendations in the United

Kingdom and Germany specifically advise increased fruit consumption (Smith

and Somerset, 1993). In addition, fruits also supply proteins, lipids, organic

acid and volatile that gives characteristic flavors. Water is the most abundant

constituent of fruits, most fruits containing more than 80% and some fruits

such as apples, oranges, and several others containing as much as 90% water

(Salunkhe et al., 1991a).

Certain fruit components are extracted for the use of pharmacological or

therapeutic possessions. Limonin and nomilin (and other limonoids) are present

in citrus plants such as orange, lemon, lime and grapefruit. These compounds

are believed to have a role in inhibiting the development of certain forms of

cancer and recent research has indicated that the antioxidant properties of β-

carotene may also play a role in the prevention of some forms of cancer.

Prunus contain hydroxyphenylisatin derivatives, which stimulate colonic

smooth muscles, explaining their traditional use as a laxative. Ellagic acid is a

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naturally occurring phenolic constituent presents in fruits, especially

strawberries ( Mass et al., 1991a,1991b) and other berries ( Daniel et al., 1989).

Fruits are generally low in fats and oil and are therefore, an important food in

diets designed to reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases. (Smith and

Somerset, 1993).

PROCESSING OF FRUITS PRODUCT

At present in India processing of fruits and vegetables is extremely low

(below 2%). Value addition to the raw produce is only 7% compared to as

much as 23% in China, 45% in the Philippines and 188% in the UK. Moreover,

the food processing also has additional advantages to reduce post-harvest

wastage, control of price fluctuation, reduction in distress sale by farmers and

also generate large employment potential (Ramanathan et al., 2007). Fruits are

processed into several products, such as juices, jams, jellies, wines, dried fruits

and canned products, by employing different methods of food preservation.

The consumption of these products provides the majority of the nutrients

present in fruit to the consumers. However, some nutrients are lost during

processing. Processed fruit are being used increasingly in the dairy industry, as

an additive in fermented milk products such as yoghurt. These fruits product

can be used to improve the palatability of foods such as whole –meal bread,

thus increasing the intake of nutrients such as grain fiber and the β – complex

vitamins. Fruit derivatives are also used in the confectionery manufacturing

7

industries (Smith and Somerset, 1993). Large quantities of fruits are used in the

production of fruit juices (Salunkhe et al., 1991b). Fruit juice, either processed

or fresh, is a significant source of vitamin C in many countries. As there is

ever-increasing demand for products with less salt and sugar, fermented

product with desirable qualities can be prepared by using fruits as raw material.

Thus, fruits will play a major role in the nutrition of the world population due

to their nutritional and pharmacological significance.

HISTORY OF FRUITS IN INDIA

In India the cultivation of fruits had its origin as early as 7000 BC. The

earliest fruit cultivated by man seems to be the date – palm, followed by

pomegranate and reference to grape cultivation has been made in Arthashastra

(Pandey and Chadha 1997). Before the start of organized agriculture, nomads

sustained themselves with games and wild fruits. However, growing and

utilization of fruits has been inherent in the Indian way of life from ancient

times. Medicinal uses of fruits like emblic, citrus, wild dates, grapes, hog-plum,

jackfruit, wild fig, lemon, lime, mango, mulberry, orange, sour orange, banana,

pomegranate, walnut, almond, pistachio nut, wood apple, etc., have been

mentioned in charak samhita and sushrut samhita. Fruit culture has been dealt

with in Vriksha ayurveda composed in 1392 and in Kautilya’s Artha shastra

written in fourth century BC. Besides, the cultural practices for different fruits

were developed ever since the time of Varahmihira until the concept of

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intensive cultivation became popular (Chadha and Pareek, 1993). In the past,

fruits were cultivated as a backyard crop or border trees along fields to fulfill

the needs of the family. It was a common sight to see mango, guava, jujube

trees along the roads or around the village temple or wall. But regular

plantation of fruit trees, their proper care, pruning, protection from diseases,

irrigation and manuring practices were highly neglected.

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Christian missionaries

and European settlers pioneered the organised culture of fruit orchards in India.

They introduced new varieties of fruit trees from the U. K., France and the East

Indies and established commercial orchards, like the famous Lee in Kulu

Valley and Coutts and Stokes in the Shimla hills. It was only during the past

half century that rapid development of fruit culture on commercial lines, has

taken place (Pandhey and Chadha, 1997). Although fruit had been popular, yet

their commercial production and their monetary aspect have not been fully

exploited. The first introduction of all the commercial cultivars of apple, pear,

cherries, plums, peach, apricot, pecan, persimmon and strawberry fruits in

India appears to have been done by the Chinese hostages who planted peaches

and pear in east Punjab during the time of King Kanishka in the First Century

AD (Sharma, 1993). By the middle of the 18th century, Plums had been

established in India (Hayes, 1957). Many varieties of pears, apricots, peaches

and plums were introduced to the Central Provinces from Australia in 1992 at

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Chhindwara but shifted to Pachmarhi in 1928 (Sharma,1993). During the

period of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of erstwhile Patiala State introduced about

200 varieties of plums, apricots, peaches and Chineses jujube from California,

France and Italy, and planted in 1931 at many locations in hilly temperate areas

of Patiala ranging from 400 to 2200 m above the sea level. This varietal testing

venture has been the biggest selective trial of that period (Verma, 1946, 1949).

As a result of this a number of present day stone fruit varieties like Royal

apricots, Elberta peach, Beauty plums have been recommended for cultivation

in mid hills of North India.

Fruit research in India was started in the Department of Botany of the

six Agricultural Colleges established in 1905 at Pune, Coimbatore, Lyallpur

(now in Pakistan), Nagpur, Sabour and Kanpur. The Imperial Agricultural

Research Institute set up at Pusa (Bihar) and the Provincial and Central

Departments of Agriculture was organized to look after the work on

horticultural crops. A pomological station was established at Conoor near Ooty

in 1920 to study the adaptability of temperate fruits varieties. Indian Council of

Agricultural Research continued to foster and promote fruit research in the

states through ad-hoc schemes and National Agricultural Research Project

(NARP), etc., (Chadha and Pareek,1993).A new plan (Vishesh Krishi Upaz

Yojana) has been implemented in 2005 in order to promote the exports of

fruits, vegetables, flowers, forest dairy and poultry product(Lea,2010).

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Agricultural intensification started in India through the Green Revolution in the

mid-1960s: the aim for the government was to become self-sufficient in food

grains and to eradicate starvation. The revolution implied increased farming

areas, introduction of mixed-cropping techniques, improved seeds, new

cultivation technology and practices (Guerrin, 2009; Lea, 2010).

India, bestowed with diverse topography and extreme climatic

conditions, provides ideal conditions for the cultivation of various kinds of

fruits throughout the year. Both tropical and temperate fruits can be

successfully cultivated here. Temperate fruits like apples, walnuts, cherries,

pears, plums, apricots, peaches and persimmons may be cultivated at altitudes

ranging from 4000-6000 feet, whereas tropical fruits like mango, banana,

guava, papaya, litchi and loquat can be grown at lower altitudes (Pandey and

Chadha, 1997). At the foot of the Nilgiri hills in South India, several exotic

fruits, such as mangosteen, durian, avocado, and rambutan may be grown.

Another important aspect of fruit cultivation is that an unlimited variety of

fruits may be available throughout the year. Citrus fruits ripen from August to

April, peaches, plum and apricots ripen from May to July, pears reaches the

market in August. With such a variety of fruits available throughout the year,

the scope of growing a variety of luscious fruits is unlimited.

Indigenous and traditional knowledge related to nature, plants and other

material objects that may have ceremonial heritage or aesthetic values are

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common heritage of the humanity. It has been universally accepted that fruits

are essential for the maintenance of happy and healthy life and should be an

integral part of our daily diet. Fruits, besides, their high-energy giving

carbohydrate contents, are also valued for their mineral contents, vitamins, and

enzymes that are of great importance for the healthy functioning of the body.

Fruits are considered as ‘protective food’ due to its availability of rich vitamins

and minerals (Das and Das, 2003). Due to this reason scope of fruit cultivation

becomes inevitable. Many fruit crops can grow in adverse soil and climatic

conditions where the crops fail to survive and produce economic yield. The

vast area of waste land can be taken under cultivation for hardy fruit species

like jujube, date palm, palmyrah palm and lasora etc. Productive life span of

fruit plants is long enough to give yield for a long period which results in

encouragement in fruit cultivation as fruit cultivation has other benefits, like,

reduction of environmental pollution, improvement of ecological balance, help

for soil and water conservation and also enhancement for the beauty of the

surroundings. Fruit cultivation also helps to reduce natural calamities like

floods, and drought, and controls to some extent over the excessive rain and the

high wind velocity and hot air (Panday and Chadha, 1997).

Ensuring food security and eradicating poverty in the second most

populated country of the world (1.13 billion people in 2007) are still the main

objectives of current Indian agricultural policies. In 2005-2006, agriculture

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contributed to 20% and was employing 60% of the labor force (OCDE, 2007).

India produces about 8% of the total fruit production of the world, but its share

of fresh fruit export in the international market is only 0.16%.Interestingly,

fruits in spite of having only1.8 per cent of the cultivated area in India,

contribute to about 7 percent of the crop wealth. Statistical survey reveals that

the area under fruit production is about 2.94 million hectares, which represents

about 0.8 per cent of the total cultivated area of India. The total production of

fruits in India is estimated at 26.5 million tones, which is approximately 9 tones

per hectare (Panday and Chadha, 1997). In India, most of the fruit culture is

confined to the sub- mountainous regions along the Himalayas and south of

Bombay and Hyderabad in a few districts around Nagpur. The state wise area

and production of fruits illustrates that U. P. leads in area under fruit cultivation

(86%) followed by Andhra Pradesh, (11.06%), Bihar (8.03%) and then Kerala

and Karnataka (6.0%). Thus, it is apparent that there is an urgent need for the

increased fruit production, for India to make its position more commanding in

the international market.

Manipur, the land locked state in the north-eastern region of India is

one of the eight jewels of North-Eastern states covering an area of 22.327

sq.kms and lies between the geographical position of longitude 980 03’ E and

940 78’ E and latitude 230 83’N and 250 68’N. The state has a border of about

854 km of which 352 km are in the international border with upper Myanmar

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(Burma) in the east and Chin hills in the South- east, which offers enormous

trade potential with other Asian countries (Ramanathan et al., 2007). The

remaining 502 km long border separates the states from neighboring states of

Nagaland in the north, Assam in the West and Mizoram in the south and south

–west. The state is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot, which is one of the hotspots

of the World and rich in biodiversity (Myers et al., 2000). Rugged hill ranges

with peaks varying in altitude from 2000 to 3000 m above MSL, dominate the

landscape. The hill range occupying 90% of the geographical area

(Ramanathan et al., 2007) surround an oval shaped central valley of 2230 sq.

km and at an elevation of 750 to 900m, MSL (Dubey et al., 2002). The agro-

climatic condition of the region is different from the rest of the country. The

average temperature ranges from 10C to 350C and average annual rainfall is

estimated as 1507 mm- much higher than Indian average (Ramanathan et al.,

2007). The soils are developed from shale and slit stone and the soils are

mostly acidic in reaction with a pH varying from 4.5 to 6.8. With these

variations, different kinds of Forages, herbs, shrubs, vegetables, cereals and

fruits are grown in Manipur. Climate of Manipur is generally sub-tropical

monsoon with a warm to hot in summer and cold in winter. The Monsoon starts

from May to June and continues up to September. The major forest types

occurring in Manipur are Tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen, Tropical

Moist Deciduous, Subtropical Pine, and Subtropical Broadleaf and also small

areas of Temperate Forests. Large stretches of bamboo forests are also found

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(Choudhury, 1992). Manipur is ranked third amongst all the States in respect of

percentage of the State’s geographical area recorded as forest area (Ministry of

Environment and Forest, 2001). As per the Forest Survey of India report of

2001, the recorded forest area of the State is17, 418, 00 ha which constitutes

78% of the geographical area of the State and 2.3% of the country’s forest area.

According to legal classification, the reserved forest constitutes 8.4%, protected

forest 23.9% and unclassed forest 67.7% (Ministry of Environment and Forest,

2001). The Forest Survey of India report of 2001, states that the dense forest is

25.6%, open forest 50.2% and non-forest constitutes 24.2% of the state’s forest

area. On the other hand, there has been a degradation of 218 sq. km of dense

forest to open forest, mainly due to shifting cultivation, called jhum. Manipur

belongs to the catchment areas of two major river systems namely the

Brahmaputra- Barak and the Irrawaddy-Chindwin system. Many rare flora and

fauna are found to be present in this state due to high degree of environmental

diversity within the region. The precious reserve bio-resource is our stock of

wealth for the future.

The northeast region is endowed with enormous genetic diversity in

number of crops like citrus, banana, mango, rice and maize. The region is the

natural home of many citrus species like Citrus indica, C. assamensis,

C. latipes, C. ichagensis, C. aurantium and Citrus reticulata (Sheo and Ghosh,

1997). Agriculture plays a vital role, as it is the backbone of the state economy

15

till today. The existing area under cultivation of different crops in Manipur is

2.85 lakh hectares as against the available potential area of 3.25 lakh hectares.

The state has highly suitable agro-climatic conditions for a wide variety of

horticultural crops especially on the foothills, mid hill slopes and along the

riverbanks. Identified potential area by the state Government is estimated at

2.77 lakh Hectares. Out of this, only about 24,000 Hectares are presently

covered under different fruit crops. Important fruits grown in the state are

pineapple, lime/lemon, banana, oranges, papaya, plum and passion fruit. Other

fruit crops like gooseberry, olive, figs, mandarin and “Heirikokthong” a small

cherry like fruit are also grown locally and have potential for commercial

exploration. The quality of the pineapple (kew-variety) also available in

Manipur has distinct taste and flavour (Ramanathan et al., 2007).

People generally thought that they must eat fruits to live but it is

unfortunate that many of us know very little about what to eat (Daulta and

Ahlamat, 1980). Since time immemorial the people of Manipur relish different

kind of edible fruits unknowingly the importance to the human health and

happy with that. Depending on this varied kinds of seasonal fruits, before

mixed up with there new value added food product, people were comparatively

healthier with longevity. History proves these aspects vividly in this part of the

world. As fruits are cheap source of vitamin C, protein, minerals, which help in

the maintenance of proper health and resistance to disease, these local fruits

16

found in Manipur can serve as a good source of nutritional supplements. They

are essential for the maintenance of human healthy health and integral part of

our daily diet. The nutritive values vary considerably amongst fruits and within

their varieties (Vinita et al., 2005). Something very exclusive much be there in

these fruits and we can ill-afford without exploring it scientifically. If the

scientific exploration for the nutritional values of the fruits is successfully

carried out, it may open a gateway to us to a new dimension of fruit habit.

Unfortunately, due to deforestation and urbanization, the fruits are going

to be out of scenario before proper identification and exploration. Man made

causes have posed serious threats to the diversity of flora. The mountains and

forests, the natural habitat of many wild fruits plants are disturbed and

destroyed, thereby causing degradation and shrinking of the wild life, which

ultimately disturbs the ecological balance of this green planet as a whole. High

forest loss indices have been noted in Manipur that effect in the true forest area

of the total geographical area of the state. As a consequence these wild fruits

are now in the verge of extinction. Singh et al., (1988) reported 46 wild edible

plants available in the markets of Manipur but Singh and Singh, (1985)

reported only 30 wild edible plants in Manipur. Until now there is no work or

record concern with nutritive aspect in wild fruits from Manipur. There is

shortage of data on physical properties and nutrient composition due to lack of

proper research. Lots of work has to be done to identify their nutritive as well

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as curative in terms of antioxidant capacity, the distinguishing quality of which

if found it will add a new parameter in the realm of food nutrition. Thus, the

present investigation is undertaken to study some nutritive values of twenty

wild fruits found in different places of Manipur under the topic entitle “Studies

of the nutritive values of the wild seasonal fruits of Manipur”.

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Table 1.1 District wise area and production for the year 2000-2001 (Area = Hectare, Production = Metric Tonnes) Imphal West Imphal East Bishnupur Thoubal Chandel Ukhrul Senapati Tamenglong Churachandpur

Sl.no. Name of crops Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod 1 Pineapple 170 1040 650 3900 1170 7605 2000 16000 600 3600 150 900 2800 19600 750 4500 1730 12000 2 Banana 150 1242 60 472 180 1392 130 1082 170 1177 50 392 210 1712 460 3680 240 1860 3 Papaya 80 400 230 1150 260 1430 260 1560 250 1375 100 500 190 1045 255 1278 250 1575 4 Orange 120 480 60 220 50 175 100 350 320 1355 280 1120 5 Mango 8 40 12 60 30 150 20 100 50 200 10 50 60 355 6 Peach/pear/plum 35 220 40 220 50 300 40 240 100 240 100 650 170 1235 70 420 90 585 7 Guava 37 163 38 164 60 224 50 189 130 494 130 404 110 344 70 224 70 2598 Lime/lemon 40 160 56 224 107 428 98 392 315 468 315 1569 107 535 123 615 167 750 9 Jack fruit 60 249 60 245 60 219 40 149 30 129 40 169

10 Other fruits 208 358 254 400 1300 1397 1100 1197 753 1100 753 850 515 700 1300 1397 860 1275

Table 1.2 District wise area and production for the year 2001-2002

Imphal West Imphal East Bishnupur Thoubal Chandel Ukhrul Senapati Tamenglong Churachandpur

Sl.no. Name of crops Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod 1 Pineapple 650 4550 180 1260 1170 7605 2000 16000 750 4500 1800 11700 150 900 600 3600 1780 12167 2 Banana 60 385 150 1050 180 1392 130 1082 460 3680 210 1712 50 392 170 1242 250 1755 3 Papaya 230 1610 85 595 260 1430 260 1560 250 1250 190 1045 100 350 250 1379 250 825 4 Mango 12 84 8 56 30 150 20 100 10 50 50 290 70 260 5 Peach/pear/plum 40 280 35 245 50 300 40 240 70 420 170 1235 100 350 40 240 90 580 6 Guava 38 266 37 259 60 224 50 189 70 224 110 344 135 421 160 494 70 1797 Jack fruit 70 490 60 420 60 219 40 149 50 175 30 129 40 160 8 Lime/lemon 56 392 40 280 107 428 98 392 123 615 107 535 315 1600 117 468 167 550 9 Orange 120 480 320 1355 100 350 50 175 65 240 280 545 10 Passion fruit 100 700 11 Other fruits 254 1778 208 1456 1300 1397 1100 1197 1300 1397 515 1132 755 855 1010 1100 1300 26240

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Sl.no. Name of crops


Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod 1 Pineapple 710 5325 230 1725 1252 9390 2050 15375 780 5850 2925 21937 180 1350 675 5062 1850 13875 2 Banana 83 652 202 1586 191 1499 138 1083 477 3744 229 1798 54 424 296 2324 280 2198 3 Papaya 233 11351 94 545 262 1520 261 1514 226 1311 201 1166 101 586 316 1833 251 14564 Mango 14 7126 12 61 32 163 21 107 10 51 1 5 1 5 45 229 60 305 5 Peach/pear/plum 40 250 6 37.5 50 312.5 40 250 70 437.5 172 1075 98 612.5 40 250 82 512.5 6 Guava 38 119 41 129 60 188 50 157 70 220 108 339 135 424 160 502 70 220 7 Jack fruit 75 344 50 229 53 243 40 1832 5 23 2 9 37 169 28 128 35 160 8 Lime/lemon 62 298 51 245 109 523 99 2475 129 619 116 557 350 1680 125 600 186 893 9 Orange 3 12 151 619 520 2132 20 82 76 312 87 357 386 1583 10 Passion fruit 35 387 60 663 85 939 25 276 85 939 450 4973 275 3039 110 1216 300 3315 11 Other fruits 250 460 200 368 1045 1923 1025 1886 1055 1941 510 938 750 1380 920 1693 960 1766



sl.no. Name of crops Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod 1 Pineapple 1025 8405 470 3901 1463 12281 2340 19890 780 6474 3330 22724 180 1296 720 5256 1860 162002 Banana 84 771 204 1857 197 1613 141 1105 502 4468 234 1837 54 424 309 2426 290 2393 3 Papaya 256 1249 94 545 288 1672 261 1514 226 1573 201 1166 101 586 316 1833 251 1456 4 Mango 14 71 12 61 32 163 21 107 10 51 1 5 1 5 45 229 60 305 5 Peach/pear/plum 40 250 6 38 50 313 40 250 70 438 172 1161 98 613 40 250 82 513 6 Guava 38 119 41 129 60 183 50 157 70 220 108 339 135 424 160 502 70 220 7 Jack fruit 75 344 50 229 53 243 40 328 5 23 2 9 37 169 28 128 35 160 8 Lime/lemon 62 298 51 245 109 523 99 446 129 619 131 629 395 1896 175 840 186 893 9 Orange 3 12 151 619 845 4310 20 82 151 620 87 357 436 1788

10 Passion fruit 50 553 75 829 100 1105 40 442 135 1491 1230 13593 600 6631 170 1879 635 7144 11 Other fruits 250 460 400 736 1045 1923 1025 1886 1055 1941 510 938 750 1380 920 1693 960 1766

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Imphal West Imphal East Bishnupur Thoubal Chandel Ukhrul Senapati Tamenglong Churachandpur Sl.no. Name of crops Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod

1 Pineapple 1027 8319 473 3973 1464 12298 2342 19673 792 6019 3043 24953 182 1435 723 5422 1867 15272 2 Banana 90 763 212 1728 215 1785 153 1285 520 4654 240 1894 61 500 324 2657 301 2498 3 Lime/lemon 65 312 54 259 115 679 104 498 131 610 133 612 411 3226 179 931 191 1108 4 Orange 154 878 876 6307 21 111 155 884 92 497 447 2995 5 Passion fruit 65 519 82 640 112 892 45 351 146 1226 1280 11776 645 5482 195 1677 657 5782 6 Other fruits 685 1507 568 1306 1542 3701 1406 3093 1448 3620 1008 2419 1132 2604 1519 3798 1469 3673



1 Pineapple 1030 8652 485 4074 1470 12348 2350 19740 803 6745 3050 25620 184 1546 725 6090 1889 158682 Banana 350 2975 315 2678 320 2720 253 2151 630 5355 250 2125 141 1199 335 2848 505 4293 3 Lime/lemon 68 510 56 420 119 893 108 810 142 1065 144 1080 633 4748 236 1770 459 3443 4 Orange 200 1500 1540 12320 260 1950 130 975 650 4875 5 Passion fruit 70 595 87 740 115 1000 50 425 157 1335 1310 11659 670 6256 197 1790 680 5888 6 Other fruits 702 2808 570 2280 1550 3720 1410 3102 1450 3625 1009 4036 1132 4528 1519 6076 1470 5880

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Imphal West Imphal East Bishnupur Thoubal Chandel Ukhrul Senapati Tamenglong ChurachandpurSl.no. Name of crops Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod Area Prod

1 Pineapple 1035 8901 500 4300 1475 12685 2357 20270 808 6949 255 2074 186 1599 728 6262 1124 9377 2 Banana 535 3985 530 3698 455 3919 450 3875.9 801 6038 415 2713 320 1895 520 3618 715 5298 3 Lime/lemon 80 544 85 580 120 819 110 750.75 176 1202 159 1086 840 5737 275 1878 627 4282 4 Orange 77 599 39 283 201 1420 72 509 1894 14150 286 2079 280 2036 241 1731 748 5573 5 Passion fruit 102 880 94 811 140 1208 75 647 607 5238 3068 24082 1328 10200 450 3883 1935 16657 6 Other fruits 935 4650 735 3603 585 2916 1425 7103.1 1395 6991 1890 9095 1335 6503 1670 8099 1762 8446



1 Pineapple 1035 9305 500 4550 1475 13422 2357 21448 808 7352 3055 27800 186 1692 728 6624 1904 17326 2 Banana 585 7541 580 7476 555 7154 450 5800 801 10324 415 5349 320 4153 570 7347 715 9280 3 Lime/lemon 80 576 85 629 120 864 110 792 176 1285 319 2227 1040 8112 305 2287 827 6202 4 Orange 77 599 39 310 201 1420 72 509 2194 17311 286 2179 280 2236 241 1731 748 5673 5 Passion fruit 102 880 94 811 140 1208 75 647 607 5238 2768 23860 1567 13200 450 3883 1826 15521 6 Other fruits 680 3508 530 2734 1520 7843 1380 7120 1420 7327 989 5103 1102 5686 1494 7709 1420 7327

Sources : Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Manipur, India.

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