Intro to Level 3 and 4 Sentence Analysis

•Level 1=Identify parts of speech

•Level 2=Identify parts of sentence

•Level 3=Identify phrases

•Level 4=Identify clauses

Phrases

•A group of words without a subject-&-predicate that acts like a single part of speech.

Appositive Phrase

•An interrupting definition.

•Re-defines or explains a noun while acting as an adjective.

•It is put (pos) beside (ap) the noun.

Appositive Phrase

Appositive are NONessential phrases, set off with commas:

• A jerkline skinner, Slim is admired by all for his skill with large teams of horses.

• Lennie, a large man, has the mind of a child.

• George, a caring friend, warns Lennie to stay away from dangerous people on the farm.

Appositive Phrase

•Lennie and George dream of owning their own place, a farm.

•Curley, the boss’s son, picks a fight with Lennie.

Prepositional Phrase

•Begins with a preposition and concludes with its object(always a noun/pronoun.)

•He ran down the road.

•They slept by the river.

“pp”s show TIME, SPACE, or

DIRECTION!A “pp” always modifies in a way that

shows:

• time (adverbial phrase answering the question “when?”)

• space (adverbial or adjectival, answering the question “where?” or “which one?”)

• direction (adverbial or adjectival, answering the question “where?/ how?” or “which one?”)

Prepositional Phrase

What else should I know about “pp”s?

*Review the list of prepositions to help identify prepositional phrases.

*If the “pp” modifies a noun, make sure to place it next to that noun or you will have a misplaced modifier= CONFUSED MEANING!

Prepositional Phrase

• I read the note in the boat from Adam. (MISPLACED “pp” = CONFUSED MEANING!)

It sounds like Adam gave you the boat, when actually …

• I read the note from Adam in the boat. (Correct word order = CORRECT MEANING)

Prepositional Phrase

• If the object of the preposition is a pronoun, it must take the object form.

•The letter is for him and me.

•She and I went with you and him.

Verbals

• A verb form used as a different part of speech

1. Gerund phrases (verb + ing used as noun)

2. Participial phrases (verb+-ing, -en, -t, or -ed

used as adj.)

3. Infinitive phrases (“to + verb” used as noun or modifier:adj or adverb)

Gerund phrases

•A verb + ing that ALWAYS acts as a noun:

•Running around the school is fun.

•The thing that make me happy is doing my homework.

•Seeing Mrs. Santa Claus puts a smile on my face.

Participial phrases

•(verb+-ing ,-ed, -t, or -en)

•Always “acts” as an adjective

•They must be placed next to noun they modify!

Participial phrases•Taking out the garbage,

Neil encountered a rat.

•Scratching his head, Atticus squinted at the letter through broken glasses.

•Exhausted from work, Elvis plopped onto his couch.

Infinitive Phrases

•To + a verb used as noun, adj. or adverb.

•To run in the sun is fun.

•She loves to smile.

•The show to watch after the news is The Daily Show.

LET’s PRACTICE!• Complete this chart:

Gerund

Participle

Infinitive

The verbal (or verbal phrase) “LOOKS LIKE” this…

The verbal (or verbal phrase)“ACTS LIKE” this …

VERB + _______ NOUN

VERB + ing, ___, en, or ___

ADJECTIVE

NOUN, ____, or ____

Use your chart to identify the verbals

and

verbal phrases in these sentences:• 1. Without trying, the talented volleyball player

showed her 27-inch vertical!

• 2. Whipping her beautiful tresses around, Julia exhibited her flirtatious nature.

• 3. I find eating is far superior to sleeping though many would argue with my biased Italian logic!

• 4. Never again will I try to drive all night without sleeping.

• 5. Between the couch cushions I found a quarter, some old burnt toast, and my favorite journaling pen.

ANSWERS!

• 1. Without trying (g), the talented (p) volleyball player showed her 27-inch vertical!

• 2. Whipping her beautiful tresses around (part. p), Julia exhibited her flirtatious nature.

• 3. I find eating (g) is far superior to sleeping (g) though many would argue with my biased (p) Italian logic!

• 4. Never again will I try to drive all night without sleeping(ip).

• 5. Between the couch cushions I found a quarter, some old burnt (p) toast, and my favorite journaling (p) pen.

You’ve heard of the Word Within The Word;

Here’s The Phrase Within The Phrase: EMBEDDED

PHRASES…• Yes, good writers enrich their “sentence

stories” by writing phrases within phrases.

CHALLENGE!!!!

• GO BACK to the sentences employing GERUNDS and add to the “story” of the sentence, creating GERUND PHRASES.

• As you create gerund phrases, add EMBEDDED PHRASES with prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases if you can!

Note the gerund phrasesand the embedded phrases…• Without trying very hard, … or

Without trying to show off to her coaches, …

• . I find eating large delicious meals is far superior to sleeping until noon …

• . Never again will I try to drive all night without sleeping for a minimum of six hours.

Level 4: Clauses

•A clause is a group of words containing a subject and its predicate.

•There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent

Crack the CODE of

GRAMMAR• I = Independent

• D = Dependent

• cc = coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

• ca = conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, thusfar, whatsoever, in spite of this, etc.)

Punctuation is a FUNCTION of the Grammar CODE as part of the sentence analysis.

Independent Clause (I)

These make sense independently; they can stand alone to deliver a complete thought without confusion or ambiguity.

•Billy went to the party.

Dependent Clause (D)

•These do not make sense independently; they cannot stand alone, for they cause confusion and questions that must be answered by an independent clause.

• If Billy went to the party,(needs an “I”).

Dependent Clause (D)

• If Billy went to the party, his parents will freak out.

• Because Billy went to the party, he was grounded for 20 weeks.

•Even though Billy went to the party, he didn’t get into trouble.

How to recognize a Dependent Clause

(D)?Dependent clauses can begin with one of the

following words:

a subordinating conjunction (ABBI SAW A WUWU conjunction)

• if, as, since, when, because, although, after, until, unless, whenever, where, wherever, while

• as if, as long as, but that, even if, except that, ever since, if only, in case, just as

a relative pronoun:

• who, whose, whom, which, that

Practice:Circle the D clauses

• After she ate her pumpkin pie, she fell asleep.

• The Thanksgiving feast would have been even better if there had been more desserts!

• I knew that Uncle Jimmy would smoke a smelly cigar while the ladies cleaned up the dishes.

• Because my family is so competitive, my brothers have been known to overeat just to see who can consume the most in a single meal.

Four Sentence Structures

1. Simple sentenceI = Independent clause

2. Compound sentences =

I, cc, I = Two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

I; I = Two or more independent clauses joined by a semicolon

I; ca, I = Two or more independent clauses joined by the combination semicolon conjunctive adverb

Four Sentence Structures

3. Complex sentence• I D or D, I or D, I D = Independent clause joined to dependent

clause

4. Compound/Complex• I, cc I D or D,I , cc I or ID; ca, I = Contains both compound and complex

clause structures

Punctuation is a FUNCTION of

Grammar!I, cc II; IIDD, II; ca, I

I, cc I

•Comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence (Beyonce Rule – comma “to the left” of the FANBOY)

ex.: Jeremy went to the party, and his best friend, Jake, joined him.

I ; I

•Semicolon between two independent clauses

ex.: Billy went to the party; his parents never knew.

I D

•No comma after independent clause in a complex sentence.

•Billy went to the party because they were servings burgers.

D,I

•Comma after introductory dependent clause in complex sentence.

•Because they were serving burgers, Billy went to the party.

Don’t be a CODE breaker!Why do you think it is a grammar error to join

two independent clauses with only a coordinating conjunction or (gasp!) no punctuation?

• IccI or II (incorrect because…?)

• Billy went to the party yet he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)

• Billy went to the party he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)

BEWARE the RUN-ON SENTENCE!

• A run-on sentence may occur either by

FUSING (i.e., jamming two independent clauses into one sentence without punctuation!)

OR

SPLICING (i.e., connecting two independent clauses with a comma…NOT GOOD!)

Fusing can be hazardous to your

grammar!• Parties are so much fun they are

usually a place to dance and meet new people.

• You better get directions I got lost the last time I went to Ella’s house.

• Do you really think Halloween is the best holiday Christmas is much better.

FIX these…!

Splicing can hurt! I, I = a “comma splice”

• Billy went to the party, he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)

• He had chores to do all weekend, Billy was not a happy kid. (incorrect because…?)

• Mom and Dad don’t trust their son, they hope Billy learns to follow rules for his own safety. (incorrect because…?)

FIX these, please!

L4 analysis steps!• 1. Go BACK to level 2, parts of sentence, to find

the S-V “partners”; CIRCLE those “couples”!

• 2. Each S-V “couple” = a clause. Use your knowledge of conjunctions and punctuation to identify the type of clause (I or D).

• 4. Directly under the circled “couple(s)” write the CODE, carrying down the punctuation, i.e., CODE the structure on line 4.

• 5. NAME the structure of the sentence.

• 6. NAME the purpose of the sentence.

Identify the sentence structure

Candy regrets not shooting his own dog.

Because Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, he has regrets.

Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision.

Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision because the dog was his responsibility.

Identify the sentence structure

Candy regrets not shooting his own dog.

(simple=I)

Because Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, he has regrets.(Complex=D, I)

Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision. (Compound=I, cc I)

Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision because the dog was his responsibility.

(Compound-Complex/I, cc I D)

Identify the sentence structure

Carlson epitomizes the lonely ranch hand; however, he doesn’t understand the friendship Lennie and George share.

Although George loves Lennie like a brother, he realizes he must stop him from killing again.

Mentally handicapped people faced discrimination during this time period and had few options in life.

Crooks dreams of having friends; he tells Lennie about his childhood home and friends he had.

Identify the sentence structure

Carlson epitomizes the lonely ranch hand; however, he doesn’t understand the friendship that Lennie and George share. (compound/complex=I; ca, I D)

Although George loves Lennie like a brother, he realizes that he must stop him from killing again. (complex=D, I D)

Mentally handicapped people faced discrimination during this time period and had few options in life. (simple=I)

Crooks dreams of having friends; he tells Lennie about his childhood home and friends he had. (compound=I;I)