intro to tinyos intro to tinyos dec 2004 1 ©2004, crossbow technology, inc. intelligent sensor...

Intro to TinyOSIntro to TinyOS Dec 2004 1©2004, Crossbow Technology, Inc.

Intelligent Sensor Solutions

ZigBee & TinyOS

TinyOS and ZigBee are not competitive TinyOS – Operating System, Tool Chain, Component

Library ZigBee – Hybrid-Mesh Protocol on Top of 802.15.4

Recently Ratified Home-Automation Oriented Powered Backbone I.e., Hybrid-Mesh

Crossbow is active member of ZigBee Alliance Crossbow is developing ZigBee stack on-top of

X-Mesh built in nesC/TinyOS



TinyOS and Zigbee TinyOS on MicaZ and Zigbee both use an

802.15.4 physical layer RF signaling mechanisms are the same)

The Zigbee Protocol Layer is being implemented in XMesh/TinyOS by Crossbow

XMesh/TinyOS applications and Zigbee enabled TinyOS applications can coexist seamlessly

Hundreds of TinyOS applications can tie into Zigbee networks and future Zigbee network devices can be tied into XMesh based networks



XMesh Zigbee Stack

Implementation of standard Zigbee abstractions in the TinyOS component framework.

Command and event structure of TinyOS makes applications easily to develop and highly portable.

802.15.4(CC2420)

MAC Layer

Application Support Layer

Network Support Layer

ZigbeeDeviceControl

AppApp



TinyOS XMesh Stack

TinyOS apps can be written to use XMesh, Queued Send or direct Active Messages

“Zigbee” is just another TinyOS Service like XMesh

802.15.4(CC2420)

MAC Layer

Queued SendBuffer

App

App

XMesh Multi-hopNetwork routing

and discovery

App

Active Messages Delivery Layer (AM)

App



TinyOS Routing + Zigbee Compatibility

Apps can use Zigbee, XMesh, AM or a combination

Bridging apps on routing nodes can route across both types of network

802.15.4(CC2420)

Dual function MAC layer

Queued SendBuffer

App(bridge/combine)

App

XMesh Multi-hopNetwork routing

and discovery

App

Active Messages Delivery Layer (AM)

App

Application Support Layer

Network Support Layer

ZigbeeDeviceControl

App

Auto-dispatch(FrameType)



Network Architecture

PCHybrid Mote

Hybrid Mote

Hybrid Mote

Hybrid Mote

Hybrid Mote

Zigbee Pan Com.

XMesh Com.

Reliable XMesh routing links to Third-party Zigbeedevices



Overhead for dual-function devices

CPU processing: none TinyOS’s event based processing only uses CPU

resources when necessary, extra protocol implementations only used when necessary

Flash Memory: Size increase 8-12K RAM Memory: Size increase of 40-80 bytes



Application Interface

TinyOS component model easily moves apps from basic AM to XMesh to Zigbee Simple recompile

Zigbee and Active Messages provides to applications through simple event-based interface

Just as an app can easily be moved from AM to XMesh, it can be easily adapted to Zigbee by using the TinyOS component model



MICAz and IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee



Main Features of the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Data rates of 250 kbits/s in 2.4 GHz RF band 16 channels, 2 MHz wide in the 2.4 GHz ISM

band CSMA-CA channel access 128 Bit AES encryption in Hardware Low power consumption

CC2420: Transmit = 18 mA; Receive = 20 mA @1 mW

All of PHY and part of MAC layers implemented in hardware

For more information visit: www.ieee802.org/15/



802.15.4 and 802.11b Spectrum Relationship

2405 MHz

5 MHzSpacing

802.15.4: Ch. 11 to Ch. 26

• Co-exists with WiFi, Bluetooth– Channel selection is important

2 MHz 2480 MHz

22 MHz

2412 MHz 2437 MHz

802.11: Ch. 1 to Ch. 11

2425 MHz 2462 MHz

Ch. 15 Ch. 20

2475 MHz2450 MHz

25 MHzSpacing

Note: Channels 25, 26 are non-overlappingNote: Channels 25, 26 are non-overlapping

Ch. 1

Ch. 20Ch. 26

Ch. 6 Ch. 11



802.15.4 and 802.11b Channels

ChannelLower

FrequencyCentral

FrequencyUpper

Frequency1 2.401 2.412 2.4232 2.404 2.417 2.4283 2.411 2.422 2.4334 2.416 2.427 2.4385 2.421 2.432 2.4436 2.426 2.437 2.4487 2.431 2.442 2.4538 2.436 2.447 2.4589 2.441 2.452 2.463

10 2.446 2.457 2.46811 2.451 2.462 2.473

USA/FCC & Canada regions have 11 total channels allocated. All frequencies are in GHz

IEEE 802.11b Channels

ChannelLower

FrequencyCentral

FrequencyUpper

Frequency11 2.404 2.405 2.40612 2.409 2.410 2.41113 2.414 2.415 2.41614 2.419 2.420 2.42115 2.424 2.425 2.42616 2.429 2.430 2.43117 2.434 2.435 2.43618 2.439 2.440 2.44119 2.444 2.445 2.44620 2.449 2.450 2.45121 2.454 2.455 2.45622 2.459 2.460 2.46123 2.649 2.650 2.65124 2.469 2.470 2.47125 2.474 2.475 2.47626 2.479 2.480 2.481

USA/FCC & Canada regions have 27 total channels allocated. Channels 11 to 26 are in the 2.4 GHz band. All frequencies are in GHz

IEEE 802.15.4 Channels

No overlaps with 802.11



WiFi & 802.15.4/Zigbee Co-exitence Study Continuous data transfer on WiFi enabled Stargate

Hi-power and low-power card XMesh (surge_reliable) mesh, 6 MICAz nodes measured

Low-power card testWiFi at 2.4220 GHz (Channel 3 802.11b band) Netgear MA701 CF

Percent Packets Received Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5

No WiFi 100.00 99.95 100.00 100.00 100.00 Zigbee Channel 11 - 2.405 GHz 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.95 Zigbee Channel 14 - 2.420 GHz 96.19 98.45 95.05 98.02 94.67 Zigbee Channel 15 - 2.425 GHz 98.93 98.99 98.89 99.05 98.96 Zigbee Channel 20 - 2.450 GHz 99.95 100.00 99.95 99.95 99.95 Zigbee Channel 26 - 2.480 GHz 100.00 100.00 99.95 100.00 99.89

Packet Delivery

75.00

80.00

85.00

90.00

95.00

100.00

105.00

1 2 3 4 5

Node Id

Su

cces

s ra

te

No WiFi

Zigbee Channel 11 - 2.405 GHz







WiFi & 802.15.4/Zigbee Co-existence Study (cont’d) Low-power Card Test

WiFi at 2.422 GHz (Channel 3 802.11b band) Hi Power SMC2532-W-B Card

Percent Packets Received Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5

No WiFi 100.00 99.95 100.00 100.00 100.00 Zigbee Channel 11 - 2.405 GHz 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.55 100.00 Zigbee Channel 14 - 2.420 GHz 99.30 95.79 96.79 96.06 97.85 Zigbee Channel 15 - 2.425 GHz 98.31 98.75 99.51 98.55 98.30 Zigbee Channel 20 - 2.450 GHz 79.45 86.76 85.86 86.54 86.42 Zigbee Channel 26 - 2.480 GHz 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.96 100.00

Packet Delivery

75.00

80.00

85.00

90.00

95.00

100.00

105.00

1 2 3 4 5

Node Id

Su

cces

s ra

te

No WiFi






intro to tinyos intro to tinyos dec 2004 1 ©2004, crossbow technology, inc. intelligent sensor...

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