intro to finance
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Introduction to basic issues in entrepreneurial valuation
High Technology EntrepreneurshipProf. Scott Jones
Thanks to David J. Freschman, CPA, Delaware Innovation Fund andMark J. Gundersen, Esq., McCarter & English for contributingSome material used in this presentation.
Disclaimer
DO NOT CONSIDER THIS PRESENTATION TO BE LEGAL OR BUSINESS ADVICE. YOU SHOULD CONSULT A QUALIFIED ATTORNEY AND CPA WHEN MAKING IMPORTANT BUSINESS DECISIONS.
Selecting a Business Entity (what is the legal structure of the Owner’s
Equity?)
• Sole Proprietorship
• General Partnership
• Limited Partnership
• Limited Liability Company *
• Subchapter S Corporation*
• Subchapter C Corporation*
Factors to Consider
• Start-up Economics (Net Operating Losses)– Flow through type (income passed fully to owners)– C Corp. type (income passed as dividends)
• Projected Growth• Source of capital (founders, VCs, etc.)• Exit Strategy• Limited Liability• Employee Incentives• Tax Issues
Prepare Documents
• Business Plan
• Executive Summary
• Brief Venture Pitch
• Elevator speech
• PPM
Wrap-up legal issues
• IP (patents, copyrights, trademarks) & assignments
• NDAs, non-compete in place w/ employees
• Board members- add value
• Consulting agreements (work for hire)
• Web-site, name trademarked
How Do Entrepreneurs Raise Money?
• Sweat Equity (Bootleg)
• SBIR
• Friends, Family, Fools
• Banks
• Savings, 2nd Mortgage, etc.
• Angels
• Venture Capitalists
Small Business Innovation Research
• Federal Agency (DOD, EPA, NSF, NASA, etc.)• Phase I- Evaluate Scientific & Technical merit ($100k)• Phase II- R&D activity- prototype, clinical trials, etc.
($750k)• Phase III- Commercialize- no money but expedited
procurement• Topics vary by agency• For profit company, <500 employee, 51% US owned, PI
must be employee, not employed FT elsewhere• Gov’t gets use royalty free, but recipient gets worldwide
patent rights• 6-18 month funding gap• Can’t hire marketing/sales staff- scientific/R&D only
Angels
• Wealthy individuals
• May be, but not necessarily “accredited investors”
• Typically interested in- some return, philanthropic interest, want to be active
Venture Capital
• Most businesses do not use VC money• Many successful technology startups eventually
use VC money• Typical “Fund”
– 10 year limited partnership– May make 10 to 15 investments– LPs provide capital– VC professionals do the investing– Both share in the carried interest (profit after return of
investment capital to LPs)
The Venture Capital IndustryA Typical Fund
General Partner(VC Firm)
1% of Capital2.5% Mgmt. Fee
20% Carry
Newco A
Newco B
Newco C
Newco N
Megaco A
Bigco B
Hanginginco C
Loserco N
Limited Partners99% of Capital80% Carry
$
$$
Expertise
X
$ $ $
Trading Securities
• Public traded: NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ– Requires SEC registration– Fees– Must comply w/ Act of ’34 &
requirements of Regulation S-X (17 CFR 210).
– SEC report filing (10Q/K, 8K)– Follow GAAP– Audited Financial Statements
• Private placements– No SEC registration– Generally want to follow
GAAP, no SEC filings– Be careful to follow rules
Private Placement Memorandum
• Mission/objective
• Capitalization & shareholders
• Company & Management (mini Bus plan)
• Financial
• Legal
• Exhibits
Legal issues & Investment Capital
• Impractical for small company to register (cost)• Comply to avoid contingent liability (Right of
rescission)– Section 4(2) exemption
• Sophisticated investors have access to information (i.e., like prospectus), no solicitation- VC fund
– Regulation D- Rules 501-508 Provide “Safe Harbor” • Size of offering, limits to unaccredited investor group size• Accredited Investors• Can’t “advertise” the offering• Provide Information
– Rule 701- Benefit plans or written compensation agreement
Basic Accounting Equation
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNERS EQUITY
Stuff that has future economic benefit: cash, receivables, inventory, patents, equipment, etc. Things I owe to
to other people:payables, tax liabilities,loans, mortgages, etc.
What’s left over is mine.
Like the basic laws of physics, this equation cannot be out of balance.
Valuation Problem
• A = L + OE• Founders put in $100,000 of savings to buy
computer equipment to start company.• 100,000 = 0 + 100,000• Founders get $1,000,000 of venture money to
hire employees & expand sales effort• 1,100,000 = 0 + 1,100,000• How much of the company do the founders
own? The VCs own?
Depends on “valuation”
• It is all subject to negotiation, but a starting point is the “theoretical” VC valuation model:
Ownership % needed =
Required future value of investment
Total terminal value of the investment
VALUATION is NOT the same thing as ASSETS
Required future value of investment = (1 + IRR)n (Io)
Total terminal value of the investment = (P/E)(En)
IRR = VCs required internal rate of returnI0 = Investment at t=0P/E = Price to Earnings ratio for companies in that industryEn = Earnings in terminal year (n) of investment (exit point)
Ownership % needed =
(1 + IRR)n (Io)
(P/E)(En)
(at exit)
Ownership % needed =
Io
Vo + Io
Solve this for “Vo”, to get the pre-money valuation- this is the “value” that the VC gives the founders.
Io
Vo + Io
=(1 + IRR)n (Io)
(P/E)(En)
The following relationship must also hold true:
Number of new shares = To give investors
% ownership required
(1-% ownership required)
Price per Share =
No. of new shares
Amount Invested
* (number of old shares)
Example (continued)
• Assume technology company (P/E around 10.3), early stage investment requiring 35% IRR, expected exit 5 years, projected earnings at 750,000 in 5th year
% = (1 + 0.35)5(1,000,000)
10.3(750,000)
= 58%
Example (continued)
• Founders issued themselves 50,000 shares for the initial investment of $100k, or $2 per share. The new share price is:
No. new shares =.58
(1-.58)
= 69048*50000
Share price = 1,000,000/69048 = $14.48
THIS WAS AN “UP ROUND” FOR THE FOUNDERS!
Other issues
• Type of stock VC’s take is often “convertible preferred stock”- class of stock that has the preferences of debt, but the ownership rights of common stock– Preference in liquidation (perhaps even a multiple)– Dividends accrue if unpaid– Converts to common in an IPO– Has anti-dilution protection
• Usually get board seats
“B” round financing
Suppose that the example company needs $2,000,000 one year later. A second VC fund now joins the first, they each put in half. But the Pre-money value is set at $500,000.
Ownership % needed =
Io
Vo + Io
=
$2,000,000
$500,000+$2,000,000
Ownership % needed = 80%
The VCs will now want 80% of the stock.
Number of new shares = To give investors
% ownership required
(1-% ownership required)
Price per Share =
No. of new shares
Amount Invested
* (number of old shares)
Number of new shares = To give investors
Price per Share =
(.8/.2) * (119048) = 476,192
2,000,000/476,192 = 4.20
This is a “down round” for the original investors.
VCs protect their ownership percentages with Anti-dilution provisions
Preemptive rights: investors maintain their percentage ownership in the company by purchasing a pro rata share of stock sold in future financing rounds.
Anti-dilution protection: adjusts the investors’ ownership percentages if the company effects a stock split, stock dividend, or recapitalization.
Price protection: adjusts the conversion price at which the preferred stock can be converted into common stock if the company issues stock at a price below the current conversion price of the preferred stock to protect from the risk that the pre-money valuation turns out to be too high.
• A full ratchet adjusts the conversion price to the lowest price at which the company subsequently sells its common stock regardless of the number of shares of common stock the company issues at that price.
• A weighted average ratchet adjusts the conversion price according to a formula that takes into account the lower issue price and the number of shares that the company issues at that price.
(Source: Hutchison and Mason PLLC, Structuring Venture Capital Investment)
VC Ratchet: Receives rights to convert stock based on lowest
subsequent issue priceOriginal capitalization table, or “CAP” Table:
# Shares%Founders 50,000 42Investor A 69,048 58
Suppose 3 months later there is a cash crunch and Grandma comes in for 10,000 shares at $5.00. Obviously A is unhappy because he or she paid $14.48 per share. If this is a VC with a full ratchet clause, A would receive rights to convert based on the lowest subsequent issue price. This is done to protect A’s rights for having taken the initial risk providing the bulk of the capital, and to avoid management from diluting VC’s ownership.
VC RatchetThe ratchet factor is $14.48/$5.00= 2.9 . So A gets rights to
69048*2.9=199,963 shares of common stock (130,915 additional for no additional investment.).
New CAP Table:Before Ratchet After Ratchet# Shares% #Shares %
Founder 50,000 39 50,000 19Investor A 69,048 54 199,963 77Grandma 10,000 7 10,000 4Total 129,048 259,963
Note the ownership dilution came out of the Founder’s share. (Figures shown are fully diluted)