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Introduction to LTE (Part 2)

The webinar will start shortly

2

About the Presenters

Graham Whyley Technical Master Trainer

AIRCOM Technical Master Trainer since 2005

Currently responsible for all LTE training

course creation and delivery

Over 20 years of training experience at

companies including British Telecom and

Fujitsu

Adam Moore Learning & Development Manager With AIRCOM since 2006

Member of CIPD

3

Webinar - Introduction to LTE (Part 2)

Approximate Duration – 1 hour

Agenda LTE Carriers

Re-farming

Phased Service Deployment

LTE performance requirements & Network Architecture

Summary

Q&A

4

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)

Frequency-division duplexing (FDD) means that the transmitter and

receiver operate at different carrier frequencies.

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

Duplex Mode

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 FDD

Band 1

2110-2170 MHz

1920-1980 MHZ

60Mhz 60Mhz

Bandwidth (MHz)

1.4 3 5 10 15 20

# of RBs

6 15 25 50 75 100

Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

FOR LTE REL’8

receiver

transmitter

REL’8

5

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

Duplex Mode

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 FDD

2 1850-1910 1930-1990 FDD

3 1710-1785 1805-1880 FDD

4 1710-1755 2110-2155 FDD

5 824-849 869-894 FDD

6 830-840 875-885 FDD

7 2500-2570 2620-2690 FDD

8 880-915 925-960 FDD

9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 FDD

10 1710-1770 2110-2170 FDD

11 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 FDD

12 698-716 728-746 FDD

13 77-787 746-756 FDD

14 788-798 758-768 FDD

Band 8:is currently used mostly by GSM.

The band is attractive from a coverage

point of view due to the lower propagation

losses.

Europe:

Band 7: The 2.6 GHz auctions have been

running in a few countries

6

FDD

0 1 2 3 19

One Sub-

frame = 1 mS

10 ms

• The frame duration is 10 ms

• Each frame consists of 10 sub-frames

2110-2130 MHz

20Mz

What is meant by TTI?

1920-1940 MHZ

0 1 2 3 19

10 ms

What is TTI

Rel’99?

What is TTI

Rel’5?

What is TTI LTE?

What is

meant by

Full Duplex?

7

Frequency-division duplexing(FDD)

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

Duplex Mode

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 FDD

2 1850-1910 1930-1990 FDD

3 1710-1785 1805-1880 FDD

4 1710-1755 2110-2155 FDD

5 824-849 869-894 FDD

6 830-840 875-885 FDD

7 2500-2570 2620-2690 FDD

8 880-915 925-960 FDD

9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 FDD

10 1710-1770 2110-2170 FDD

11 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 FDD

12 698-716 728-746 FDD

13 77-787 746-756 FDD

14 788-798 758-768 FDD

Band 8:is currently used mostly by GSM. The

band is attractive from a coverage point of view

due to the lower propagation losses.

Supported Channels (non-overlapping) E-UTRA

Band Downlink

Bandwidth Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)

1.4 3 5 10 15 20

1 60 - - 12 6 4 3

2 60 42 20 12 6 4* 3*

3 75 53 23 15 7 5* 3*

4 45 32 15 9 4 3 2

5 25 17 8 5 2* - -

6 10 - - 2 1* X X

7 70 - - 14 7 4 3*

8 35 25 11 7 3* - -

GSM Bandwidth

Available

8

Re-farming

Re-using existing 2G and 3G spectrum for LTE, operators can

make significant cost savings, extend the lifespan of existing

spectrum assets

These benefits can only be realised if operators follow a careful

planning process to minimise service degradation for existing 2G

and 3G services.

A mobile network operator that plans to roll-out its new LTE network has in

principle two options:

• buy new spectrum

• re-farm spectrum already in possession.

9

Re-farming GSM 900 MHz

The 900 MHz band It also has the benefit of increased coverage and subsequent

reduction in network deployment costs compared to deployments at higher

frequencies. (GSM900 890-960)

UMTS deployments require a full 5 MHz of spectrum to be freed up before being

deployed in that band.

LTE will be able to be deployed in spectrum bands as small as 1.4MHz and it provides

good initial deployment scalability as it can be literally “squeezed” in as the GSM

spectrum is freed-up, and grow as more spectrum becomes available

GSM/DCS (Digital Cellular System)

– 900, 1800 MHz

HSPA/HSPA+

– 800, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 MHz

LTE (Long Term Evolution – 3G, 4G)

– 800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz (Europe)

• 900MHz offers improved building

penetration

GSM FREQUECIES 5 Mhz

10

LTE1800: LTE Deployments in 1800MHz Band

1800 MHz band widely

available throughout Europe,

APAC, MEA, and some regions

of South America

For many operators, it’s also

a way to launch next-gen

mobile broadband services

without having to waiting for

local governments to allocate

4G spectrum

LTE to be deployed in this spectrum enables the possibility to provide networks

for fast mobile broadband services with a substantially wider coverage at a

lower cost than when using 2.6 GHz, which requires a considerably larger

number of base stations.

11

64 bit QAM

SINR+19dB

m

QPSK

SINR-4dBm

Po

we

r 4

1.4

6

Path Loss 150dB

Tx Power

42 dBm

Rx

Sensitivity

-108

Path Loss

12

Phased Service Deployment

A service provider may choose to deploy LTE for selected geographical areas to serve high traffic hot zones.

LTE mobile terminals will also leverage existing 2G and 3G networks, thus allowing service to be offered in a phased deployment.

LTE may at first be deployed to serve high density urban areas and strategic indoor locations

(e.g. airports, business parks etc.).

high traffic zones

LTE CELL

LTE provides only a PS core network domain so is not able to

support traditional CS domain voice services

I need to make CS

voice call

13

Time-Division Duplexing (TDD)

TDD means the transmission and reception occur on the same frequency

Same frequency

TDD in unpaired

spectrum,

whereby the

same frequency

channel is used

for both downlink

and uplink

communication

33 1900-1920 1900-1920 TDD

34 2010-2025 2010-2025 TDD

35 1850-1910 1850-1910 TDD

36 1930-1990 1930-1990 TDD

37 1910-1930 1910-1930 TDD

38 2570-2620 2570-2620 TDD

39 1880-1920 1880-1920 TDD 40 2300-2400 2300-2400 TDD

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

Duplex Mode

Special Down Down Down Down Down Down Down Up Up

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

Duplex Mode

1 1920-1980 2110-2170 FDD

2 1850-1910 1930-1990 FDD

3 1710-1785 1805-1880 FDD

4 1710-1755 2110-2155 FDD

5 824-849 869-894 FDD

6 830-840 875-885 FDD

7 2500-2570 2620-2690 FDD

8 880-915 925-960 FDD

9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 FDD

10 1710-1770 2110-2170 FDD

11 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 FDD

12 698-716 728-746 FDD

13 77-787 746-756 FDD

14 788-798 758-768 FDD

14

Type 2 LTE Frame Structure

Special Down Up Down Up Up Up Up Up Special

Special Down Down Up Up Up Up Special Down Down

Special Down Down Up Up Special Down Down Down Down

Special Down Up Down Down Down Up Up Down Down

Special Down Down Down Down Down Down Down Up Up

Special Down Down Down Down Down Down Down Up Down

Special Down Up Up Up Up Up Special Down Down

Frame 0 and frame 5 (always downlink in TDD)

Frame 0 Frame 5

Frame 1 and frame 6 is always used as for synchronization in

TDD

Frame 1 Frame 6

Frame allocation for Uplink and Downlink is settable in TDD

15

Questions

What limits Bit Rate in LTE?

Give 2 answers

Bandwidth 20MHz 15MHz

10MHz

5MHz

3MHz

1.4MHz

SINR

SINR ave = S

I + N

I = Iown + Iother

spatial multiplexing

MIMO (2x2) (4x4)

Privileged and confidential. The information contained in this material is privileged and confidential, and is intended

only for the use of the individual to whom it is addressed and others who have been specifically authorized to receive

it. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this

material is strictly prohibited. If you have received this material in error, please destroy it immediately.

LTE performance

requirements & Network

Architecture

17

LTE performance requirements

Evolved

Node B

(eNB)

LTE-Uu

Air-Interface

Bandwidth (MHz)

1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Data Rate: MAX Peak data rates target

150 Mbps (downlink 2x2)) and 75 Mbps

(uplink 1x1) for 20 MHz spectrum

allocation, assuming 2 receive antennas

and 1 transmit antenna at the terminal.

Cell range up to 100km??

64QAM 6bits/Hz

16QAM 4bits/Hz

QPSK 2 bts/hz

dynamic adaptive modulation

Radio Conditions SINR

What is bit/s/Hz?

What is the average bit/s/Hz?

bit/s/Hz

18

Cell range

Cell range up to 100km??

Cell range is limited by a number of items:

Frequency

Path Loss

Timing Advance

Prach Parameters

• Preamble format

• Root Sequence Index (RSI)

• zeroCorrelationZoneConfig

Height of the enodeB

Cell range

19

Spectrum Efficiency

Spectrum efficiency is 1.7-2.7bps/Hz/cell in the downlink and 0.7bps/Hz/cell

in the uplink when inter-site distance (ISD) is 500m.

64QAM 6bits/Hz

16QAM 4bits/Hz

QPSK 2 bts/hz

dynamic adaptive modulation

Radio Conditions SINR

What is bit/s/Hz?

What is the average bit/s/Hz?

bit/s/Hz

20

Key Features

Evolved NodeB

– No RNC is provided anymore

– The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.

– This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network

architecture simpler

Admission

control

Load

control

Packet

Scheduling

Evolved Node B (eNB)

Evolved Node B handles all physical

resource via a scheduler and

assigns them dynamically to users and

channels

64QAM

16QAM

QPSK

dynamic adaptive modulation

Radio Conditions SINR

DATA

21

Key Features

Admission

control

Load

control

Packet

Scheduling

Evolved Node B (eNB)

QoS awareness

– The scheduler must handle and distinguish

different quality of service classes

– Otherwise real time services would not be

possible via EUTRAN DATA

Qo

S C

lass I

den

tifi

er

22

Questions

What is the cell range for LTE?

What limits the cell range?

23

LTE-UE

S6a

Serving

Gateway

S1-U

S11

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S1-MME

PDN

Gateway

Internet/IMS

S5

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

Evolved

Node B

(eNB)

X2

LTE-Uu

HSS

MME: Mobility Management Entity

LTE Network Architecture

SGSN

S4

S3 interface connects MME directly to SGSN for signaling to

support mobility across LTEand UTRAN

S3 DATA DATA DATA DATA

Signalling

Connection to

3G network

UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network ALL IP NETWORK

MME

24

LTE: Key Performance Indicators for E-UTRAN

An EPS bearer uniquely identifies traffic flows that receive a common QoS

treatment between a UE and a PDN GW

Serving

Gateway

P-

Gateway

S1-U S5 LTE-Uu

PDN

End to End Bearer

EPS Bearer External Bearer

Radio Bearer S1 - Bearer S5 - Bearer

25

LTE: Key Performance Indicators for E-UTRAN

Radio Bearer

Serving

Gateway

MME: Mobility Management Entity LTE

S1 - Bearer

S5 - Bearer

IDLE

TRACKING

AREA UPDATE

S1 – Bearer handover rate

26

LTE: Key Performance Indicators for E-UTRAN Seamless mobility experience

subscribers to remain connected via any access technology

Serving

Gateway

DATA

MME: Mobility Management Entity

SGSN

RNC

3G

LTE

27

LTE devices will be backward compatible with GSM and UMTS, even at early

stage of LTE deployment, LTE subscribers will be able to roam worldwide

irrespective of the country they are in.

LTE Broadcast will give operators an opportunity to achieve new revenues

Evolved NodeB

– No RNC is provided anymore

Admission

control

Load

control

Packet

Scheduling

Evolved Node B (eNB)

DATA

Max Spectrum efficiency

about 5 bits/Hz

Target : Spectrum efficiency

is 1.7-2.7bps/Hz/cell in the

downlink

Target :

Spectrum

efficiency is 1.7-

2.7bps/Hz/cell in

the downlink

28

Data

Spectrum

(MHz)

Data

Efficiency

(bit/s/Hz)

Sectors Total

Bandwidth

(Mbps)

LTE

Down link

(1x2)

5 1.7 3 25

LTE

2x2

5 3.4 3 50

LTE

Down link 2x2

10 3.4 3 102

LTE

Down link 4x4

20 6.8 3 408

Assumption – 1.7 bits/Hz

Backhaul (IP/Ethernet)

LTE - enodeB

64

QAM 16

QAM QPSK

29

Any Questions?

30