introduction 1-1 1dt066 distributed information system chapter 4 network layer
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro
ductio
n
1-1
1DT066Distributed Information System
Chapter 4Network Layer
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Chapter goals: understand principles behind network layer
services: network layer service models forwarding versus routing how a router works routing (path selection) dealing with scale advanced topics: IPv6, mobility
instantiation, implementation in the Internet
4-2
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-3
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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TWO KEY NETWORK-LAYER FUNCTIONS
forwarding: move packets from router’s input to appropriate router output
routing: determine route taken by packets from source to dest.
routing algorithms
4-5
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analogy:
routing: process of planning trip from source to dest
forwarding: process of getting through single interchange
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Netw
ork
Layer
4-6
1
23
0111
value in arrivingpacket’s header
routing algorithm
local forwarding tableheader value output link
0100010101111001
3221
Interplay between routing and forwarding
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-7
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6
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NETWORK LAYER CONNECTION AND CONNECTION-LESS SERVICE datagram network provides network-layer
connectionless service VC network provides network-layer
connection service
4-8
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VIRTUAL CIRCUITS
Netw
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Layer
4-9
each packet carries VC identifier (not destination host address)
every router on source-dest path maintains “state” for each passing connection
link, router resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC (dedicated resources = predictable service)
“source-to-dest path behaves much like telephone circuit” performance-wise network actions along source-to-dest path
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FORWARDING TABLE
4-10
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12 22 32
1 23
VC number
interfacenumber
Incoming interface Incoming VC # Outgoing interface Outgoing VC #
1 12 3 222 63 1 18 3 7 2 171 97 3 87… … … …
Forwarding table innorthwest router:
Routers maintain connection state information!
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VIRTUAL CIRCUITS: SIGNALING PROTOCOLS
Netw
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Layer
4-11
used in ATM, frame-relay, X.25 not used in today’s Internet
application
transportnetworkdata linkphysical
application
transportnetworkdata linkphysical
1. Initiate call 2. incoming call
3. Accept call4. Call connected5. Data flow begins 6. Receive data
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DATAGRAM NETWORKSN
etw
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Layer
4-12
no call setup at network layer routers: no state about end-to-end connections
no network-level concept of “connection” packets forwarded using destination host address
packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths
application
transportnetworkdata linkphysical
application
transportnetworkdata linkphysical
1. Send data 2. Receive data
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FORWARDING TABLE
4-13
Netw
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Layer
Destination Address Range Link Interface
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 through 0 11001000 00010111 00010111 11111111
11001000 00010111 00011000 00000000 through 1 11001000 00010111 00011000 11111111
11001000 00010111 00011001 00000000 through 2
11001000 00010111 00011111 11111111
otherwise 3
4 billion possible entries
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LONGEST PREFIX MATCHING
4-14
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Prefix Match Link Interface 11001000 00010111 00010 0 11001000 00010111 00011000 1 11001000 00010111 00011 2 otherwise 3
DA: 11001000 00010111 00011000 10101010
Examples
DA: 11001000 00010111 00010110 10100001 Which interface?
Which interface?
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-15
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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ROUTER ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW
Two key router functions: run routing algorithms/protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) forwarding datagrams from incoming to outgoing link
4-16
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-17
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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THE INTERNET NETWORK LAYERN
etw
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Layer
4-18
Host, router network layer functions:
forwardingtable
Routing protocols•path selection•RIP, OSPF, BGP
IP protocol•addressing conventions•datagram format•packet handling conventions
ICMP protocol•error reporting•router “signaling”
Transport layer: TCP, UDP
Link layer
physical layer
Networklayer
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-19
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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IP DATAGRAM FORMAT
4-20
Netw
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Layer
ver length
32 bits
data (variable length,typically a TCP
or UDP segment)
16-bit identifier
header checksum
time tolive
32 bit source IP address
IP protocol versionnumber
header length (bytes)
max numberremaining hops
(decremented at each router)
forfragmentation/reassembly
total datagramlength (bytes)
upper layer protocolto deliver payload to
head.len
type ofservice
“type” of data flgsfragment
offsetupper layer
32 bit destination IP address
Options (if any)
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IP FRAGMENTATION & REASSEMBLY
4-21
network links have MTU (max.transfer size) largest possible link-level
frame. large IP datagram divided
(“fragmented”) within net one datagram becomes
several datagrams “reassembled” only at final
destination IP header bits used to
identify, order related fragments
fragmentation: in: one large datagramout: 3 smaller datagrams
reassembly
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-23
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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IP ADDRESSING: INTRODUCTION
Netw
ork
Layer
4-24
IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface
interface: connection between host/router and physical link router’s typically have
multiple interfaces host typically has one
interface IP addresses
associated with each interface
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001
223 1 11
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SUBNETS
Netw
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Layer
4-25
IP address: subnet part (high
order bits) host part (low order
bits) What’s a subnet ?
device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address
can physically reach each other without intervening router
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
network consisting of 3 subnets
subnet
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SUBNETS
Netw
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4-26
To determine the subnets, detach each interface from its host or router, creating islands of isolated networks. Each isolated network is called a subnet.
223.1.1.0/24223.1.2.0/24
223.1.3.0/24
Subnet mask: /24
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SUBNETS
Netw
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Layer
4-27
How many? 223.1.1.1
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4
223.1.2.2223.1.2.1
223.1.2.6
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
223.1.1.2
223.1.7.0
223.1.7.1223.1.8.0223.1.8.1
223.1.9.1
223.1.9.2
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IP ADDRESSING: CIDRCIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing
subnet portion of address of arbitrary length address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in subnet
portion of address
4-28
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Layer
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
subnetpart
hostpart
200.23.16.0/23
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IP ADDRESSES: HOW TO GET ONE?
Q: How does a host get IP address?
hard-coded by system admin in a file Windows: control-panel->network->configuration-
>tcp/ip->properties UNIX: /etc/rc.config
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: dynamically get address from as server “plug-and-play”
4-29
Netw
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Layer
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DHCP: DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL
Goal: allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network server when it joins network Allows reuse of addresses
4-30
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Layer223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
A
BE
DHCP server
arriving DHCP client needsaddress in thisnetwork
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IP ADDRESSES: HOW TO GET ONE?
Q: How does network get subnet part of IP addr?A: gets allocated portion of its provider ISP’s address space
ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20
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Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23 Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23 Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23 ... ….. …. ….
Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23
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HIERARCHICAL ADDRESSING: ROUTE AGGREGATION
4-33
Netw
ork
Layer“Send me anything
with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20”
200.23.16.0/23
200.23.18.0/23
200.23.30.0/23
Fly-By-Night-ISP
Organization 0
Organization 7Internet
Organization 1
ISPs-R-Us“Send me anythingwith addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16”
200.23.20.0/23Organization 2
...
...
Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:
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NAT: NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
4-34
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.4
138.76.29.7
local network(e.g., home network)
10.0.0/24
rest ofInternet
Datagrams with source or destination in this networkhave 10.0.0/24 address for
source, destination (as usual)
All datagrams leaving localnetwork have same single source
NAT IP address: 138.76.29.7,different source port numbers
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NAT: NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
Motivation: local network uses just one IP address as far as outside world is concerned: range of addresses not needed from ISP: just one IP
address for all devices can change addresses of devices in local network without
notifying outside world can change ISP without changing addresses of devices in
local network devices inside local net not explicitly addressable, visible
by outside world (a security plus).
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NAT: NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION
Netw
ork
Layer
4-37
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
S: 10.0.0.1, 3345D: 128.119.40.186, 80
1
10.0.0.4
138.76.29.7
1: host 10.0.0.1 sends datagram to 128.119.40.186, 80
NAT translation tableWAN side addr LAN side addr
138.76.29.7, 5001 10.0.0.1, 3345…… ……
S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 10.0.0.1, 3345
4
S: 138.76.29.7, 5001D: 128.119.40.186, 80
2
2: NAT routerchanges datagramsource addr from10.0.0.1, 3345 to138.76.29.7, 5001,updates table
S: 128.119.40.186, 80 D: 138.76.29.7, 5001
3
3: Reply arrives dest. address: 138.76.29.7, 5001
4: NAT routerchanges datagramdest addr from138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.1, 3345
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CHAPTER 4: NETWORK LAYER
Netw
ork
Layer
4-38
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol
Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
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IPV6 Initial motivation: 32-bit address space soon to be
completely allocated. Additional motivation:
header format helps speed processing/forwarding header changes to facilitate QoS IPv6 datagram format: fixed-length 40 byte header no fragmentation allowed
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IPV6 HEADER (CONT)
4-40
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Priority: identify priority among datagrams in flowFlow Label: identify datagrams in same “flow.” (concept of“flow” not well defined).Next header: identify upper layer protocol for data
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CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY
Netw
ork
Layer
4-41
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit
and datagram networks
4.3 What’s inside a router
4.4 IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing IPv6
4.5 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing
4.6 Routing in the Internet RIP OSPF BGP
4.7 Broadcast and multicast routing