intro to progressivism american history 9 th grade mr. noll
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro to Progressivism
American History9th GradeMr. Noll
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What is Progressivism?• Progressivism:• Reform movements that sought to raise living
standards and correct wrongs in American society
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How did it begin?
• Writers (Journalists) of the era exposed corruption
• Muckraker– writer who exposed corruption in
American society– They fueled public demand for
reformQ: How did these people who make
their money writing newspaper articles and books fueled public demand for reform?
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What were the basic goals of the Progressive movement?
Progressive Movement
To Expand Democracy
To Create Economic Reform
To Promote Social Welfare
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The Characters of Progressivism: Dead Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
The Election of 1912 Progressive Women
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Promoting Social Reform
• There were 4 groups of people who social reformers wanted to help:1. The poor2. The unemployed3. Immigrants4. Workers
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Social Reform• Some reformers started community centers to
provide education and employment to the poor & immigrants
• Others wanted to help workers– minimum wage laws– limits on working hours– help to the unemployed
• Some reformers were also involved in the Prohibition movement.– They wanted to prevent the sale, manufacturing, and transportation of
alcohol– They were a big help to expanding the temperance movement that
had begun in the 1800’s
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Expanding Democracy
• Progressives wanted to address Patronage:• Exchanging government jobs and contracts for
political support– Progressives believed people should get government jobs
based on their experience instead• Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
– Forced candidates for some government jobs to pass an exam.
– The act also prevented officials from firing workers for Political reasons.
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Democratic Reform• Progressives also wanted the voters to be able to get directly
involved in the government• Direct Primary:
– Primary in which voters, not party conventions, choose candidates to run for public office.
• Wisconsin became the first state to have a direct primary in 1903.
• In Oregon, progressives pushed for direct primaries and three other democratic reforms:– Initiative
• Voters may directly propose laws.
– Referendum• Voters can approve proposed laws.
– Recall• Elected officials can be voted out of office.
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Creating Economic Reform
• Progressives wanted to limit big businesses power and regulate its’ activities
• They targeted trusts and were successful with the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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Economic Reform
• Trust:– legal body created to hold stock in many
companies in the same industry• How companies in a trust work together.
– The businesses in a trust worked together to cut prices and squeeze out competitors.
– Then the trust would raise prices and make larger profits.
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Economic Reform• Sherman Antitrust Act-1890:
– Law that made it illegal for corporations to gain control of industries by forming trusts.
– The government did not enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 at first.
– Enforcement required a strong president.
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Theodore Roosevelt• President who led progressive reforms.• Served as president in 1901, 6 months after
President William McKinley took office.• Youngest president- started at age 42
– FYI: Orphaned niece's name was Eleanor Roosevelt, who actually married Teddy’s 5th cousin, Franklin.
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What President Teddy Roosevelt did before he became president:
• Led “the Rough Riders” a group of volunteers who took Cuba’s San Juan Hill in the Spanish American War.
• Became governor of New York in 1898• Became vice-president during William
McKinley’s 2nd presidential term in 1900.
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Roosevelt’s position on big business:
• Government should ensure fairness for all workers, consumers, and businesses, give Americans a “Square deal”
• Used the power of the presidency to – strengthen business regulation, – support labor unions.
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The accomplishments of Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”.
• Sherman Antitrust Act• Meat Inspection Act• Pure Food and Drug Act• Conservation: Preserving lands for public use
(national parks) and creating the U.S. Forest Service
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How Roosevelt became concerned about protecting consumers:
• Read Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, a novel exposes the unsanitary conditions in which the meat-packers worked, and the inedible products that were sometimes sold to consumers.
• 1906: passed the Meat Inspection Act• Pure Food and Drug Act
– Banned the sale of impure foods and medicines– Precursor to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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Roosevelt: Crusader on Conservation
• Conservation– Controlling resource usage– Created U.S. Forest Service– TR preserved 194 million acres of public lands,
including the Grand Canyon, and Pelican Island, FL (1st wildlife refuge)
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TR’s Civil Rights dilemma
• Moral Dilemma:– If Roosevelt promoted civil rights, he offended
many Americans. – If he did not, he wasn’t true to his beliefs.
• Action taken:– Invited Booker T. Washington (Who is this?) to
dinner at the White House in 1901.
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Election of 1908
• Candidates :– Eugene V. Debs –Socialist Party– William Howard Taft—Republican– William Jennings Bryan—Democrat
• Popular Roosevelt “hand-picked” Taft to be his successor in progressive reform.
• The other candidates didn’t stand a chance against Taft.
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President William Howard Taft ‘08-’12
• Taft’s major progressive achievements which were constitutional amendments:– 16th Amendment
• Amendment that gave Congress the power to create income taxes.
– 17th Amendment• Amendment that provided for direct election of U.S.
Senators
• Taft as Trust Buster: – Twice as many trusts busted as Teddy
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Election of 1912• Bull Moose Party • Created by Teddy Roosevelt
due to support by progressive Republican leaders who split from President Taft
• Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912:– With Republicans greatly
divided between Taft’s leadership and the Bull Moose party under Roosevelt, Wilson won the election.
– Eugene V. Debs didn’t affect the election.
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President Wilson’s Progressive Reform• The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.
– Legislation that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act’s power.
– Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 prohibited monopolies and business practices that lessened competition, as well as allowing labor unions to expand and legalized strikes.
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Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
– Law that created the modern banking system.• Why the Federal Reserve bank was created.
– The Federal Reserve Act created a more flexible currency system by allowing fed reserve banks to control the money supply through the raising and lowering of interest rates
– the raising and lowering of interest rates affected how much member banks could borrow, affecting how much banks could lend to people and businesses.
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President Wilson and Civil Rights
• Segregation.– The practice of keeping whites and African Americans
apart.• Reasons for Wilson’s failure in civil rights.
– Wilson was from the South. Although Candidate Wilson spoke of his “willingness and desire to deal with (African Americans) fairly and justly, he personally believed in segregation.
– White Southerners gained the most federal support from Wilson’s presidency than they had since the Civil War.
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Progressivism: comparing Wilson Vs Roosevelt
• Both strengthened regulation of trusts.– Roosevelt was more progressive than
Wilson on Civil Rights.– Wilson :
• Congress created the modern banking system.
• Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 prohibited monopolies and business practices that lessened competition, as well as allowing labor unions to expand and legalized strikes.
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3.3 Women Win New Rights• Women’s lives changed in the late 1800’s
– Families were getting smaller as women were having fewer children.
– New industries and technology made it possible for homemakers to wash clothes, clean, and cook in less time and with less effort than before.
– New opportunities for women who took jobs outside of the home included telephone operators, store clerks and typists.
– College educated women could enter fields such as teaching and nursing.
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Reformer: Charlotte Perkins Gilman
• Author: – Concerning Children (‘00)– The Home (‘03)
• Proposal that families live in large apartments with centralized nurseries and staff to cook, clean, and offer child care.– These supports would free women to work
outside the home.– Q: Would this idea be relevant in today’s modern
society? Why or why not?
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Women Reformers
• Describe what some reformers like Jane Addams did to help communities– Started Settlement Houses:
• Community center providing help to immigrants and the poor
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Reformer: Jane Addams
• The Hull House in Chicago was inspired by a visit to a settlement house in a London, England slum
• How Jane Addams got the money to open the Hull House:– With donations by wealthy Chicagoans.
– Programs at the Hull house were run by the young residents and volunteers, who received no salary and had to pay their room and board.
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Services the Hull House offered immigrants and poor:
• Provided educational and employment services• Information bureau to new immigrants• Kindergarten, nursery, and after school
daycare services• Health clinics• Citizen classes
• The Hull House also pressured politicians to improve neighborhood conditions and services
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Reformer: Susan B. Anthony
• Susan B Anthony believed the 14th Amendment applied to women.– In 1872, Anthony voted in the presidential election,
was arrested, tried, and found guilty.• Her punishment was a large fine, which she
refused to pay.• Fought for women’s rights for 45 years• Died 14 years before women got the right to
vote.
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Reformer: Carry A Nation
• Fought for prohibition.• Prohibition.
– Legal ban on the production, possession, and sale of alcohol.
• 18th Amendment – Passed 1919: ban on the
production, possession and sale of alcohol.
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Suffrage• Right to vote• 19th amendment• Order of events that led to Women’s suffrage:
– By 1896, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado allow women to vote
– Between 1919 and 1914 seven more Western states approve full woman suffrage
– Women support war effort during World War I– House passes 19th amendment in 1918– Senate approves 19th amendment in 1919– States ratify it in 1920
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National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
• Enrollment shoot up to over 2 million in 1917.– During WWI, women left the homes to work to
take the jobs vacated by soldiers, as well as becoming nurses.
• Carrie Chapman Catt, President of the NAWSA supported president Wilson and volunteered NAWSA’s services to the government to help the war effort.
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A new political party: Socialist
• Socialism– A system in which the state controls the economy
• Eugene V. Debs, – He was the Socialist candidate for president five
times (1900, ’04,’08, ’12, and ’20).– Labor leader who became a socialist while serving
a prison sentence for a role in an 1894 labor strike
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