intro lab - faal reproduksi - dr. ike

8/12/2019 Intro Lab - Faal Reproduksi - Dr. Ike

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY

SISTEM REPRODUKTIF

BAGIAN FISIOLOGI

FK UNISBA


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What will we discuss to day?

Review the function of each part of Male and

Female Reproductive organ

Regulation of hormones on Male Reproductive

Regulation of hormones on Female Reproductive Reproductive Cycle on Female Reproductive include

Ovarian Cycle

Menstrual Cycle


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General function of male reproduction system

Male reproductive system

Testes : Produce sperm and secrete the male sexhormone testosterone

Hypothalamus

Male reproductive duct : transport, store and assist inmaturation of sperm, conveys sperm to the exteriorAccessory sex glands: secrete most of the liquid portion

of semen Penis contains the urethra : a passageway for

ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine

Scrotum : supporting structure for the testes


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General function of female reproduction system

Female reproductive system Ovaries : produce secondary oocytes and hormones,

including progesterone and estrogens (female sexhormones), inhibin and relaxin

Uterine tubes (fallopian tube) : transport a secondaryoocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites wherefertilization occurs

Uterus : site of implantation of a fertilized ovum,

development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor Vagina : receives the penis during sexual intercourse

and is a passageway for childbirth

Mammary glands : synthesize, secrete and eject milk

for nourishmentof the newborn


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Function of testes, duct and accessory glands

Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm (spermatogenesis)

Spermatogenic cells : the sperm-forming cells

Starting at puberty, sperm production begins at the periphery of the

seminiferous tubule.

(Students had been learnt about spermatogenesis)

Sertoli cells: supporting spermatogenesis

Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm

Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds

Control movements of spermatogenic cells Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

Produce fluid for sperm transport

Secrete androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin

Mediate the effect of testosterone and FSH


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Leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) : the cluster of cells that lie in

the space between adjacent seminiferous tubules.

Secrete testosterone (the most prevalent androgen)

The functions of androgen:

Promote development of masculine characteristics

Promote libido (sexual desire) in both male and female

Scrotum

The function of scrotum : regulate the temperature of the testes. Normal sperm production requires a temperature about 2-3oC below

core body temperature. This lowered temperature is maintained

within the scrotum because it is outside the pelvic cavity.

The cremaster muscle elevates the testes upon exposure to cold (andduring sexual arousal). This action moves the testes closer to the

pelvic cavity, where they can absorb body heat. Exposure to warmth

reverses the process.

The dartos muscle also contracts in response to cold and relaxes inresponse to warmth


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Epididymis:

The site where sperm matureacquire motility andthe ability to fertilize an ovum

Stores sperm and helps propel sperm by peristalticcontraction of this smooth muscle into the ductus (vas)deferens. Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus

epididymis for a month or more

Ductus deferens :

Strores sperm, which can remain viable here for up toseveral months.

Conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethraby peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat. Sperm

that are not ejaculated are eventually reabsorb.


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Spermatic cord :

A supporting structure that ascends out of the scrotum

Ejaculatoryducts:

Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretion to theprostatic urethra just before ejaculation

Urethra

A passageway for both semen and urine

Prostatic urethra

Membranous urethra

Spongy (penile) urethra


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Composition of semen

Seminal vesicle: Secrete: alkaline, viscous fluid (60% semen volume)

containing fructose, prostaglandins, clotting

proteins.

Alkaline to neutralize the acidic environment.

Fructose for ATP production of the sperm.

Prostaglandin for sperm motility and viability,stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female.

Clotting proteins for semen coagulation after

ejaculation.


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Composition of semen

Prostate:

Secrete: milky, slightly acidic fluid (25 % semen volume )

Citric acid for ATP production.

Proteolytic enzymes: prostate-specific antigen (PSA),pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluroindase (breakdownthe clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles).

Acid phosphatase: function unknown.

Seminalplasmin: antibiotic.

Bulbourethral gland:

Secrete: alkaline fluid, mucus

Alkaline fluid: protect the sperm by neutralizing acids fromurine.

Mucus: lubricates the end of the penis, lining the urethra

decrease the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.


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Function of Penis

Erection:

The Enlargement and Stiffening of the Penis :

upon sexual stimulation, which may be visual,

tactile, auditory, olfactory or imagined the arterysupplying the penis dilate, and large quantities of

blood enter the blood sinuses.

Expansion of these spaces compresses the veinsdraining the penis so blood outflow is slowed.

These vascular changes due to local release of

nitric oxide and parasympathetic reflex


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Ejaculation:

Sympathetic reflex that make the smooth muscle

sphincter at the base of urinary bladder closes sourine can expelled during ejaculation.

On this action some semen expelled from penis.

Ejaculation include emission and expulsion. Thevolume and sperm content of ejaculate depend on

the length of time between ejaculations.

The average human ejaculate contains about 180million sperm but can be reach 400 million sperm,

the semen ranging from 2-6 ml.


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Hormonal Regulation of male reproductive system

At puberty secretion of GnRH is increased,

GnRH stimulates FSH and LH,

LH stimulates Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to secrete testosterone. In the external genitals and prostate, testosterone is converted to

dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase.

FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis.

FSH and testosterone stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein bySertoli cells.

Release of FSH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by inhibin.

Relase of LH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by testosterone.

Effects of Testosterone and DHT:

- Male pattern of development (before birth),

- Enlargement of male sex organs and expression of male secondary sex

characteristics (starting at puberty),

- Anabolism (protein synthesis).


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Regulation Hormon on Female Reproduction


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Hormonal regulation of female reproductive cycle

Progesterone is secreted mainly by the corpus luteum

Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and maintain

the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized

ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk

secretion.

High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of

GnRH and LH.

Inhibin is secreted by granullosa cells of growingfollicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.

Inhibit secretion of FSH and to a lesser extent, LH.


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Relaxin is secreted by corpus luteum (small

quantity)

to relaxes the uterus by inhibitingcontractions of the myometrium.

During pregnancy, the placenta produces

much more relaxin, and it continues to relaxuterine smooth muscle.

At the end of pregnancy, relaxin also increases

the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and may

help dilate the uterine cervix, both of which

ease delivery of the baby.


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F l R d ti C l


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Female Reproductive Cycle

Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle

Menstrual Phase (Menstruation, Menses)

Pre-ovulatory Phase (Proliferation Phase)

Menstruation and Proliferation Phase=

Follicular phase.

Ovulation

Post-ovulatory Phase (Secretory Phase)


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Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle

Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries

that occur during and after the maturation ofan oocyte.

Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series

of changes in the endometrium of the uterusfor receiving the fertilized ovum.

Female reproductive cycle: encompass the

ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes,

related cyclical changes in the breast and

cervix


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Hormonal Regulation

GnRH stimulates FSH and LH.

FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further

development of the ovarian follicles.

LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens.

FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa

cells to be converted into estrogens.

At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes

formation of the corpus luteum.

Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens,

progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.


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intro lab - faal reproduksi - dr. ike

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