intro to trees: sw ohio’s old growth forests. outline our geologic history eastern deciduous...
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro to Trees: SW Ohio’s Old Growth Forests
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Outline
• Our Geologic History• Eastern Deciduous Forests
– Forest Layers – Forest Types– Old Growth
• Features of the Krippendorf Forest– Horticultural Legacy– Defining Species
• Challenges to our forest today– Invasive Species
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A Forest over A Sea
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Geologic History
• Bedrock Formation– Ordovician Seas – 450,000,000 ya– Sedimentary – Limestone & Shale
• Tectonic Plates– North American Plate moves north
• Uplift – Cincinnati Arch• Lexington Peneplane • Pleistocene Glaciation
– 2,000,000 ya
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Glacial Periods in SW Ohio
• Pre-Illinoian Glacier– About 1,000,000 ya
• Illinoian Glacier– 250,000 ya
• Wisconsian Glacier– 70,000-19,500 ya
Note: Kansan Glacier ( 2M ya) did not reach SW Ohio
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Glacial Deposits
• Glacial Till– Sand, gravel, soil, erratics carried by glacier
• Glacial Outwash– Carried by melt waters– Sorted by size when deposited
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Ohio SoilsDivided mainly into
those topsoils resultant from
glacial activity and those not impacted
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Ohio Surface Water Primarily small streams low to
mid-gradient rivers and
oxbows. Few natural lakes.
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Cincinnati Bioregion4 Ecoregions
Defined by:– Geology– Topography – Climate– Hydrology– Soil type– Vegetation– Wildlife– Land Use
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Pre-Wisconsinan Drift Plains Eco-region
-Illinoian deposits-Drift – material of glacial
origin (till, lake sediments, gravel, sand, loess)
-generally flat landscape-poor drainage (due to young
age)-Swamp Forest – Pin Oaks
Loess – wind blown glacial silt
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Ohio Vegetation
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Ohio
1803
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Ohio
1903
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Ohio
2003
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Forest Layers• Canopy• Understory
– Sub-Canopy
– Shrub Layer
• Forest Floor– Herbs and
Vines
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Forest Types
Beech-Maple
Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic)
Oak-Hickory
Bottomland Hardwood
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Beech-Maple Forest
• Beech-Maple forests once covered much of Ohio, including parts of Hamilton and Clermont counties.
• Abundance of beech and (sugar) maple trees (in some cases up to 90% of the trees are of these two species).
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Beech-Maple Forest
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Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic) Forest
• on well-drained soil, usually a loam.
• a high species diversity of trees and other plants
• generally appear lush.
• Most of the Eastern Deciduous Forest can be described as Mesic.
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Mixed Mesophytic (Mesic) Forest
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Oak-Hickory Forest
A forest of nut producing trees: various species of oak, hickory, formerly chestnut (now surviving only as understory sprouts).
• Understory of flowering dogwood, sassafras, hackberry, hawthorn.
• The shrub layer is distinct, dominated by species characteristic of acidic soils; blueberries, huckleberries, and laurels. Some shrubs are evergreen.
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Oak-Hickory Forest
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Bottomland Hardwood Forest
• Also known as Riverine Forests - moist sites along rivers and floodplains. Spring flooding may be an annual occurrence
• Box Elder, Sycamore, Cottonwoods, Silver and Red Maple occur.
• Some invasion by oak, hickory forest species.
• Open spaces allow herb growth in though cover may be minimal throughout a large portion of the year.
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Bottomland Hardwood Forest
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Forest Succession• Field or forest opening• Colonization by herbaceous plants• Early successional shrubs & trees
– Shrub spp– Red Cedar & Black Locust
• Deciduous trees– Mid successional– Young Forest– Mature Forest
• Old Growth Forest
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Old Growth Forest
• Many old trees – greater than 150 years
• All age classes• Standing deadwood• Prevalence of fallen trees• High species diversity -
in all forest layers• Deep top soil with rich
humus layer• No signs of human influence
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Forest Layers• Canopy• Understory
– Sub-Canopy
– Shrub Layer
• Herbs and Vines
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Sub-canopy
• Paw Paw
• Dogwood
• Buckeye
• Sassafras
• Redbud
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Paw Paw
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Dogwood
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Buckeye
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Sassafras
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Redbud
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Shrub Layer
• Spicebush
• Service Berry
• Bladdernut
• Leatherwood
• Buttonbush
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Spicebush
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Service Berry
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Bladdernut
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Leatherwood
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Buttonbush
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Common invasive species
• Amur Honeysuckle• Lesser Celandine • Garlic Mustard • Multiflora Rose• Wisteria• Purple Loosestrife• Autumn Olive• Burning Bush (euonymus)• Wintercreeper (euonymus)• English Ivy• Asian Bittersweet
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Amur Honeysuckle
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Garlic MustardLesser Celandine
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Autumn Olive
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Burning Bush (Euonymus)
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Wintercreeper (Euonymus) English Ivy
Asian Bittersweet