intro ch 05ar
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 5A
Transforming Data IntoInformation
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5A-3
How Computers Represent Data
Number systemsA manner of counting
Several different number systems exist
Decimal number system Used by humans to count
Contains ten distinct digits
Digits combine to make larger numbers
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5A-4
How Computers Represent Data
Binary number system Used by computers to count
Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
0 and 1 combine to make numbers
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5A-5
How Computers Represent Data
Bits and bytes Binary numbers are made of bits
Bit represents a switch
A byte is 8 bits Byte represents one character
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5A-6
How Computers Represent Data
Text codes Converts letters into binary
Standard codes necessary for data transfer
ASCII American English symbols
Extended ASCII
Graphics and other symbols
Unicode
All languages on the planet
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ASCII
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How Computers Process Data
The CPU Central Processing Unit
Brain of the computer
Control unit Controls resources in computer
Instruction set
Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)
Includes Registers (High Speed MemoryLocation built in CPU)
Arithmetic Unit: Simple math operations (+, -, , , ^)
Logic Unit: (=, , >, , < , , etc.)
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How Computers Process Data
Machine cycles Steps by CPU to process data
Instruction cycle (CPU gets the instruction)
Fetching
Decoding
Execution cycle (CPU performs the instruction)
Executing
Storing
Billions of cycles per second Pipelining processes more data
Multitasking allows multiple instructions (Threads)
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How Computers Process Data
Memory Stores open programs and data
Small chips on the motherboard
More memory makes a computer faster
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How Computers Process Data
Nonvolatile memory Holds data when power is off
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Basic Input Output System (BIOS) Power On Self Test (POST)
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How Computers Process Data
Volatile memory Requires power to hold data
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Data in RAM has an address CPU reads data using the address
CPU can read any address
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5A-13
Components affecting Speed
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5A-14
Affecting Processing Speed
Registers Number of bits processor can handle
High Speed Memory Location built in CPU
Word size Larger indicates more powerful computer
Increase by purchasing new CPU
32 bit / 64 bit
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5A-15
Affecting Processing Speed
Virtual RAM Computer is out of actual RAM
File that emulates RAM
Computer swaps data to virtual RAM Least recently used data is moved
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5A-16
Affecting Processing Speed
The computers internal clock Quartz crystal
Every tick causes a cycle
Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz) Modern machines use Giga Hertz (GHz)
billions of cycles per second
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5A-17
Affecting Processing Speed
The bus Electronic pathway between components
Expansion bus connects to peripherals
System bus connects CPU and RAM Bus width is measured in bits
Speed is tied to the clock
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5A-18
Affecting Processing Speed
External bus standards Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
Local bus
Peripheral control interface (PCI)Accelerated graphics port (AGP)
Universal serial bus (USB)
IEEE 1394 (FireWire) PC Card
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5A-19
Affecting Processing Speed
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connects external devices
Hot swappable
Allows up to 127 devices Cameras, printers, and scanners
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:USB_Icon.svg -
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5A-20
Affecting Processing Speed
PC Card Used on laptops
Hot swappable
Devices are the size of a credit card
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5A-21
Affecting Processing Speed
Cache memory Very fast memory
Holds common or recently used data
Speeds up computer processing
Most computers have several caches;location depends on the CPU &Motherboard type
L1 holds recently used data (in CPU) L2 holds upcoming data (in CPU)
L3 holds possible upcoming data (inMotherboard)
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Copyright 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 5A
End of Chapter