intro public speaking

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Introduction to Public Speaking

Learning How to Speak Publicly

What You Can Accomplish with Public Speaking

Elements of Speech Communication

Types of Public Speeches

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• Learning How to Speak Publicly


Introduction to Public Speaking > Learning How to Speak Publicly


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• You can learn about public speaking through organized learning opportunities

such as classes and organizations like Toastmasters International.

• If you prefer to learn at your own pace, you can read books about public

speaking, many of which are available at no or little cost.

• If you prefer one-on-one guided learning, you can consider hiring a public

speaking coach.

• For an even more non-traditional approach, the internet is rife with free materials

and guides as well as videos to help you learn more about speaking in public.



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• Summary of the Benefits of Public Speaking

• History of Public Speaking

• Personal Benefits: Satisfaction, Development, Critical Thinking, and

Social Connections

• Career Benefits: Advancement

• External Benefits: Influence the World Around You

• Differences between Public Speaking and Conversation

What You Can Accomplish with Public Speaking

Introduction to Public Speaking > What You Can Accomplish with Public Speaking




• Public speaking can be a great self-esteem booster.

• Public speaking engagements are great places to meet new social and

professional contacts.

• If you would like to change the world, remember--public speaking is an effective

platform for spreading revolutionary ideas.

Summary of the Benefits of Public Speaking


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PRSA Houston Speech



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• The formal study ofpublic speaking began approximately2,500 years ago in

Greece and Rome to train citizens to participate in society.

• Aristotle (384-322 BCE), the most famous Greek Scholar,

defined rhetoric as the “faculty of discovering the possible means of

persuasion in reference to any subject whatever.”

He divided the “means of persuasion” into three parts--logical reason

(logos), human character (ethos), and emotional.

• Cicero (106-43 BCE), one ofthe most significant rhetoricians of all time,

developed the five canons ofrhetoric, a five-step process for developing

a persuasive speech that westill use to teach public speaking today.

• Quintilian (c. 35-95 CE) argued that public speaking was inherently

moral. He stated that the ideal orator is “a good man speaking well”.

• American Revolution--The rhetorical studies of ancient Greece and

Rome were resurrected as speakers and teachers looked to Cicero and others to

inspire defense of the new republic. John Quincy Adams of Harvard advocated

for the democratic advancement of the art of rhetoric.

• Throughout the 20th century, rhetoric developed as a concentrated field

of study with the establishment of public speaking courses in high schools and

universities. The courses in speaking apply fundamental Greek theories (such as

the modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos).

History of Public Speaking


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Aristotle



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• Public speaking can be intimidating. It is actually a common phobia. Overcoming

this fear can be a satisfying personal victory.

• Public speaking is a great way to further personal development on many levels,

since improving communication skills is helpful in every area of life, personal and

professional.

• Public speaking engagements are great places to meet new people and build

your social and professional networks.

Personal Benefits: Satisfaction, Development, Critical Thinking, and Social Connections


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Common Phobias



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• Public speaking is a great way to showcase your talents, skills, and abilities.

• For professionals who want to build a personal brand, increase publicity, or earn

a reputation as an expert, public speaking is a great way to further those

ambitions.

• Public speaking engagements are great networking opportunities.

Career Benefits: Advancement


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Handshaking as a Norm



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• There is a strong correlation between communication skills and leadership.

Speakers can use knowledge of persuasion to motivate others to take collective

action to achieve desired goals.

• Modern communication technology allows speakers to share their message and

influence audiences any place in the world, for the cost of an internet connection

and camera phone.

• Experienced speakers can use their skills to accomplish simple goals in daily life

with new self-confidence.

• Trained speakers should ask, "How will I use my skills to influence the world

around me?" and other relevant questions.

External Benefits: Influence the World Around You


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Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr.



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• Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured,

deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners.

• Conversation is a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two

or more people who are following rules of etiquette.

• There are three key differences that set public speaking apart from conversation:

organizational structure, use of formalized language, and method of delivery.

• Speeches involve thoughts that are logically organized and structured, whereas

conversations may wander around subjects.

• Speeches use formalized language, while conversation may use slang, profanity,

or poor grammar.

• Speeches are often delivered in deliberate, intentional settings and contexts,

whereas conversations may arise spontaneously.

Differences between Public Speaking and Conversation


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Differences in Conversation



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• Speaker

• Message

• Channel

• Audience

• Feedback: Visual and Verbal Cues

• Noise and Interference

• Presentation

• Situational and Environmental Context

• Context of Culture and Gender

Elements of Speech Communication

Introduction to Public Speaking > Elements of Speech Communication




• Speech communication, in its simplest form, consists of a sender, a message and

a recipient. The speaker and sender are synonymous.

• The speaker is the initiator of communication.

• Effective speakers are those who can most clearly delivery their message to their

recipients.

Speaker


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The Speaker



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• With regard to public speaking, your speech is your message.

• Your audience, the receiver, may send you a message in response to your

message in the form of feedback.

• Messages consist of both verbal and non-verbal elements. Your words and how

you deliver them equally make up the balance of your message.

Message


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The Message



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• In a face-to-face setting, the channel will be primarily audio and visual; in a

speaking situation with remote audience via videoconferencing, the channel will

be computer mediated audio and visual.

• When the speaker and the audience are in the same room at the same time, the

channels of communication are synchronous.

• When listeners receive the speech at some time after the speech was delivered,

the channels are asynchronous (that is, in delayed time).

Channel


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Shannon Weaver Communication Model



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• "Who is my audience?" is the first question you should ask yourself before you

begin crafting your speech.

• Your audience may share commonalities and characteristics known as

demographics. You should never stereotype or generalize your audience by their

demographics, but you can use them to inform the language, context, and

delivery of your speech.

• Audience demographics to consider include age, culture, race, gender,

education, occupation, values, and morals.

Audience


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Audience



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• An advanced model of communication includes a sender, a message, a receiver,

a channel and feedback. Feedback represents a message of response sent by

the receiver back to the sender.

• Feedback happens in realtime as your audience provides you with visual and

verbal cues in response to your speech.

• If feedback indicates that your message hasn't been received as intended, you

may need to correct course in the moment to make that connection with your

audience.

Feedback: Visual and Verbal Cues


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Feedback



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• Noise exists in all aspects of communication, thus, no message is received

exactly as the sender intends (despite his or her best efforts) because of the

ever-presence of noise in communication.

• Noise can be both external and internal. External noise often relates to your

physical environment, such as a noisy room, as well as your physiological state.

Internal noise includes psychological and semantic noise, and is how you prevent

yourself from effectively delivering your message.

• To combat external noise, speak louder or see if you can be amplified in some

way. Alternatively, see if the source of the noise can be stopped or lowered.

• To triumph over internal noise, take a few deep breaths before speaking. Breathe

out all of the negative self-doubt and anxieties you may have about speaking.

Inhale confidence. You can do this!

Noise and Interference


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Noise



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• Remember to "dress to impress"--when in doubt, go for business professional. It's

better to be overdressed for a speech or presentation than underdressed.

• Your verbal communication, in how you phrase and intone your actual words, is

vital to building auditory interest for your audience. Try to play with the pitch and

tone of your speech; avoid speaking in monotone.

• From gesture to posture, your non-verbal communication via your body language

also adds visual depth and engagement for your audience. Maintain eye contact.

Don't wander around stage or gesticulate too much. Make your audience feel

comfortable by being comfortable in front of them.

Presentation


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Presentation



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• Without context, your audience may not understand your message. Conversely,

you might not understand your audience.

• Situational context refers to the reason why you're speaking. Think of situational

context as the event itself.

• Environmental context refers to the physical space and time in which you speak.

Think of environmental context as the time and venue of the event.

• The key to understanding your context is to cultivate a habit of situational

awareness. It's not something you'll learn overnight, but by being keenly aware of

your surroundings, you'll learn to always think one step ahead should context

change suddenly when speaking.

Situational and Environmental Context


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• Gender and culture are societal constructs of sex and (sometimes, but not

always) race, respectively.

• People who identify as one sex (i.e., female) may not necessarily associate with

the corresponding gender traits (i.e., feminine). The same is true of race and

culture, respectively.

• Both gender and culture come with their own set of biases: bias that you may

have toward differing genders and cultures, and the biases that differing genders

and cultures may have towards you.

Context of Culture and Gender


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Cultural & Gender Context



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• Informative Speeches

• Persuasive Speeches

• Informative versus Persuasive Speeches

• Special Occasion Speeches

Types of Public Speeches

Introduction to Public Speaking > Types of Public Speeches




• A speaker should possess a thorough knowledge of the subject about which they

are speaking in their informative speech.

• Informative speeches can be about objects, events, processes, or concepts.

• The more specific and focused your topic, the easier it is for you as a researcher

and speech writer (and for your audience) to understand your topic.

Informative Speeches


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A professor giving a lecture



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• A persuasive speech intends to persuade the audience to adopt the position of

the speaker [[fig:9125]].

• Know your audience: in order to be persuasive, the form and content of your

speech must take into account what the audience knows and how it wants to be

addressed.

• An appeal to ethos is used to show the character of the speaker and make

him/her more credible.

Persuasive Speeches


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William Jennings Bryan giving a campaign speech in 1908



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• An informative speech aims to inform the audience about a specific topic.

• A persuasive speech aims to persuade the audience to perform a certain action

or convince the audience to adopt the belief or opinion of the speaker.

• Many speeches will combine features of informative and persuasive speeches.

• Know the audience: the types of knowledge they possess, the core beliefs they

hold, and what motivates them to undertake actions.

• Considering the purpose of the speech will help determine if the speech should

use more of the features of informative or persuasive speeches.

Informative versus Persuasive Speeches


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President Truman delivers his State of the Union to Congress in 1950



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• Special occasion speeches tend to be shorter speeches, commonly less than ten

minutes ([[fig:9135]]).

• Special occasion speeches are commonly addressed to a particular audience.

• Depending on the context, special occasion speeches can be funny or sad.

Special Occasion Speeches


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A wedding toast



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Appendix

Key terms

• audience A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• audience A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• channel The method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver. The most common channels humans use are audtiory and visual. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• co-located To locate or be located at the same site, for two things or groups at same space. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• concept An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the concept). (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• context the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event or other occurrence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• conversation the expression and exchange of individual ideas through talking with other people; also, an instance of such talking (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• critical thinking he application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• critical thinking he application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• culture The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• demographic A demographic criterion: a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/channel


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/co-located


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/context


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conversation


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demographic


• feedback The receivers' verbal and nonverbal responses to a message, such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal). (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• gender The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female," with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• inform To communicate knowledge to others. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• informative Providing knowledge, especially useful or interesting information. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• leadership A process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• mediated Acting or brought about through an intervening agency. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• message A communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• networking the act of meeting new people in a business or social context. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• networking the act of meeting new people in a business or social context. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• noise Various sounds, usually unwanted. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• non-verbal communication Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• object A thing that has physical existence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedback


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inform


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leadership


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/message


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noise


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-verbal+communication


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object


• orator A skilled and eloquent public speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• orator A skilled and eloquent public speaker. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• pathos That quality or property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth of feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• pathos That quality or property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth of feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• persuade To successfully convince someone to agree to, accept, or do something, usually through reasoning and verbal influence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• persuasive Able to induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convincing. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• publicity Advertising or other activities designed to rouse public interest in something. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• rhetoric The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• sender someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• situational awareness the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• sophist One of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, especially one who used fallacious but plausible reasoning. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• toast to engage in a salutation and/or accompanying raising of glasses while drinking alcohol (or other appropriate beverage) in honor of someone or something. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathos




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persuade


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/publicity


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/sender


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/situational+awareness


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sophist


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toast


• Toastmasters International Toastmasters International (TI) is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking, and leadership skills. Through its thousands of member clubs, Toastmasters International offers a program of communication and leadership projects designed to help people learn the arts of speaking, listening, and thinking. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters+International




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PRSA Houston Speech


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Aristotle


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Common Phobias


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http://www.flickr.com/photos/ryoryozo/1416975040/sizes/z/in/photostream/

https://www.boundless.com/image/common-phobias

Handshaking as a Norm


Flickr. "Business Meeting | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/83532250@N06/7650804342/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/83532250@N06/7650804342/

https://www.boundless.com/image/handshaking-as-a-norm

Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr.


Flickr. "Martin Luther King, Jr. | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/oakleyoriginals/3372210791/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/oakleyoriginals/3372210791/

https://www.boundless.com/image/bust-of-martin-luther-king-jr

Differences in Conversation


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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008_John_Behrens_and_Sean_Bonner_at_Xenis_BBtv_Office.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/differences-in-conversation

The Speaker


Flickr. "All sizes | President Barack Obama's Speech in Accra, Ghana on July 11, 2009 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/usarmyafrica/3773067890/sizes/z/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/usarmyafrica/3773067890/sizes/z/

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-speaker

The Message


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http://www.flickr.com/photos/eurocrisisexplained/7811043664/sizes/l/

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-message

Shannon Weaver Communication Model


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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Communication_shannon-weaver2.svg

https://www.boundless.com/image/shannon-weaver-communication-model

Communication Channel Model


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transactional_comm_model.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/communication-channel-model

Audience


Flickr. "Etech05: Audience | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/oreilly/6648470/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/oreilly/6648470/

https://www.boundless.com/image/audience--2

Feedback


Flickr. "All sizes | Audience laughing | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/upsand/5557325772/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/upsand/5557325772/sizes/l/

https://www.boundless.com/image/feedback--4

Noise


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TV_noise.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/noise

Presentation


Wikimedia. "Evita dando un discurso." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evita_dando_un_discurso.jpg View on Boundless.com



http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evita_dando_un_discurso.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/presentation--2



Flickr. "All sizes | Senate Antitrust Subcommittee | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/jbtaylor/5710805223/sizes/l/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/jbtaylor/5710805223/sizes/l/

https://www.boundless.com/image/situational-and-environmental-context

Cultural & Gender Context


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http://www.flickr.com/photos/rocketboom/4334453226/

https://www.boundless.com/image/cultural-gender-context

A professor giving a lecture


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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Princeton_lecture.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/a-professor-giving-a-lecture

William Jennings Bryan giving a campaign speech in 1908


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WmJBryan-speech.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/william-jennings-bryan-giving-a-campaign-speech-in-1908

President Truman delivers his State of the Union to Congress in 1950


Wikimedia. "Photograph of President Truman delivering his State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress. - NARA - 200188." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_delivering_his_State_of_the_Union_address_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress._-_NARA_-_200188.jpg




http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_delivering_his_State_of_the_Union_address_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress._-_NARA_-_200188.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_delivering_his_State_of_the_Union_address_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress._-_NARA_-_200188.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/president-truman-delivers-his-state-of-the-union-to-congress-in-1950

A wedding toast


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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helen_alan_toasting.jpg

https://www.boundless.com/image/a-wedding-toast



In what circumstances is it a good idea to hire a personal public-speaking coach?

A) If reading a book or attending a class seems too formal for you.

B) If you don't have time to attend or sit through organized learning opportunities.

C) If you want to learn about public speaking at your own pace.

D) If you are outside a classroom environment, but still want to learn with others.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


In what circumstances is it a good idea to hire a personal public-speaking coach?

A) If reading a book or attending a class seems too formal for you.

B) If you don't have time to attend or sit through organized learning opportunities.

C) If you want to learn about public speaking at your own pace.

D) If you are outside a classroom environment, but still want to learn with others.

http://www.boundless.com/





_______ (TI) is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking, and leadership skills. Through its thousands of member clubs, _______ offers a program of communication and leadership projects designed to help people learn the arts of speaking, listening, and thinking.

A) Toastmasters International

B) non-verbal communication

C) object

D) pathos

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Toastmasters International." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters+International


_______ (TI) is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking, and leadership skills. Through its thousands of member clubs, _______ offers a program of communication and leadership projects designed to help people learn the arts of speaking, listening, and thinking.

A) Toastmasters International

B) non-verbal communication

C) object

D) pathos



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toastmasters+International



Which of the following is NOT an example of some of the benefits of learning about and participating in public speaking?

A) Improved problem solving skills

B) Less effort spent on creating speeches

C) Improved ability to influence others

D) Less apprehension about speaking in public

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors."

CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Which of the following is NOT an example of some of the benefits of learning about and participating in public speaking?

A) Improved problem solving skills

B) Less effort spent on creating speeches

C) Improved ability to influence others

D) Less apprehension about speaking in public


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/



Which of the following is an example of how to advance your career using public speaking?

A) Gain publicity by bringing your message to a wider audience.

B) Make new social connections by meeting other people who share your interests.

C) Improve your critical thinking skills by researching and drafting your speech.

D) Boost your self-esteem by overcoming your fears and insecurities.



The application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues.

A) critical thinking

B) persuasive

C) networking

D) orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "critical thinking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking



A) critical thinking

B) persuasive

C) networking

D) orator






the act of meeting new people in a business or social context.

A) persuade

B) critical thinking

C) orator

D) networking

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "networking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/networking



A) persuade


C) orator

D) networking






Advertising or other activities designed to rouse public interest in something.

A) orator

B) conversation

C) publicity

D) critical thinking

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "publicity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/publicity


Advertising or other activities designed to rouse public interest in something.

A) orator

B) conversation

C) publicity




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/publicity



A skilled and eloquent public speaker

A) Toast Master

B) Public Speaker

C) Sage

D) Orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "orator." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orator



A) Toast Master

B) Public Speaker

C) Sage

D) Orator






Who argued that public speaking was inherently moral and that the ideal orator is "a good man speaking well"?

A) St. Augustine

B) Francis Bacon

C) Socrates

D) Quintilian



The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade.

A) Manipulation

B) Persuasion

C) Logical Fallacy

D) Rhetoric

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "rhetoric." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric


The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade.

A) Manipulation

B) Persuasion

C) Logical Fallacy

D) Rhetoric



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhetoric



Which of the following is a description of how public speaking will improve your critical thinking skills?

A) Preparing a speech forces speakers to think about effective ways to communicate.

B) Giving a speech is like starting a conversation with a room full of people.

C) Tailoring your message to your audience's needs will improve general communication skills.

D) Overcoming the fear of public speaking can be an empowering experience.




A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator


Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "critical thinking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/critical+thinking



A) persuasive

B) networking

C) orator







If you would like to impress your superior in a work setting, public speaking can help you by

A) showing your creativity and critical thinking skills.

B) All of these answers.

C) proving that you have a talent for leadership.

D) demonstrating your professionalism under pressure.



If you would like to impress your superior in a work setting, public speaking can help you by

A) showing your creativity and critical thinking skills.


C) proving that you have a talent for leadership.

D) demonstrating your professionalism under pressure.







A) persuade


C) orator

D) networking

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "networking." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/networking



A) persuade


C) orator

D) networking






A process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.

A) networking

B) leadership

C) conversation

D) orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "leadership." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leadership


A process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.

A) networking

B) leadership

C) conversation

D) orator



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leadership



Which of the following is an example of a benefit of public speaking skills?

A) All of these answers.

B) Public speakers can use their knowledge of persuasion to motivate others to take action.

C) Speakers can speak to audiences across the world using communication technology and the internet.

D) Public speaking skills can be used in daily life to speak with confidence and influence others.




A) Toast Master

B) Public Speaker

C) Sage

D) Orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "orator." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orator



A) Toast Master

B) Public Speaker

C) Sage

D) Orator






the expression and exchange of individual ideas through talking with other people; also, an instance of such talking

A) networking


C) conversation

D) orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "conversation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conversation


the expression and exchange of individual ideas through talking with other people; also, an instance of such talking

A) networking


C) conversation

D) orator



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conversation



Which of the following differentiates speeches from conversations?

A) Conversations are deliberately structured and organized, whereas speeches are not.

B) Speeches are deliberately structured and organized, whereas conversations are not.

C) Conversations are often organized around events with a set time and location, whereas speeches are not.

D) Speeches involve speakers and audiences, whereas conversations do not.



The CEO of a corporation gives a speech on first quarter profits to board members. What is the speaker?

A) the first quarter profits

B) the board members

C) the CEO

D) the CEO's words and movements



someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication.

A) non-verbal communication

B) channel

C) mediated

D) sender

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/sender


someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication.


B) channel

C) mediated

D) sender



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/sender



You deliver a speech about the importance of higher education to a group of high school students. What is the message?

A) higher education

B) the speech and how you deliver it

C) the high school students

D) All of these answers.



You deliver a speech about the importance of higher education to a group of high school students. What is the message?

A) higher education

B) the speech and how you deliver it

C) the high school students







A communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed.

A) audience

B) context

C) message

D) mediated

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "message." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/message


A communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed.

A) audience

B) context

C) message

D) mediated



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/message



To locate or be located at the same site, for two things or groups at same space.

A) co-located

B) formative

C) psychographics

D) favorability

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "co-located." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/co-located


To locate or be located at the same site, for two things or groups at same space.

A) co-located

B) formative

C) psychographics

D) favorability



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/co-located



Susan names four ingredients for Amy to buy at the grocery store. What is the channel in this example?

A) the four ingredients

B) Susan's voice and movements

C) Amy

D) the grocery store



If an audience member is watching a speech on youtube.com, which of the following best describes the channel?

A) synchronous auditory channel

B) asynchronous computer mediated digital channel

C) asynchronous CMC channel with audio only

D) synchronous computer mediated digital channel



The method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver. The most common _______s humans use are audtiory and visual.

A) demographic

B) context

C) channel

D) message

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/channel


The method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver. The most common _______s humans use are audtiory and visual.

A) demographic

B) context

C) channel

D) message



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/channel



Acting or brought about through an intervening agency.

A) demographic

B) mediated

C) bias

D) culture

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0



Acting or brought about through an intervening agency.

A) demographic

B) mediated

C) bias

D) culture






A characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender.

A) Psychographic

B) Demographic

C) Firmographic

D) Geodemography

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "demographic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demographic


A characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender.

A) Psychographic

B) Demographic

C) Firmographic

D) Geodemography



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demographic



A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance.

A) Audience

B) Group

C) Gathering

D) Meeting

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience



A) Audience

B) Group

C) Gathering

D) Meeting






Demographics refers to

A) a person's characteristics, such as age, culture, and occupation.

B) the type of entertainment a person consumes.

C) the products a person is likely to purchase.




Which of the following is the best topic to choose for a speech to high school students?

A) Balancing a checkbook

B) Pot roast recipes

C) Test-taking strategies

D) SUVs vs. trucks

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Which of the following is the best topic to choose for a speech to high school students?

A) Balancing a checkbook

B) Pot roast recipes

C) Test-taking strategies

D) SUVs vs. trucks






The receivers' verbal and nonverbal responses to a message, such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal).

A) sender

B) noise

C) feedback

D) culture

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "feedback." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedback



A) sender

B) noise

C) feedback

D) culture







A) understanding

B) feedback

C) memory

D) singularity

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "feedback." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feedback



A) understanding

B) feedback

C) memory

D) singularity






Which of the following is an example of audience feedback?

A) Laughter.

B) Tears.

C) All of these answers.

D) Half-closed eyelids.



Which of the following is an example of audience feedback?

A) Laughter.

B) Tears.


D) Half-closed eyelids.






Various sounds, usually unwanted.

A) demographic

B) noise

C) sender

D) situational awareness

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "noise." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noise


Various sounds, usually unwanted.

A) demographic

B) noise

C) sender




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noise



During a long sermon, a 10-year-old child annoys nearby adults by constantly whining about being hungry and bored. What type(s) of noise are the adults and the child experiencing?

A) The child is experiencing physiological noise and the adults are experiencing physical noise.

B) The child and the adults are all experiencing attention-span noise.

C) The child is experiencing semantic noise and the adults are experiencing physiological noise.

D) The child is experiencing receiver apprehension.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0



During a long sermon, a 10-year-old child annoys nearby adults by constantly whining about being hungry and bored. What type(s) of noise are the adults and the child experiencing?

A) The child is experiencing physiological noise and the adults are experiencing physical noise.

B) The child and the adults are all experiencing attention-span noise.

C) The child is experiencing semantic noise and the adults are experiencing physiological noise.

D) The child is experiencing receiver apprehension.






To combat external noise,

A) take deep breaths before speaking.

B) calm your anxieties by thinking positively.


D) speak louder or use amplification.



Which of the following is a good practice when giving a speech?

A) Dress in business professional attire: it's better to be overdressed than underdressed.

B) Use natural gestures and make eye contact with audience members.


D) Avoid speaking in a monotone voice: play with the pitch and tone of your speech.



Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.

A) audience

B) mediated

C) message

D) non-verbal communication

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "non-verbal communication." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-verbal+communication


Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.

A) audience

B) mediated

C) message

D) non-verbal communication



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-verbal+communication



One's perception of their environment and situation around them on a moment by moment basis refers to

A) environmental context.

B) situational context.

C) environmental awareness.

D) situational awareness.



One's perception of their environment and situation around them on a moment by moment basis refers to



C) environmental awareness.

D) situational awareness.






Knowing the physical space in which you will be speaking requires an awareness of



C) situational awareness.




the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.

A) audience

B) situational awareness

C) channel

D) noise

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "situational awareness." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/situational+awareness


the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event.

A) audience

B) situational awareness

C) channel

D) noise



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/situational+awareness



the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event or other occurrence.

A) audience

B) context

C) demographic

D) sender

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "context." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/context


the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event or other occurrence.

A) audience

B) context

C) demographic

D) sender



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/context



The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.

A) culture

B) demographic

C) message

D) noise

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture


The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.

A) culture

B) demographic

C) message

D) noise



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture



An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.


B) sender

C) channel

D) bias

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "bias." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias




B) sender

C) channel

D) bias






The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female," with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.

A) sender

B) message

C) gender

D) noise

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "gender." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gender



A) sender

B) message

C) gender

D) noise






Gender is

A) a sociological construct of values, ideals, and behaviors about what it means to be male or female.

B) the physiological sex of a person.


D) a descriptor of the sexual organs of a mammal.



Race is

A) the customs, habits, and value systems of groups of people.

B) a construct of behaviors about what it means to be male or female.

C) a set of rules that governs a particular societal group.

D) a word that refers to a group of people who share physical characteristics.




A) Intercultural Communication

B) bias

C) language

D) gender




A) bias

B) Intercultural Communication

C) personification

D) language




A) Generation

B) gender

C) ethnicity

D) Ethnocentrism




A) gender

B) direct

C) bias

D) parallelism



An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the _______).

A) TED

B) concept

C) analogy

D) prop

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "concept." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept


An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the _______).

A) TED

B) concept

C) analogy

D) prop



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept



A thing that has physical existence.

A) informative

B) audience

C) pathos

D) object

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "object." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object


A thing that has physical existence.

A) informative

B) audience

C) pathos

D) object



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object



Which of the following best describes an informative speech about a process?

A) A speech about anything that is visible and tangible.

B) A speech that describes an occurrence in full: time, date, location, and circumstances.

C) A speech about ideas, beliefs, theories, attitudes, or principles.

D) A speech that describes how something is made, done, or works.



To communicate knowledge to others.

A) pathos

B) toast

C) audience

D) inform

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "inform." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inform



A) pathos

B) toast

C) audience

D) inform







A) complexity

B) relevant

C) inform

D) connection

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "inform." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inform



A) complexity

B) relevant

C) inform

D) connection







A) persuasion

B) emotional appeal

C) evidential appeal

D) audience



A persuasive speech should contain

A) an appeal to the audience's emotions.

B) parallels between the speaker and the audience.


D) proof of the speaker's credibility.



That quality or property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth of feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality.

A) pathos

B) informative

C) speech

D) audience

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "pathos." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathos



A) pathos

B) informative

C) speech

D) audience







A) Group

B) Gathering

C) Meeting

D) Audience




A) audience

B) Encode

C) Message

D) Demographics





B) noise

C) audience





A) informative

B) speech

C) audience

D) toast



To successfully convince someone to agree to, accept, or do something, usually through reasoning and verbal influence.

A) informative

B) persuasive

C) pathos

D) persuade

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "persuade." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persuade


To successfully convince someone to agree to, accept, or do something, usually through reasoning and verbal influence.

A) informative

B) persuasive

C) pathos

D) persuade



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persuade




A) informative

B) speech

C) toast

D) pathos



Able to induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convincing.

A) persuasive

B) speech

C) persuade

D) audience

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/persuasive



A) persuasive

B) speech

C) persuade

D) audience






The State of the Union is an example of a speech that is

A) both informative and persuasive.

B) informative.

C) persuasive.

D) demonstrative.



Providing knowledge, especially useful or interesting information.

A) persuade

B) informative

C) pathos

D) toast

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "informative." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/informative



A) persuade

B) informative

C) pathos

D) toast







A) definition

B) description

C) informative

D) demonstrate




A) informative

B) speech

C) toast

D) pathos




A) actuate

B) social proof

C) informative

D) reciprocity




A) informative

B) persuasive

C) stimulation

D) social proof

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0




A) informative

B) persuasive

C) stimulation

D) social proof







A) informative

B) pathos

C) speech

D) audience




A) speech

B) informative

C) toast

D) audience



to engage in a salutation and/or accompanying raising of glasses while drinking alcohol (or other appropriate beverage) in honor of someone or something.

A) inspire

B) toast

C) dedication

D) keynote

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "toast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toast



A) inspire

B) toast

C) dedication

D) keynote







A) speech

B) persuasive

C) toast

D) audience

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "toast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toast



A) speech

B) persuasive

C) toast

D) audience






Which of the following is a significant difference between a special occasion speech and an informative or persuasive speech?

A) The length of the speech.


C) The purpose of the speech.

D) The way in which the speaker uses pathos to appeal to the audience's emotions.

Attribution

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intro public speaking

Education