||Methods of translation||

Introduction |L||“|• What is the meaning of method

of translation?We can defined it as ‘ the way we

translate, whether we translate literally or freely, the words or the meaning , the form or content , the letter or the spirit , the manner or the matter, the direct meaning or the implied meaning, and so on.

Do you|| get that?! LET’S CONTINUE

Introduction |L||“|

• Writer on translation have suggested different methods based two major old-new methods of translation, LITERAL and FREE.

Do you|| get that?!LET’S CONTINUE

1- literal translation |L||“|

literal translation is understood and applied in threethree different ways:

1. Word-for-word translation:Each English Word is translated into

equivalent word in Arabic which is kept the same as, and in line with that of English: e.g.

1- e.g. Word-for-word translation:

That child is intelligent

How can we translate this sentence by using this method ?

That child is intelligent

ذاك الطفل يكون ذكي

) ذكي) يكون الطفل (ذاك ذكي) يكون الطفل ذاك

Do you|| get that?!LET’S CONTINUE

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

• This method is risky as it may This method is risky as it may disrupt meaningdisrupt meaning and, hence, and, hence, translation, for a number of translation, for a number of reasons, some of which are:reasons, some of which are:

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

1.1. It It ignores the ignores the target languagetarget language completely, making it subject to the completely, making it subject to the source language wholly and entirelysource language wholly and entirely

For example:For example:

ذكي) يكون الطفل ذكي) ذاك يكون الطفل intelligent That( ( ذاكchild is

But the correct is: الطفل ذاك LET’S CONTINUE ذكي

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

1.1. It disregards the grammatical It disregards the grammatical differences between two languagedifferences between two language

For example:For example:

Mary wanted to take teaMary wanted to take tea

ارادت ارادت ماري I تأخذتأخذان ان ماري I شايا شاياwrongwrong

) ) ( (K شايا تتناول تشرب ان ماري ( أرادت ) ( (K شايا تتناول تشرب ان ماري أرادتcorrectcorrect

LET’S CONTINUE

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

3.It transfers the SL grammar and word order. It does not acknowledge the different word order (s) of two language.

For example:For example:

He is living from hand to mouthHe is living from hand to mouth

يكون (( يكون هو فم هو إلى يد من KKI فم عائشا إلى يد من KKI wrong( ( عائشا

Correct الكفاف على يعيش

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

4. It has no respect for the context of the words in language and allows for words to be understood in isolation, not in combination with other surrounding words.

For example:For example:

please stay with me on the campusplease stay with me on the campus

wrongwrong معي ابق فضلك معي من ابق فضلك الحرم الحرم علىعلىمنالجامعيالجامعي

correct معي ابق فضلك الحرم فيمنالجامعي LET’S CONTINUE

Disadvantages for this Disadvantages for this methodmethod

5.It transfers the primary (or common) meaning of words. By this, it dismisses the possibility of any polysemous, special indirect or metaphorical use of words.

For example:For example:

stop beating about the bushstop beating about the bush

wrongwrong الشجرة حول الضرب الشجرة أوقف حول الضرب أوقف

correct / عن والدوران اللف عن كفالمراوغة

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

• It cannot deal with SL words that have no equivalents in the TL

For example:For example:

This man is a big shot This man is a big shot

wrongwrong رمية كبيرة يكون الرجل رمية هذا كبيرة يكون الرجل هذا

correct / مهم الشأن عظيم الرجل هذا

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

7- It views meanings as the product of words only, which is not acceptable.

For example:For example:

I know this information I know this information

wrongwrong هذه أناأنا هذه أعرف المعلومةأعرف

correct المعلومات هذه أعرف

2-One –to-one literal translation

One –to-one literal translation is to Newmark

“a boarder form of translation, each SL words has a corresponding TL word”

He also adds “One –to-one translation is more common than word-for-word translation ”

2-One –to-one literal translation

• this method of translation means to translate each SL word or phrase into an identical word or phrase in the TL, with the same number, grammatical class and type of language.

• noun is translated into a noun • two noun into two nouns• One adjectives into one• Idioms into idioms and so on

2-One –to-one literal translation

For example:For example:

My neighbors are good My neighbors are good

طيبين يكونون طيبين جيراني يكونون جيراني

2-One –to-one literal translation

This method of literal translation is similar to the first one in two respects:

1. It retains the SL word order in the TL

2. It insists on having the same type and number of words

2-One –to-one literal translation

• It is different from it in two respects too:

1. It take context into consideration 2. It translate collocational meaning,

special and metaphorical SL words and phrase into their TL equivalents, if and when available.

Therefore, it is acceptable and better than word-for-word translation

Disadvantages ofDisadvantages of this method this method

1. It transfers the SL grammar and word order, regardless of the TL grammar and word order:

(a)- starting all the Arabic versions with a subject then a verb each, ignoring sentences( ( الجملةاالسمية

And the start with the verb in verbal sentences (( الفعلية الجملة

Disadvantages of this Disadvantages of this methodmethod

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــB-Insisting on translating verb “be”

into “يكون” and “have” into “يملك” only in all examples.

_______________C- translating all personal pronouns.

3-lieral translation of meaning:Direct translation

• It is the translation of meaning in context; it takes into account the TL grammar and word order.

• It can be described as:1. “full translation of meaning”.2. “ the best method of literal translation.For example:To run in the race السباق في يركض يجريTo run a company شركة يديرIn the long run البعيد المدى على

Ok we finished the literal translation let’s continue to

second method

||…Free translation…||

||…Free translation…||

• It means to translate without constraints.

• The translators is not strictly constraints by the type of the text or context, or the direct and available meaning of words and phrases, looking perhaps for the spirit, or the message. He can translate something the way he understands it.

||…Free translation…||• All other terms pointed out above

and used nowadays to substitute for “free”, such as ‘ communicative’, ‘dynamic’, pragmatic’, ‘creative’ and ‘idiomatic’ coincide with many of these implications.

Bound Free Translation

This type of free translation is derived from the context in a direct way, though it may go out of it in some way or another , in the form of exaggeration ,expressivity , and effective, rhetorical or formal language . It is the type we usually understand by the term free translation.

Examples-:

-He got nothing at the end

) / الوفاض) خالي عاد حنين بخفي رجعShe was sad deep down

) فارغا) / فؤادها أصبح الحزن من قلبها تفطر

Common among these translation is their expressive ,effective ,rhetorical and very

formal Arabic , by means of using:

A- Expression from the Holy Quran (10);

B- a prophetic Tradition (i.g.Sunnah)(4);

C- popular religious expression (9);

D- proverbs(1);

+ البرق من أسرع في صهوة -Eامتطىcollocation(2,3)

F- Poetry (5&6);

G- pompous , exaggerated expressions(7)

All these free translation are derived in one way or another from the original.

B-Loose Free Translation:

This free translation method goes far away from the direct linguistic context to inferences. It is based on the translator's conclusions about

what the speak-writer want to say.

Example:

*Thank you , Mr. Wilson . Next please.

غيرك) . ( عندنا ويلسون سيد يا باالنصراف تفضلThe speaker says ”thank you” to a guest or customer at the end of their meeting , as an indirect way to ask him-her to leave .so ,instead of asking him-her directly to leave he goes for” thank you” which is understood as “will you leave, the interview is over”

THE END OF PRESENTATON

Students :1.Ashwag Al-mazamomy2.Sara Mohammed

Thank u Ashwag and Sara Dr Amira

Kashgary