intro to the human body. what is anatomy? a-na-tom-y the study of internal and external structures...
TRANSCRIPT
Intro to the Human Body
What is Anatomy?
A-na-tom-y The study of internal and external structures From the Greek language and literally meant
“to cut apart” Divided into macro and micro
Microscopic- only seen with magnification Macroscopic- visible to naked eye
What is Physiology ?
Phys-i-ol-ogy Focuses on the functions and vital process of
structures Physi means relationship to nature Ology means the study of
Anatomy or Phsyiology?
The skeletal system A muscle contraction Homeostasis Knee joint The brain
Disease
In 5 words describe what disease is. The word literally means not (dis) at ease Disease is anything that upsets the normal
structure and function of A&P Name common diseases:
Disease terminology
Etiology- cause of the illness Idiopathic-can not determine illness Nosocomial- infectious disease from a medical facility Epidemiology-study of a disease Communicable- spread in a variety of ways like: Person
to person, insect to person, airborne Contagious- only spread person to person Endemic- located in one specific region/location Epidemic- affects large numbers in a region Pandemic- spreads country/nation wide
Review of Medical Terms Abdomin Aden Angio Arthr Cardi Col Cyan Cyt Derm Erythr Gastr Glyc Hemat Hepat
Abdomen Gland Vessel Joint Heart Colon Blue Cell Skin Red Stomach Sugar Blood liver
Medical terms… Hist Hydr Leuk Mamm Nephr Neur Oste Path Phag Phleb Rhin
Tissue Water White Breast Kidney Nerve Bone Disease To swallow Vein nose
Prefixes a/an Acro Brady Dia Dys Electro Endo Epi Hyper Hypo Macro micro Peri Sub tachy
Without Extremities Slow Through Difficult Electric Within Upon Above normal Below normal Large Small Around Below, under fast
Suffixes Al Algia Cyte Ectomy Gram Graphy Ist Itis Megaly Ologist Ology Oma Otomy Ostomy Pathy Penia Phobia Plasty Scope
Pertaining to Pain Cell Surgical removal Actual record Process of recording One who specializes Inflammation Enlargement of One who studies Study of Tumor Cutting into Surgically opening Disease Decrease of lack of Fear of Surgical repair Instrument to view
Abbreviations bid BM BP CA CBC CPR CXR Dx GI ICU IV MI npo po prn q SOB STAT tid ER
Twice a day Bowel movement Blood pressure Cancer Complete blood count Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Chest x ray Diagnosis Gastro intestinal Intensive care unit Intravenous Myocardial infarction Nothing by mouth By mouth As needed Every Shortness of breath Immediately Three times a day Emergency room
Metric System
Based on the power of 10 KHDMDCM
Metabolism
Refers to all chemical operations going on in our bodies
Requires fuel and nutrients to function Produces waste “all the life-sustaining reactions within the
body”
Metabolism subdivided
Anabolism- simpler compounds are built up and used for growth, repair and movement/reproduction
Catabolism- complex substances are broken down into simpler substances. Ex. Breakdown of food into chemical building blocks for energy.
Homeostasis
Is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium. Ex. Heart rate, temperature, BP.
Compare homeostasis to your home thermostat. Needs feedback to determine action This is called negative feedback loop- body
relies on this to sense the internal and external environment.
Feedback
Hypothalamus is the body's thermostatic control.
If it senses cold environments it triggers the body to conserve heat. The body shivers causes muscle activity and generates heat.
It triggers vasoconstriction keeping blood further away from the skin to reduce heat loss
Positive feedback
“vicious cycle” Not a way to regulate the body Continually increases Example- during childbirth the hypothalamus
release oxytocin that triggers uterine contractions. The oxytocin released continues to increase and cause more contractions until the baby is born.
Disease concepts
Signs and symptoms Vital signs A set group of signs and symptoms that may
occur at the same time indicate a SYNDROME.
Chief complaint Diagnosis- an i.d. of the disease Prognosis- a prediction of the diseases
outcome
Body’s Defense System
Pathogenic- microorganisms that cause disease
Skin is first line of defense Immune response- “eat” the pathogens that
penetrated the skin Inflammatory response- occurs when tissues
in your body are injured.
Defense….
Allergic reactions- immune system goes too far and causes damage.
Transmission- vector borne(carried by animal) biological – malaria or mechanical- landing on food Contact- direct -you touch, indirect- not sterilized Common vehicle- consumable goods are
contaminated Airborne- sneezing
Chain of infection- is the complete cycle of a pathogen entering the body and ending in the bloodstream.
Create a real life illustration that compares the idea of positive and negative feedback
Present your creation!
Real Life Comparison
Quiz: Anatomy Physiology Medical terms, abbreviations, etc. Metabolisms Homeostasis Disease concept Response to disease.
Quiz!!!
Reading the MapHuman Body
Anatomical position- erect, face forward, feet parallel with arms hanging at the side, and palms facing forward. Supine- facing upward (on your back) Prone facing downward (on your stomach) Tredelenburg- patient is supine but the head of
the bed is lower than the feet Fowlers-(often used in the hospital) patient is
sitting in the bed with the head of the bed elevated to 45-60 degrees
Body Positions
Body Planes
Are imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections.
Directional terms are created by these planes
There are three main body planes Transverse Midsagittal Frontal
Transverse Plane
Is a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top and bottom half.
The terms superior and inferior are made from this plane.
Superior meaning above other body parts. Inferior meaning below other body parts.
Example the elbow is superior to the wrist and inferior to the shoulder.
Transverse Plane
Cranial and caudal are also related to this plane
Cranial meaning near the head Caudal meaning near the tail.
Midsagittal Plane
Also called the median plane Divides the body into right and left sides Two directional terms are formed from this
plane, medial and lateral. Medial means toward the midline Lateral means away from the midline
Frontal Plane
Also called the coronal plane Divides the body into front and back sections Two directional terms are formed from this
plane Body parts in front of this plane are referred to
as anterior or ventral parts Body parts behind this plane are referred to as
posterior or dorsal parts.
Other Directional Terms
Proximal and Distal Proximal parts are body parts that are close to
the point of reference Distal parts are body parts that are distant
from the point of reference. Example: The knee is proximal to the hip while
the ankle is distal to the hip.
Proximal- refers to being the closest point of reference to your body
Distal- refers to being the farthest point of reference from your body.
Internal- structures inside External-structures outside Superficial- towards the body's surface Deep- away from the body’s surface Ipsilateral- means on the same side Contralateral- means on the opposite side
Additional Directional Terms
Body Planes
Sagittal Plane The Sagittal plane passes through the body front to back, so dividing it into left and
right. Movements in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and extension
Frontal Plane The frontal plane divides the body into front and back. Movements in this plane are
sideways movements, called abduction and adduction Transverse Plane This plane divides the body into top and bottom. Movements in this plane are
rotational in nature, such as internal and external rotation, pronation and supination Anatomical Neutral This is the starting position for describing any movement. It is important that you
know this to be able to understand what is meant by certain movement patterns. It is sometimes also called the anatomical starting position or fundamental starting position.
Anatomical neutral is: Standing upright Legs together and knee straight Toes pointing straight forwards Arms by the side Palms facing forwards
Movements in Planes
Simon Says!!!
Check Point
Remember!!!When you are caring for a patient you will ALWAYS use THEIR left and right. Not yours! This can cause serious problems in surgery and treatment if you tag the wrong body part.
Factoid:-species with a vertebral column are classified as vertebrates and
include fish, amphibians, reptiles birds, and mammals. The various planes of the body are also applied in veterinary medicine with a slight variation in terms. Anterior and posterior terms do not apply to quadrupeds.
- A sigittal plane will divide the body into left and right halves but can divide the body at any point. Only the midsaggital plane divides in the center.
Position me
Now ….. Lets make some MOVES
Body Cavities
Spaces within the body that contain the vital organs.
Two main body cavities Dorsal - also called posterior cavity Ventral - also called anterior cavity.
Dorsal Cavity
One long continuous cavity located at the rear of the body.
Divided into two sections Cranial Cavity - contains the brain Spinal Cavity - contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Cavities
Are larger than the dorsal cavities. Located on the front of the body The ventral cavity is separated by the
diaphragm. There are three main ventral cavities
Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic
Thoracic Cavity
Located in the chest Contains major organs including:
Esophagus Trachea Bronchi Lungs Heart Blood vessels
Abdominal Cavity
Is the upper part of the stomach area and contains the following: Stomach Small intestine Most of the large intestine Appendix Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen
Pelvic Cavity
Lower portion of the torso Contains the following
Urinary bladder Reproductive organs Last part of the large intestine
Often times the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are referred to as one unit called the abdomino-pelvic cavity
Other Cavities
Orbital Cavity Contains the eyes
Nasal Cavity Contains the nose structures
Buccal Cavity Contains the teeth and tongue
Body Cavities
Abdominal Regions
The abdominal cavity is large so it is divided into regions or sections.
There are two methods of division. Quadrants Regions
Abdominal Quadrants
Abdomen is divided into four sections with the umbilicus being the center point of reference.
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)- liver, right kidney, pancreas, gallbladder, colon
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) - colon, small intestines, right femoral artery, and appendix
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) - spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, and pancreas
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) - colon, small intestines, left femoral artery.
Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal Regions
Right Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Right Iliac Region Epigastric Region Umbilical region Hypogastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region Left Lumbar Region Left Iliac Region
Abdominal Regions
Quiz Indivually, then help a buddy.
Diagram: Quadrants Cavities Regions
Swap with opponent and grade!
Review
Other Important Body Regions
Antebrachial- forearm Antecubital-front of elbow Axillary- armpit Brachial- underarm Buccal- Cheek Carpal- wrist Cervical- neck Digital- fingers Femoral- upper inner thigh Gluteal- buttocks
Lumbar- lower back Nasal- nose Oral- mouth Orbital- eye Patellar- knee Pedal- foot Plantar- sole of foot Pubic- genital Sternal- breastbone Thoracic-chest
The Spinal Column Cerival 1-7 Thoracic 1-12 Lumbar 1-5 Sacrum
(fused)1-5 Coccyx
Clinial Application Body Regions
Used as diagnotic imaging Xray CT Scan MRI Ultrasound
Radiology
Most common Taken by passing xray beams through specific
areas in the body Depends on the densities Air is least dense / most radiolucent Tissue/fat- depends on thickness. Thicker the
layer the the lighter the image Water is mid ranged in density- more dense
than air and less dense than bone
Xray
Problem is it is only one dimensional Posteroanterior- standard position that
places patient in an up right position with chest in front in front of x-ray film. Beam travels from posterior out the anterior region onto the film.
Anteroposterior- opposite of PA Lateral- done as a compliment of PA to
eliminate interfering organs.
Positioning for Xray
Provides high resolution cross sectional “slices” and creates a 3 d image.
Problem is that it exposes you to high levels of radiation. (like having hundreds of chest xays)
CT/ CAT Scan
Instead of radiation it uses magnetic energy to produce cross sectional imaging.
Imaging is better than a x-ray and CAT scan. Patients must be completely still and are
limited if they have steel prosthetics. Patients who suffer from claustrophobia will
benefit from the creation of open MRI machines
MRI
Also known as sonography Uses sound waves to distinguish structures
in the body. Works like a fish finder Because of this feature we can observe the
action of heart valves, or fetal development. No radiation exposure
Ultrasound
Homeostasis Lab