intra-war years
TRANSCRIPT
Intra-War Years
Russian Revolution
Russian Government Before
Revolution
Monarchy: The Czar (Tsar)
Until 1905 the Tsar's powers were
unlimited
Russia had no constitution
A strong secret police which terrorized
the people.
Czar Nicholas II (1894)
Last Czar of Russia
Nicholas II was a harsh and weak ruler
The Russian economy was bankrupt and WWI
Russia’s entry into WWI became very
unpopular.
Czar Nicholas II and Family
Russia and World War I
War becomes unpopular
Rationing leads to starvation
Nicholas II leaves St. Petersburg to war
front opening the door for a revolution
October (Bolshevik) Revolution-
1917
Lead by Vladimir Lenin “Peace, Land, and Bread”
Get Russia out of WWI
Take the land from the wealthy and distribute it to the
poor
Feed all the people of Russia
Won support of people (especially peasants)
Russia becomes a Communist country and is renamed
the Soviet Union
1918
1918 March The Bolsheviks accept the
peace from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
ending WWI with Germany.
Russia gives up much land to Germany in
the treaty.
Communism
A Form of Socialism
Central government planning of the Economy
by the country
Gov’t (Communist Party) makes decisions
on individual jobs and pay (no private
companies or businesses)
The Treaty of Versailles
“The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts,
the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and
damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their
nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed
on them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”
Treaty of Versailles, Article 231
BRAT
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the
form of a “war guilt” clause.
Germany’s punishment in the Treaty can be
remembered as:
Germany
• The reparations covered the destruction caused by the war,
pensions for millions of Allied soldiers, widows and families.
2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations, or fines.
BRAT
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the
form of a “war guilt” clause.
Germany’s punishment in the Treaty can be
remembered as:
Germany
3. Germany was forbidden to have an Army over 100,000 men,
no submarines, and no air force.
2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations, or fines.
BRAT
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the
form of a “war guilt” clause.
Germany
Germany’s punishment in the Treaty can be
remembered as:
3. Germany was forbidden to have an Army over 100,000 men,
no submarines, and no air force.
4. Germany lost Territory and colonies to Britain and France.
2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations, or fines.
BRAT
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the
form of a “war guilt” clause.
Germany
Germany’s punishment in the Treaty can be
remembered as:
President Woodrow Wilson created the League
of Nations.
The countries that joined the League promised to
take cooperative economic and military actions
against any aggressive country.
Wilson’s Creation
The United States Congress rejected the League
because Americans feared it would pull them into
future European wars.
The lack of the US severely weakened the
League.
Many nations were upset with the Treaty of Versailles, and felt
their goals had not been achieved.
• Germany was horrified by their reparations,
reduced military, and territorial losses.
• Italy wanted to gain more land from Austria than
it received.
• Americans also felt the Treaty was too harsh on
Germany, and the US Congress refused to
approve it.
• Russia was angry they were not invited to
Versailles, and upset over losing Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Unfortunately, the
treaty that ended the
“war to end all wars”
merely provided the
motivation for WWII,
just twenty years later.
World-wide Depression• - 1929 stock market crash (Starts in
the US) “Black Tuesday” - October
29th 1929
- dominance of U.S. in world market
(US falls, so does everyone else…
like dominos)
- German Reparations Payments
-Many European countries in debt to
the U.S. from WWI
-France and Germany had a lot of
destruction from WWI
-Poor economies even before the
World-Wide Depression
World Wide Effects
• Effects
– high unemployment
– bank failures (people lost their savings)
– collapse of credit (no one could borrow
money)
– lead to unstable governments in Europe
– runaway inflation- Inflation is the rate at which
the general level of prices for goods and
services is rising and power of currency falls
Rise of Nazism
• The Nazi Party was formed in 1919
• Hitler joined the party shortly after its inception
• Germany was in really bad shape after the First World War
1919-1923
• Many Germans felt that they had been ‘Stabbed in the back’ by the WWI German government by signing the Treaty of Versailles.
• People feared a Communist revolution in Germany.
• Nazis gained popularity by saying that they would not adhere to the Treaty of Versailles.
How did the Nazi party gain
support in this period?• Military uniforms demonstrated
strength at a time when the government was weak
• Use of force against communists and trade unions was popular with businesses
• References to traditional values and reminders of ‘Who was to blame’ for the economic crisis built support.
1923: Munich/Beer Hall Putsch
• By 1923 the Nazi party had
gained much support in Bavaria.
• Now firmly under the control of
Adolf Hitler the group attempted
to seize control force.
• Despite having many
sympathisers the coup
(overthrow of the government)
failed and Hitler was imprisoned.
• The failure of the Munich Putsch
demonstrates that power needs
to be taken through legal means.
Regrouping
• Whilst in prison Hitler
analysed, developed and
refined the party’s strategy
• Shift to winning electoral
support
• Development of
propaganda tools
• Attempts to win support of
big business
1924-1929
• Focus on traditional values
• Built fear of communists
groups
• Continued use of military
imagery
Into government
• Nazis used force to prevent uprisings
• Rhetoric played on peoples fears
• Emphasis placed on military power won support of many soldiers and traditionalists
• Weak coalition governments enabled Nazis to gain political strength
• Propaganda and shows of might impressed the masses
Absolute Power
• Invited to become Chancellor
by politicians who believed that
Hitler could be manipulated
• Hitler and the Nazis takes more
and more power.
• By 1933 the Nazi Party’s rise to
power was complete
Adolf Hitler1933
Country: Germany
Type of Government: Nazism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
•Anti-Semitism: persecution of Jews
•Extreme nationalism: National Socialism (aka Nazism)
•Aggression: German occupation of nearby countries
•Unite: unite all German speaking nations and German union with Austria
•Hatred of Communism
Summary
Write a summary for each of the
4 sections of your notes.
Summaries should be written in
complete sentences.