intro to neuroanatomy
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Basic Neuroanatomy
Maryann Martone, Ph. D.
1/7/10
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Organization of the Nervous System
•CNS (neural plate)
•Brain
•Spinal cord
•PNS (neural crest)
•Somatic
•Autonomic
•Sympathetic
•Parasympathetic
•Enteric
•Gut motility and secretion
“Gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson
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Directions
MedialLateralLateral
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Planes of Section
Coronal (frontal)HorizontalSagittal
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Fig 2.8: Squire et al, Fundamental neuroscience, 2nd ed
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Development of the Nervous System
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Divisions of the Brain
Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult
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Alar vs Basal Plates
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Sylvian Fissure
Gyri and sulci
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Dividing up the brain
Gross anatomy:
•White matter vs gray matter
•Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei
•Nuclei vs Ganglia
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Nissl vs Myelin Stain
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Corpus Callosum
Callosum (L): hard, tough
Commissure vs decussation
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More white matter terms
• White matter:
• Tract: common origin and destination
• Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts)
• Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem
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Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on:Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matterLandmarks, e.g., sulciHistologyCytoarchitectureChemoarchitectureProjection patternsFunctional considerations
Don’t all agree with one another!
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MotorSomatosensory
FF PP
TTOO
Vision
Audition
General Functions Associated with each Lobe
Structure-function relationships
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Features sometimes form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas
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The Ventricles
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Cerebral ventricles
•Lateral ventricles•Interventricular foramen•Third ventricle•Cerebral aqueduct•Fourth ventricle
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Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section
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Useful guides for identification
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Ventricles are not mere landmarks however
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CSF
•125 ml in adult human
•500 ml/24 hr period
•Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles
•Forms “water cushion” for brain
•Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces
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Hydrocephalus
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Flow of CSF
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Meninges
Leptomeninges =
Arachnoid + pia mater
Pachymeninges=dura mater
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neuroroot.html
– Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words
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Sinuses
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Cerebral Blood Supply