Computer Network

Computer Network

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ContentsComputer networkComputer network componentsTypes of networkClassification of Network ArchitectureNetwork topologyTransmission Media

Computer NetworkComputer Network is a group of computers which are connected with each other in order toshare informationandresources.information and resources like voice, sounds, graphics, pictures, videos, text or data.

Benefit of having Computer NetworkCommunication FacilitySoftware SharingHardware SharingData and Information Sharing

Evolution of Networking1. ARPANET : This was the firstnetwork which was planted in 1969. Itmeans Advanced Research ProjectsAgency Network.2. NSFNET : This was thenetwork which was startedin 1980 by National ScienceFoundation.

Computer Network ComponentsTwo or More ComputersTransmission Media (Guided, Unguided)Network Interface Card (NIC)Switch or HubNetwork Operating System

Type of Computer NetworkBased on the size and the coverage area,networks are categorized into the following types:Personal Area Networks (PANs)Local Area Networks (LANs)Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)Wide Area Networks (WANs)

PAN (Personal Area Network) A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person.

LAN (Local Area Network)(1 Mile) A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a home, school, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) (5-50 Km) It is relatively larger than LAN and extends across a city or a metropolitan.

WAN (Wide Area Network) A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances.

Network ArchitectureThe architecture of a network is a logical design that determines how the devices in the network communicate. The commonly used architectures for computer networks are:Client-server architecture Peer-to-peer architecture

Client-Server ArchitectureIn a client server architecture we have one server and many clients. A client can share the resources of server, but a server cannot share the resources on client.

Peer-To-Peer ArchitectureIn peer to peer model all computers are in equal status, that is we cannot manage centralization, administration security.

Network TopologiesThe topology defines the shape and structure of a Local Area Network (LAN) or other communications system.Ring topologyStar topologyBus topologyMesh topologyHybrid topology

Ring TopologyIn a ring topology , data travels around the loop in one direction and passes through each device.

Star TopologyIn star topology , multiple devices are connected to a central concentration point known as Hub or Switch.

Bus TopologyBus topology connects each device to a single cable and at either end of the cable terminator is used to remove unsent data from the cable

Mesh TopologyIn a mesh topology , every device is connected to each and every node in the network with many redundant interconnections and at least two paths to and from every node.

Hybrid TopologyHybrid topology is combination of different topologies such as star-Bus or Star-Ring

Transmission Media

Types of Transmission Media

Guided Media (Wired)What is guided Media ?Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to anotherIts typesTwisted Pair CableB) Coaxial CableC) Fiber optics Cable

Twisted Pair CableA basic twisted pair cable consist of two strands of copper wire twisted together, this twisting reduces sensitivity of cable. There are two types of twisted pair cable as follows :Shielded Unshielded

Shielded twisted cableShielded twisted pair cable consist of one or more twisted pairs of cables enclosed in a foil wrap & woven copper shielding. The shield is connected to the ground portion of the electronic device to which the cable is connected.

Unshielded twisted cable Unshielded twisted cable doesnt incorporate a braided shield into its structure.

Coaxial CableIt consist of center conductor usually consist of sold copper wire.an outer conductor forms a tube surrounding the center conductor this consist of Braided wires , metallic foils or both .And insulation layer keeps the outer conductor spaced from the inner conductor.

Optical fiber CableThe center conductor of fiber cable is the ideal cable for data transmission. The center conductor is consist of highly refined glass or plastic designed. A glass core supports a longer cabling distance, but a plastic core is typically easier to work with. A fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce the signal loss.

plastic jacket

glass or plastic cladding

fiber core

Unguided Media (Wireless) The extraordinary convenience of wireless communication has placed an increased emphasis on wireless networks in recent years. Wireless networks are especially useful for Spaces where cabling would be impossible or inconvenient i.e.: open lobbies. and people who move around a lot within their work environment.

Types of Unguided MediaA)BluetoothB)Wi-FiC)Mobile ComputingD)InfraredE)Microwave

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