introduc)on*to*compu)ng* (se101)web.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/aut2011/seitcbs/notes/itc-lec08.pdf9a-6 the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduc)on to Compu)ng (SE-‐101)
Ali Ameer Gondal Assistant Professor
So?ware Engineering Department University of Engineering & Technology
Taxila, Pakistan [email protected]
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Questions from previous lecture?
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Networking Basics
Lecture # 8 9th Jan. 2012
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Network Definition
• Set of technologies that connects computers
• Allows communication and collaboration between users
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9A-5
The Uses of a Network • Simultaneous access to data
– Data files are shared • Access can be limited
– Shared files stored on a server – Software can be shared
• Site licenses • Network versions • Application servers
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9A-6
The Uses of a Network • Shared peripheral device
– Printers and faxes are common shares – Reduces the cost per user – Devices can be connected to the network – Print servers control network printing
• Manage the print queue
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9A-7
Sharing Data
File server contains documents used by other computers.
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9A-8
The Uses of a Network
• Personal communication – Email
• Instantaneous communication
– Conferencing • Tele conferencing • Videoconferencing • Audio-conferencing • Data-conferencing
– Voice over IP • Phone communication over network wires
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9A-9
Voice Over IP
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Voice Over IP
9A-10
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VoIP
9A-11
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9A-12
Common Network Types
• Local Area Network (LAN) – Contains printers, servers and computers – Systems are close to each other – Contained in one office or building – Organizations often have several LANS
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Common Network Types
• Wide Area Networks (WAN) – Two or more LANs connected – Over a large geographic area – Typically use public or leased lines
• Phone lines • Satellite
– The Internet is a WAN
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9A-14
Hybrid Network Types
• Campus Area Networks (CAN) – A LAN in one large geographic area – Resources related to the same organization – Each department shares the LAN
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9A-15
Hybrid Network Types
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Large network that connects different
organizations – Shares regional resources – A network provider sells time
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9A-16
Hybrid Network Types
• Home Area Network (HAN) – Small scale network – Connects computers and entertainment
appliances – Found mainly in the home
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9A-17
Hybrid Network Types
• Personal Area Network (PAN) – Very small scale network – Range is less than 2 meters – Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players
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9A-18
How Networks Are Structured
• Server based network – Node is any network device – Servers control what the node accesses – Users gain access by logging in – Server is the most important computer
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9A-19
How Networks Are Structured
• Client/Server network – Nodes and servers share data roles – Nodes are called clients – Servers are used to control access – Database software
• Access to data controlled by server
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9A-20
How Networks Are Structured
• Peer to peer networks (P2PN) – All nodes are equal – Nodes access resources on other nodes – Each node controls its own resources – Most modern OS allow P2PN – Kazaa, Napster, BitTorrent
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9A-21
Network Topologies
• Topology – Logical layout of wires and equipment – Choice affects
• Network performance • Network size • Network collision detection
– Several different types
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9A-22
Network Topologies
• Packets – Pieces of data transmitted over a network
• Packets are created by sending node • Data is reassembled by receiving node
– Packet header • Sending and receiving address
– Packet payload • Number and size of data • Actual data
– Packet error control
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9A-23
Network Topologies • Bus topology
– Also called linear bus – One wire connects all nodes – Terminator ends the wires – Advantages
• Easy to setup • Small amount of wire
– Disadvantages • Slow • Easy to crash
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Bus topology
9A-24
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9A-25
Network Topologies • Star topology
– All nodes connect to a hub • Packets sent to hub • Hub sends packet to destination
– Advantages • Easy to setup • One cable can not crash network
– Disadvantages • Hub can crash down entire network • Uses lots of cables
– Most common topology
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9A-26
Star Topology
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9A-27
Network Topologies
• Ring topology – Nodes connected in a circle – Tokens used to transmit data
• Nodes must wait for token to send – Advantages
• Time to send data is known • No data collisions
– Disadvantages • Slow • Lots of cable
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Ring topology
9A-28
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9A-29
Network Topologies
• Mesh topology – All computers connected together – Internet is a mesh network – Advantage
• Data will always be delivered – Disadvantages
• Lots of cable • Hard to setup
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9A-30
Mesh Topology
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9A-31
Network Media
• Links that connect nodes • Choice impacts
– Speed – Security – Size
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9A-32
Wire Based Media • Twisted-pair cabling
– Most common LAN cable – Called Cat5 or 100BaseT – Four pairs of copper cable
twisted – May be shielded from
interference – Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
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Twisted-pair cabling
9A-33
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9A-34
Wire Based Media
• Coaxial cable – Similar to cable TV wire – One wire runs through cable – Shielded from interference – Speeds up to 10 Mbps – Nearly obsolete
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Coaxial cable
9A-35
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9A-36
Wire Based Media
• Fiber-optic cable – Data is transmitted with
light pulses – Glass strand instead of
cable – Immune to interference – Very secure – Hard to work with – Speeds up to
100 Gbps
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9A-37
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9A-38
Wireless Media • Data transmitted through the air • LANs use radio waves • WANs use microwave signals • Easy to setup • Difficult to secure
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Wireless Media
9A-39
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9A-40
Network Hardware
• Network interface cards – Network adapter – Connects node to the media – Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)
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9A-41
Network Hardware
• Network linking devices – Connect nodes in the network – Cable runs from node to device – Crossover cable connects two computers
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9A-42
Network Hardware
• Hubs – Center of a star network – All nodes receive transmitted packets – Slow and insecure
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9A-43
Network Hardware
• Switches – Replacement for hubs – Only intended node receives transmission – Fast and secure
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9A-44
Network Hardware
• Bridge – Connects two or more LANs together – Packets sent to remote LAN cross
• Other packets do not cross – Segments the network on MAC addresses
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9A-45
Network Hardware
• Router – Connects two or more LANs together – Packets sent to remote LAN cross – Network is segmented by IP address – Connect internal networks to the Internet – Need configured before installation
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9A-46
Network Hardware
• Gateway – Connects two dissimilar networks – Connects coax to twisted pair – Most gateways contained in other devices
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9A-47
Network Cabling
• Cabling specifications – Bandwidth measures cable speed
• Typically measured in Mbps
– Maximum cable length – Connector describes the type of plug
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9A-48
Network Cabling
• Ethernet – Very popular cabling technology – 10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5 – Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps – Maximum distances100 to 500 meters
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9A-49
Network Cabling
• Fast Ethernet – Newer version of Ethernet – Bandwidth is 100 Mbps – Uses Cat5 or greater cable
• Sometimes called 100Base T – Requires a switch
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9A-50
Network Cabling
• Gigabit Ethernet – High bandwidth version of Ethernet – 1 to 10 Gbps – Cat 5 or fiber optic cable – Video applications
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9A-51
Network Cabling
• Token ring – Transmits Token around the ring – Uses shielded twisted pair cabling – Earlier bandwidth between 4 & 16 Mbps – Toke ring hardware is expensive
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Network Protocols
• Language of the network – Rules of communication between devices – Agreed upon format for data transmission – Breaking up data into packets, sending,
receiving, reassembling using standard protocol
– TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS/NetBEUI
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TCP/IP • The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of
communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
• It is commonly also known as TCP/IP, named from two of the most important protocols.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
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Ques)ons?
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If you have any query please feel free to ask
Phone: +92-51-9047-590
Email: [email protected]
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila Pakistan
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Reference
• The slides were taken from the book: – “Introduc)on to compu)ng” by Peter Norton