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Yann Dumas, Irstea – Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France

Introduced tree species in forest: implications for biodiversity

Introduced tree species to European forests: challenges and opportunities

2nd – 5th November 2016 – Monte Verità, Ascona, Ticino, Switzerland

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Effects of afforestation on biodiversity

Afforestation

Overall

biodiversity

Forest

biodiversity



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Effects of afforestation on forest biodiversity

depend on the geographical context

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101

Fore

st s

pe

cie

s r

ich

ne

ss

Regional forest area

Small positive effect

Deep positive effect

Increase in forest area by afforestation

Region B - large forest area Region A - small forest area



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Effect of afforestation on overall biodiversity

Moorland

Grassland

Bogs

High heritage value species

• Urbanized zone

• Intensive agricultural land

Ruderals species, cosmopolitan

species

Afforestation

achieved on

Forest

species

Forest

species

Effect on

overall

biodiversity

Replaced by

Replaced by



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Differences between tree species

Chemical and physical traits of bark and litter

Microclimate under tree species (light level,…)



Sten Opuntia Alberto Salguero Yath

Bernard Guédon

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Co-evolution phenomenon

Tree species range (Euforgen source)



Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Black pine (Pinus nigra) Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo

)

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Oak and associated biodiversity, a long history

10000 years BP oak species

colonize the north of Europe

starting with the south-west

France

Huntley B. and Birk H.J.B. (1983)

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www.irstea.fr Introduced tree species to European forests: challenges and opportunities



- 10000 years (Quercus)

- 273 years (Ailanthus)

- 415 years (Robinia)

Today

A « clock of co-evolution » for trees in France

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Relationship between residence time and richness in Britain

(Kennedy and Southwood, 1984)



Quercus (2 species)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Residence time/insect richness

Pseudacacia

Aesculus

Accordind to Kennedy and Southwood 1984

Num

ber

of

specie

s

Number of years

10



European black poplar (Populus nigra)

Tree species range in Europe (Euforgen) and France (Levrat 2006 - Inra)

Range of black poplar in Loire river basin (France)

Loire river basin area = 117000 km²

Probable residence time > 10 000 years (Cottrel et al., 2005)

But area occupied by Black poplar is only 4000 ha (Levrat, 2006)


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Syntrichia latifolia associated to

black poplar and Box elder (P. Boudier)


Black poplar eaten by beaver (R. Chevalier)

Beaver (Irstea)

Biomareau II research project : Biodiversity associated to Black poplar > Biodiversity associated to box elder ?

Box elder never eaten by beaver (R. Chevalier)

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Special effects of invasives species

Example of Ailanthus altissima



• Strong competitive traits

• growth

• drought resistance

• herbicidal effects

• salt-tolerant

• nutrient-poor soils tolerant

• capacity for detoxification of H2O2

• Reproduction

• seed production

• dissemination

• rates of germination

• vegetative reproduction

• low level of predation

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Great ability to colonise other ecosystems



Afforestation

Natural

grasslands Continental

dunes

River banks

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Overall

biodiversity

decrease

Forest

diversity





Afforestation

using tree

invasive species

Forest

diversity

Continental dune

diversity decrease Natural grassland

diversity decrease

River bank

diversity decrease

Ruderal,

cosmopolitan and

invasive diversity

increase

According to Onaindia et al. 2013

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Continental

dune

According to Calviño-Cancela and Neumann

2015, and Martin et al. 2009

Afforestation using tree

invasive species

Afforestation using

native tree species

with dense foliage

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Afforestation using tree

invasive species

tree of heaven

eastern white pine

black cherry

black locust

Continental

dune

According to Stupak et al. 2011

Afforestation with these tree species must be avoid

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Forest around

urban area

Urban area,

ornemental planting,

park, garden

According to Dyderski et al. 2015

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Unintentionally introduced associated species



Creeping lady's-tresses was unintentionally introduced

into the French lowland forests in the nineteenth century

No negative impact on biodiversity

Fungus or bacteria species associated to

eucalypts in spain Eucalypts could

become invasive

According to Diez, 2005

Laurent Léquivard

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Uncontrolled gene flow into wild populations



Populus nigra X Populus nigra var italica

Hybrid variety of Populus unsuitable to natural environment?

Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.

According to Felton et al. 2013 and Pautasso, 2009

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Introduced tree species in forest plantations may

also have positive effects



Native forest

Introduced tree species plantation

Intensive

agricultural land

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Silvicultural practices play an important role in

increasing biodiversity



- intensive vegetation management

- simplification of the understory layer structure

- moderate thinning

- dead wood and other micro-habitats

According to Wallace and Good 1995, Santos et al. (2006)

and Sparks et al. 1996

Rustwort (Nowellia curvifolia)

Yann Dumas

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Despite the large number of published studies on

the effect of introduced tree species on

biodiversity…



A

C

B

A

D

C

Forest species

Forest 2

Forest 1

Opportunistic, generalist or invasive species

F1 Species richness = F2 Species richness = 3

But

F1 Heritage value > F2 Heritage value

Heath star moss – Yann Dumas

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Thank you very much,

for your attention !



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Bibliography

• Calviño-Cancela, M. and Neumann, M. 2015. Ecological integration of eucalypts in Europe: Interactions with

flower-visiting birds. Forest Ecology and Management, 358: 174–179.

• Cottrell, J., Krystufek, V., Tabbener, H., Milner, A., Connolly, T., Sing, L., et al. (2005). Postglacial migration of

Populus nigra L.: lessons learnt from chloroplast DNA. Forest Ecology and Management, 219, 293-312.

• Diez, J. 2005. Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the

Iberian Peninsula. Biological Invasions, 7: 3–15.

• Dyderski, M., Gdula, A. and Jagodziński, A. 2015. “The rich get richer” concept in riparian woody species – A case

study of the Warta River Valley (Poznań, Poland). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14: 107–114.

• Felton, A., Boberg, J., Björkman, C. and Widenfalk, O. 2013. Identifying and managing the ecological risks of using

introduced tree species in Sweden’s production forestry. Forest Ecology and Management, 307: 165–177.

• Huntley, B., & Birks, H. (1983). An atlas of past and present pollen maps for europe: 0-13000 years ago, pp667

• Kennedy, C. E. J., & Southwood, T. R. E. (1984). The numbers of insects associated with British trees: a

reanalysis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53(2), 455-478.

• Levrat, J. 2006. Géographe des Hydrosystèmes (diplomé 2005 Master Recherche de Géographie, Université de

Lyon III). Inventaire des ressources génétiques du Peuplier noir le long de la Loire. CDD 9 mois, INRA Orléans.

Financement Projet POPLOIRE, Plan Loire Grandeur Nature, DREAL Centre.

• Martin, P., Canham, C. and Marks, P. 2009. Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional

introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(3):

142–149.

• Onaindia, M., Ametzaga-Arregi, I., San Sebastián, M., Mitxelena, A., Rodríguez-Loinaz, G., Peña, L. and Alday,

J.G. 2013. Can understorey native woodland plant species regenerate under exotic pine plantations using natural

succession? Forest Ecology and Management, 308: 136–144.

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• Pautasso, M. 2009. Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant

Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 11: 157–189.

• Santos, T., Tellería, J., Díaz, M. and Carbonell, R. 2006. Evaluating the benefits of CAP reforms: Can

afforestations restore bird diversity in Mediterranean Spain? Basic and Applied Ecology, 7(6): 483–495.

• Sparks, T. H., Greatorex-Davies, J. N., Mountford, J. O., Hall, M. L. and Marrs, R. H. 1996. The effects of

shade on the plant communities of rides in plantation woodland and implications for butterfly conservation.

Forest Ecology and Management, 80(1-3): 197–207.

• Wallace, H. L. and Good, J. E. G. 1995. Effects of afforestation on upland plant communities and

implications for vegetation management. Forest Ecology and Management, 79(1-2): 29–46.

Bibliography



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