intra african trade full report

8/3/2019 Intra African Trade Full Report

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Accelerating Growth throughImproved Intra-African Trade

Africa Growth Initiativeat BROOKINGS

JANUARY 2012



Accelerating Growth throughImproved Intra-Arican rade

Africa Growth Initiativeat BROOKINGS

JANUARY

About the Brookings Arica Growth Initiative

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G I b A l pd plym -quly , xp- d lu pm A’ m dlpm. T I l llb p A lbl ply db A. Ou m dl m A pp m ud ply, ud m d dlpm ppl A.

Te ollowing AGI partner think tanks also contributed to this publication:

Ky Iu Publ Ply R d Aly (KIPPRA)

N Iu Sl d Em R (NISER)

Em Ply R C Ud (EPRC)

Acknowledgements: T A G I uld l H Cbl, A Mul d Ad Wbuy lp d pdu publ. W uld l l B Glbl Emy d Dlpm pm ud ud d upp I, ll K Glb d M-L S dl .



A c c e le r A t in g g r o w t h t h r o u gh im p r o v e d in t r A -A f r ic A n tr A d e

Brookings Arica Growth Initiative

i i

Introduction: Intra-Arican rade in Context 1 Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Zenia A. Lewis and Brandon Routman

Why Intra-Arican rade Matters: Working Locally to Go Global 6 John Page

Eliminating Barriers to Internal Commerce to Facilitate Intraregional rade 8Olumide aiwo and Nelipher Moyo

rade Preerences and Value Chains 13 Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Zenia A. Lewis and Brandon Routman

Intraregional rade and Restrictions on the Movement o People 15 Mwangi Kimenyi and Jessica Smith

Enhancing Intra-Arican rade through Functional Cooperation 18 Anne Kamau

Country and Regional Case Studies

Kenya’s rade within the East Arican Community: Institutional and Regulatory Barriers 20 Augustus Muluvi, Paul Kamau, Simon Githuku and Moses Ikiara

Barriers to Uganda’s rade within the Regional rade Blocs o EAC and COMESA 24Lawrence Othieno

Dynamics o rade between Nigeria and other ECOWAS Countries 27Louis N. Chete and A. O. Adewuyi

Contents





1

Introduction: Intra-Arican rade in Context

A , ppxmly mllqu lm, d-l - ld d ppxmly

m z Ud S. Vd m pp my, , A qu

mll. I , dm pdu ppx-mly $. ll, mpd U.S.’ $.ll GDP. G mll m dm, mml m b A u- ll b ul m d dd l my .

Te Motivation o Integration

Alu -A d p d-lpm, qu mp. I lp -

’ du bm m mp by m l d d u pdu l pdu mpl. I bld pdu lu d l ly d ld pll -. Ad z d pu uu d-lpm d d m. F , xpd -A d y l m . I plly mp ’ my mll,ldld u mdu ll

d lly. Uuly, , A-’ u l d l—m up ly bu p l d. M xp ld’ dd m, d m mp m m m dd m(u ).

figure 1. destinAtions And origins of e xports from

And imports to sub-s AhArAn A fricA , 2000–

2010 (millions of dollArs)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Advanced Economies Sub-Saharan AfricaDeveloping Asia

2 0 1 0

2 0 0 9

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 0

Destination of Exports

0

30,000

60,000

90,000

120,000

150,000

Sub-Saharan AfricaAdvanced Economies Developing Asia

2 0 1 0

2 0 0 9

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 0

Origin of Imports

Source: Il My Fud, Direction o rade Statistics .

M S. Kmy , Z A. L d Bd Rum, B A G I





2

O ld jy ly

ll l d. F dlp u A, l d l d uly p ; mmb u- Eup U, m u m p. Ad pully -A d d m b l ll; y, bmd by ly ml mpm (bl ).

T d, m pmm. Smd u ml d, pud by l , dpd . F , b md Ud xpd $ mll d, mlly, u bd— mu uly p -l xp lum (L d M-é-Lm ). Bu qu y du ml d u? O l p d d p ld xp ’ pdu u ml my ( u dud bl). I , x- ml d xbly d ml

d; u, dd u m ll l m dd udm l. M, ml d dp lm u d uy,d bly m ppp d pl-, d bby d up.

W l m l A’ b- m l m m pml d (bl ). F , Su A, ’ l my, l l l mp d xp A.

I , uy xpd m $ bll d d mpd $ bll d m . N, A’d-l my, d-b -l xp. A u , u- d dpply u y— u l z m-m mu .

t Able 3. v Alue of the e xports And imports of the top

ten A fricAn interregionAl trAders, 2010(millions of dollArs)

Exports to

the Rest of Africa

Imports from

the Rest of Africa

Country Value Country Value

South Africa 12,097.161 South Africa 7,059.620

Nigeria 7,599.004 Zambia 3,319.483

Cote D’Ivôire 3,663.154 Ghana 3,261.322

Egypt 2,896,594 Zimbabwe 2,859.942

Kenya 1,953.564 Cote D’Ivôire 2,563.625

Angola 1,803.362 Nigeria 2,404.335Algeria 1,381.670 DRC 2,157.381

Zambia 1,368.961 Kenya 1,933.762

DRC 1,22.,823 Mali 1,757.390

Morocco 1,059.572 Morocco 1,604.929

Note: DRC = Dm Rpubl C.Source: Il My Fud, D d S.

Opportunities and Challenges

T m mp -

A d ll lud l ,m d, f, uu dbd u. T ll du pd y b bud md, m x, pd x b m up p.

Regional Integration

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b u, mlly— y - d l .Rl m mmu (REC) puup dd d; p, y uy A mmb l REC, d m b-l m. Bu pl mm-bp REC my db. I , mb u mulpl mmbp m,

t Able 2. A fricA ’s intrAregionAl trAde As A percentAge of the continent’s totAl trAde, 2002–10

Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Percent 10 9 9–10 8–10 8–10 9 9–10 10–11 10–11

Source: Il My Fud, Direction o rade Statistics .





3

lly, b d l —d by x, l d . Ty p u mulpl mmbp mp m, y d u Am d m jul mpul.

Nl, m REC d u - d l. T Su A CumU, , md dy ll mm p-du, mm d mxl u d m l b-. T W A Em d My U d ym by mm pl- mmb d ully, pu pl d u uu, d -ud x p . OREC, , l u. T EmCmmuy G L Cu d Em Cmmuy Cl A S, , ld mp lm - pdu md p .T ply um ( l ) d ll -REC d (bl )—d quly, -A d l.

t Able 4. r egionAl integrAtion: v Alue of goods

e xported within the A fricAn r egionAl

economic communities, 2010 (millions of

dollArs)

Regional Economic Community Value

Economic Community of Central African States 382

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 8,092East African Community 1,996

Economic Community of Central African States 482

Economic Community of West African States 8,910

Mano River Union 12

Southern African Development Community 14,173

West African Economic and Monetary Union 2,250

Intergovernmental Authority on Development 1,664

Source: Il My Fud, Direction o rade Statistics . Au’ lul

Economic Diversication

My A u plz m pd-u b, plly mmd l ld . W mplmy d x , u xpl b md mp d. I

figure 2. e xports from south A fricA And from nigeriA , 2008

No Data

0-377K

377K-3.64M

3.64M-33M

33M-219M

219M-8.12B

Exports from South Africa

No Data

0-27.7K

27.7K-395K

395K-4.89M

4.89M-61.7M

61.7M-34.8B

Exports from Nigeria

Source: Wld B d, http://devdata.worldbank.org/TradeMapVisualizer /.

http://devdata.worldbank.org/TradeMapVisualizer

http://devdata.worldbank.org/TradeMapVisualizer





4

d, l m d lm uul —d ll —- A d. T d, l u: l l d lm bl m bm dd.Conict

Pll , f d l l dm py A -l d. T ld l ll -m , dy dd xp uu,d l d l .

Inrastructure

Iuu d ly b mj u A, plly Sub-S u. Lf, uul d du m d pduy, d p

. Ad p m UN E-m Cmm A, ly bu p A d pd d, qu,“pp m Jp Abdj $,, l pp m l m Add Abb Abdj uld $,” (UN Em Cm-m A, A U d A Dl-pm B ).

A’ mm p pblm; m p m ’ p p-

duy ly p l m.I lly p udp-m uqul u ’ p;ly x l p ( Eyp d Su A) dl p d. A -ld u dl ; p Dub—Sub-S A’ bu p— m d p y mj b ld ddubl ld’ .

Border Issues

A’ uly bd um m p y mpdm -A d. T um p pblm;d Doing Business 2011 p, Sub-S- A ld’ m xp d (Wld B d Il F

Cp ). T bu mdly u; m Doing Business p dly up m l Sub-S- A mpd ld.O ulp x buuy. T my-l E A Cmmuy dbd bd b Zm-

b d Zmbb dupld pp d pdu uld l up -m (Wld B d Il F- Cp ).

A Preview o the Report

T A G I B I-u b d by A U M- W bu pl d -A d A U’d. T ply b m up

p l mj b ld, pd uy-p ud d p- uul ply mmd. I pd A U d ld A ll d ly uul pm d . T ply b ll p:

• J P p b-pu --A d pl mp role in the wider, global economy .

• Olumd d Nlp My xm- barriers mm d dppl A u. Ty p- lm l b mm pqu l d A.

• M S. Kmy, Z A. L dBd Rum du oreign trade preerences and cross-border value chains pm -A d.

• M S. Kmy d J Sm -d u d mobility o people Sub-S A, y bl b ddd u mpdply d d bd mm

py.





5

• A Kmu xm pl unc-tional cooperation b A dp, l m d u-y u, l d.

• Auuu Mulu, Pul Kmu, SmGuu d M I db Kenya’s re-

gional trade perormance , ul b d, d pl uldll d pblm.

• L O xm barriers toUganda’s intraregional trade E A Cmmuy d Cmm M- E d Su A d pp- lu mpd d up.

• Lu N. C d A. O. Aduy pblu scaling up Nigeria’s limited trade Em Cmmuy W A S.

Reerences

L, C., d E. Mé-Lm. . Inormal Cross-Border rade and rade Facilitation Reorm in Sub-Saharan Arica .OECD d Ply W Pp . P: Oz Em Cp d Dlpm.

UN Em Cmm A, A U d A- Dlpm B. . Assessing Regional Integrationin Arica IV: Enhancing Intra-Arican rade . Add Abb:UN Em Cmm A. p://.u.//ARIAFull.pd .

Wld B d Il F Cp. .Doing Business 2011: Making a Diference or Entrepreneurs .

W: Wld B d Il F Cp-.

http://www.uneca.org/aria4/ARIA4Full.pdf








6

Em l -y A. T l umb p-l d m d p

dd ld “p bl” dd lpp l z. Ey A

uy py l l mm, d my mmb m.Dp , -A d m l.Rl xp l p A’l md xp, d mdl m d pl b u bd mz, pl d, d ly d d m A’ m bl ll pdd (Wld B ).

Rly, A U lud b l d. T uly dd, bu uld by m A’ ld. W l m z qul Cd, A l m mplm lbl m, bu ubu . Op lm—u lm m ully lblmy— b mp l l ’ m u pblm, l uul.

Why Structural Change Matters

Suul — mm ml pduy pduy mplym – y d m d u “d” jb. F m dd uul ld A, l A m-m m l pdu-y d ll m

d ld pdly uld m.I A, , uul md pp d. O p y, lb d m l pduy mply-m, du ll d l p

py du. (MMll d Rd ; P). Wu mj m uu, A u d jb d mulbl d l u dl m-mdy p.

Arica’s Competitiveness Challenge

I b m y d y, duy ld p uul . I A muu lb pduy m m ulu. Bu, mjy A’ m l lblly mp du d . T d md by muu p-du py u . A’ muu GDP l l ll dlp u d, dlp u l, dl.I lbl muu (xlud Su A) ll m . p . p , d ld muud xp llm . . p (UNIDO ). T dl

A muu pdu d xp l mpd by dl dy dp.

Breaking Into the Global Market

F A m u ul u lbl m p ly ppuy

Why Intra-Arican rade Matters: Working

Locally to Go Global J P, B A G I





7

d duy . I, m lly, Cd Id u pd , udm-l l d lb uld lb- muu d l-mu. H, d u ll m A. T ll mp l-m m pl.

C uu lbl muumy lp. S ud muu my pdu b b up “”, b ud l.R dulz u Vm xpld ppuy b lbl m. Ad l lbl -bd d.

Working Locally to Go Global

E l upp A’ -

dulz. F mm d b-d ll b mp pu umb m d p-bl -bd pdu ud x-l m. T ppuy xp b lp xp-d m l m d m, d up-pl d um, d buld m l.

T mll z A’ m d my ldld m l pp

uu, ul d ll m d d (um dm, mp- ply, d ul p) d d -ld mp. F xp ldldu p uu b, lm, um d p u-l ll um pdu d“ml” x p d l - m d .

Nl m A d lz mmbp l d bl d m-p l z dlp l dlpm d l ll- pblm m mmb . Rlmplm p d p m uly dd. T py l

m mmu (REC) dlp bblpj, y u m d lu d u dqu l mm d bd.

A’ dlpm p ly lpd l , p dl ddul u l z- d lm l mmm -bd pj. D uld m REC ld u dlu l d pm. Ty l d m mz upp l z,d u ym l df l pm, d -l d pm l .

Reerences

World Bank. 2009. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. Washingtom, DC: World Bank.

McMillan, Margaret and Dani Rodrik. 2011. “Globalization,Structural Change and Productivity Growth.” NBER Working

Paper Series, Vol. w17143. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1866102 Page, John. 2011. “Aid, Structural Change and the Private Sector

in Arica.” Presentation. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNI-DO). 2009. Industrial Development Report 2009 : Breaking inand Moving Up. Vienna: UNIDO.

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1866102

http://ssrn.com/abstract=1866102





8

Id d b A u ldpm d d dlpm . H, b A u

ully xpl b d dd , y mu dd b-

mm d d ppl u. I dul m A ll b bl m d m Cp C ubl m d m y - m uy. K-y: l p Ky xpmj d Juy , m R Vlly d d uplu d mpl m buy x p b y .

Bu mu b bl xpl dm md dlp mp d b y x-pd lly. Uuly, A m y ubl ully xpl u u du pyl, p d u-l b.

Physical Barriers: Te Inrastructure Defcit

A’ uu d—l dqud, l, d pyl uu—u mp d d b A

u. Ad Wld B’ Rul A-bly Idx, ly p ul ppul- Sub-S A l lm d pbl ll . Smlly, m ub y ld, ly m d p , -d, mpd m p , d l-m (Cu l., ).

Rd u p ll dp mm A. Rd dy - pxy ll d uy . A d dy ly . lmp , qu lm, mpd l-

m p , qu lm l--m (bl ). L, l dy A ly . lm p , qu lm—mu l . lm p , qulm l-m . A l A u b m xp p ml l l. A’ ld yp xll ppuy du. F — Nl, C, N, S-l d Zmbz—d l—V, -y d Ml—uld b ulzd m d . H, du pll bly,l u, d l -ll mupp u pj, A’ y m ’ uppd .

Add A’ p uu d- ll qu mb , lud pz m, - mm p , l- C’ , d - y b x uu( bx ).

Maintenance

Plym uld m m mp uu m. M pj ld d ududd, u y ly m - uu bl dp uu.

Eliminating Barriers to Internal Commerce

to Facilitate Intraregional radeOlumd d Nlp My, B A G I





9

t Able 1. r oAd And r Ail density in sub-s AhArAn A fricA compAred with the r est of the w orld

Measure

Sub-Saharan Africa Rest of the World

All

Low-

Income

(Fragile)

Low-

Income

Resource-

Rich

Middle-

Income

Low-

Income

Middle-

income

Paved roads

Road density by area, kilometers per1,000 square kilometers 16.8 9.9 16 12.5 52.3 37 124

Road density by population, kilometersper capita 533 275 562 408 2,047 700 1,319

Road density by GDP, kilometers per $1billion 483 253 308 110 36 1,210 2,080

Railway density

By land area, kilometers per 1,000 squarekilometers 2.8 1.6 2.2 2 8.8 3.4 141

By population, kilometers per million

people 83.1 45.9 56.5 62.4 417.6 63.3 74

By GDP, kilometers per $1 billion 100 173.1 165.4 67.1 88.7 109.4 48.5Source: Carruthers, Krishnamani and Murray (2010).

A j p by Oz EmCp d Dlpm (OECD) d NPp A’ Dlpm (NEPAD) ud “du p m, my A u l l d l y” (Bu, Du d Hmm ). T d lly u ul A m

uu m.

I m uu m bm l py A u. Nl - uld b d u m uu d d up uu u d/ m md ud. F - d mm u, l d ulu. Ty d dpd ud p,mm ll py d

m d u ll, bly -d ll m, d bl pd ull publ m dp. I dd, z uld b mdu publ bd dl mu b lld uu m ll, y ld m -ubl quly uu dl.

Te Private Sector

T p mu b p lu d-d A’ uu ll. Gm uld dp d pp publ-p pp (PPP). I , u-u pj ly ud by publ -

uld b p. Id, A -m uld u PPP l uumulu pd by upl m u p u. T p b d mulpl d d pj, m d u, p,m d . mxmz publ lu,plym uld y d pml mxu publ d p pp uupj. Ty uld m u p mp d, u -

p, d m u publ mp d, u ud d p (Dl ).

I p ll l qu dd m ld pj. I mp m mpm uu dlpm





10

mmz d mxmz quly pj. T p llzd mpl uu dlpm -uu mpm . T-, A m uld dlp uly m l mp b mp d umb m.

China

C md mp A- uu pj. T Iuu C-um A p C’ m A uu d m $. bll $ bll . Cquly, C’ xl uu upp A -d m p p . A m uld u - C mp ’

uu. A m d ld d C’ uu m - d pj l — ju l x ul u. U-uly, mu C’ uu m A u b d ulu .

I up A m dy m C’ uu -m l mp. F ,

ul y uu pj uld b p-zd dlpm ulul , mply p A’ lb . R- u mp ll d A ulddubl ulul pduy (Bu, D-u d Hmm ).

Connectivity

Alu l-m d l-l uupj dd, p lu A’uu d l b

’ x uu. Il -y buld ll y. Uuly,ll /d pj p-l b d ld bu y l d l u-u pj. F xmpl, l m Ep u ly b Add Abb d M’, mmd b b

dd m x l d d - b m.

Cultural Barriers: Consolidating Citizenship

A ul m, zp p dd by ly bu by “-

l ld” my A u. F ,mu l bd d ud y J N ud bu Hu/Ful ly lm y by u p, l up ly l lm ld y bl y u “.” Smlly, Ky mu p-ll bd R Vlly du “uld by up bld l ld b -d up uupd by mmb up d ld ld” (Kmy d Mbu). T pl f lm bly ddul l u ppy ud ’l m d p bl d d A u.

E m bd mpl pduy d d. Ely d L ()ud ly l b m du uu. Al d F ()ud upply d, m- ld d ll l

l. Rdud mbly uy ly f ld x d ll dlpm bul m dul bu qu yp u y d pdu mply.

I l A m mplm ld zp. z dm u ; dpd, -m mplmd pm mp-zd lm d dplyd ddul -. T pl yldd p ddd m pll bly d mbly (Mul). Wl -z--ll lu, A- m mu dd b.

Institutional Barriers: Coordination Failures

I mp A u mz -/pl mm ul d ul.





11

Sm A u mbd dld dlzd ym m dup d p. Wl dlzld pm d mp d -y, l qu d - mm. T lud mz lld pdu u m b

l d ubl uu. F xmpl, N, L S ud- umu uu mpm pj ly bl ’ -uu p dl uu(El-u ). E d ld /pl pl uld lp bl.

Pl dbl d p d mj b mm d Au. A p bu qud py x, d bb. F xmpl, bu dbl b Dul d B-u Cm. Smlly, mu p u pl p l m Mmb,Ky Ud bd. Bu ubl pd my dbl y llu d mu ll um (Te Economist , ). T uy dm m mm ud ll p. P y ld ul d ul mm mu lud

p lm dbl.

Recommendations

I d dd A’ uu d, ’ plym mu pz m, - p uu dlpmd l m C. Alul-l uu pj dd, A uld p by y b x uu. I

m -uu b m-m, plym uld d zp, -mz pl mm uld ul, d mmz d d-bl y. A u ll b bl xpl ull b d l d ul y lm b

mm d d ppl b-d.

Reerences

A lesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2005. “Ethnic Diversity and Economic Perormance.” Journal of Economic Literature 43,no. 3: 762–800.

Biau, Carole, Karim Dahou and Toru Homma. 2008. “How toIncrease Sound Private Investment in Arica’s Road Inrastructure:Building on Country Successes and OECD Policy Tools.” Paperprepared or NEPAD-OECD Arica Investment Initiative.

Carruthers, Robin, Ranga R. Krishnamani and Siobhan Murray.2010. Improving Connectivity: Investing in Transport Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arica Inrastructure Country Diagnostic

Working Paper. Washington: World Bank.

Deloitte. 2010. Infrastructure Finance: The Changing Landscape inSouth Africa. Johannesburg: Deloitte.

Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 1997. “Arica’s Growth Trag-edy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, no. 4: 1203–50.

El-ruai, Nasir. 2011. “Nigeria: Inrastructure Defcits and Our

Future.” July 8. http://allarica.com/stories/201107080939.html .

Kimenyi, Mwangi S., and John Mbaku. 2011. “Elections andViolence in Nigeria: The Question o Citizenship in Sub-Saharan

Arica.” Washington: Brookings Institution.

Miguel, Edward. 2004. “Tribe or Nation? Nation Building andPublic Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania.” World Politics 56, no.3: 327–62.

The Economist . 2002. “Trucking in Cameroon: the road to hell isunpaved.” Print edition, 21 December: 65-67.

http://allafrica.com/stories/201107080939.html

http://allafrica.com/stories/201107080939.html





12

box 1: promoting intrA -A fricAn trAde through infrAstructure development: the r ole of the A fricAn e xport-

import b Ank

T l ll -A d l p ul dml uu -

. Uuly, dlp quly d quy uu -A dqu dl pll ll d muly xp. Sm m u dd A’ uul dy qu m $ bll du x y.

T u , , u b mld. A umb l -uu pj udy A, fd bll, ubl d l m. Tlud pj l Spl Dlpm I, ulz publ-p pp dlpm p m d; d p -ld , l udbl pj d by M O Cbl Cmpy bu mp lmmu l.

T A Exp-Imp B, Axmb, p u d ml . d, dlpd umu pm dd du x uu d A.

A m qu m m l, l d/ llmmm pl . Tu u pm, Axmb upp A -m m mmm. T Exp Dlpm F Pm d d d mmdy xp l m d m mplm luul pj uul d d. Axmb’ Ady S d Im BPm upp pm u u l d, l p- duy. Fl upp b xdd l, u A A N d Fly Al. T pm l u dlpm y by upp Eypll mpy El Sdy p Cm, Ep d Zmb.

Pm yp -A mm y dy ’ pdu d xpm. Su d ul ull b d . I puu l, A ll d m u ll, lud puy d p quly d-luu. Bu umb , d pll ll d l u dd b m up, p b md dl bl.

J-Lu E, Pd, A Exp-Imp B





13

Glly, A u -ly xpld u d p x-dd m by Ud S’ A

G d Oppuy A (AGOA) d by Eup U’ Em Pp Am

(EPA). I , ly y mll p uly , duy-, qu- pdu l l-ld by AGOA b ulzd. T puld dlly lyz -A d d mp A bu. Bu u p um, y mu b dd dd y d plz p- m A u pdu xp. I , d p uld pm du -bd lu .

m x, AGOA, uly d, b uul lp lu .T lu dd lu p-pl , ll ll mulplu dd pu pdu dud pl “ul ” p. T ud z xp Ky pdu xl, d l mdMuu d Su A ppl A u.

H, m p AGOA d p-

d. Splly, Ud S p revoked uy’ AGOA lbly, l lu md. F , Md’ u dd Juy du udm u-y’ m, AGOA b l pud dly. N ppld

u ppl Zmb ( pdu), Szld (zpp) d L (dmb). T Eup U d p,

p EPA. Alu -m dd lu A,y b updu. O mmbp u d d p-ly ’ l mmmu (REC). Cu l Ml, Zmbd Zmbb mp p SADC REC, bu upd COMESA EPA; DmRpubl C, l p SADC, bl CEMAC EPA. T mz dply um u buly m-pld by m, ly xb pblm lpp REC mmbp.

l x, p EPA pmd lblz. Ty ll mmd - A d EU m d plbu dul p Eup d Am. Uuly, b d x pl udu -A d.Rd l, A’ mll d ll mdu ll b u by fux pdu m m dlpd Eup up, m

jy y ubd. Rd m, EPA ll lm x A ml xp—lu m my ud dd lu pdu u p- muu. I um, u ply ll dm l lu d A l mly uppl ml.

rade Preerences and Value Chains

M S. Kmy , Z A. L d Bd Rum, B A G I





14

Recommendations

T EPA d AGOA d uld b dd u uld b. mb pblm d AGOA b, Ud S uld ll ly AGOA-l-bl u u pd pu l

upply (u ll m dly x-p U.S.). I uld m “ul ”qum ppl, u muud d.

L, EU uld u EPA. F,y uld b mplmd d ully qud u y p REC’ d. Sd, p up Am Eup mp dmly, EPA uld ll A’ fuu dpd- pul uy’ ll dulz.Cu dlp, p, u u ll du; -mpd ul u ,l Il My Fud’ Suul Adjum Pm m dd , lly pdud p dlpm um, lud my Sub-S A m.

Flly, m dul bu bu mpm uld b Eup U d UdS mz ddul p p-m A. T, ju mmd pd , uld lp A lu d l m -.

Reerences

AU C M d. . A Decade o Arican-US rade under the Arican Growth and Op- portunity Act (AGOA): Challenges, Opportunities and aFramework or Post-AGOA Engagement . AU C M d, Sx Ody S. Ob–Nmb. Kl: A U.

P, J, d Nlp My. . “AGOA d R-l I: A Md Oppuy byd .” AGOA at 10: Challenges and Prospects or U.S.-Aricarade and Investment Relations. W: BIu. p://.b.du/~/md/Fl//p//__/__.pd .

http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2010/07_agoa_africa/07_agoa_africa.pdf








15

l m mmu (REC) A b bld ml p ub-

. I dd mm pl,l d d dlpm qu

mm ppl l bud-. A ll, ppl d b bl ly bd xpl ppu d dm bly d. A ll, mm lb ll p-ml ulz um pl ll ,du d u y mmd lu. Ex d bu bd m my b p mbly ppl lly Sub-S A. I ply b, u u: mplm REC pl; d ul ll m f, bl b m-pd by ply d d bdmm py b d p.

Varied Levels o Implementation o MigrationProtocols

E REC ppd pl m-m ppl. H, ll mmb d m ul. Implm- m pl d ( bl ), d

pl pl ly d.Nl, m REC md m p . F xmpl, Em Cmm- W A S (ECOWAS) ll mz mpd , d y, -d d blm b md ll

mmb . ECOWAS pp pld -l l l, d mmb bl d x ECOWAS u u mu dly p p. H-, lbly d y pp p-

ld bd bl. ECOWASl ll qu y l ld d xp m bd up bu. T E A Cmmuy (EAC) l mzd pp. I u mm, Ky d Rdly md pbl muul b-d ly d d, d u d pl m pm .

I ECOWAS d EAC, m- ply Su A DlpmCmmuy (SADC) d p-um mplm. I , Su A dZmbb b ud bl qum SADC mmb , dp ll mmb uppd lm qum. H, ll lduu bl pm. Alu Su A uly ll SADC mmb -dy / y d SADC u p-md -dy y, ll ll, Su A m-

d -d bd p m u. T duly l m-d u b REC. F xmpl, bu- l m Sl Nb lldxpdd ; d u, u Cd,qu up p(Cul S ).

Intraregional rade and Restrictions on the

Movement o PeopleM S. Kmy d J Sm, B A G I





16

t Able 1. implementAtion of migrAtion policy in interregionAl orgAnizAtions

Interregional

Organization Protocol

oCountries That Have

Implemented

Freedom of Movement

Protocol

Common

Passport

Universal

Tourist Visa

Rights of

Establishment

(for Business)

AMUArticle 2 of treaty

19893 out of 5 No No No

CEN-SADParagraph 2 treaty

1991Unclear

Visa waived for dip-lomats and certain

professionsNo

Right of Residence(not ratied)

EAC Article 7 3 out of 5 Yes, EAC passport In progressYes (2 out of 5implemented)

ECCASArticles 4 and 40 oftreaty and protocol

in appendix VII4 out of 11

Travel books, cards,special line in

airportIn progress

YES (4 out of 11implemented)

ECOWASProtocol n0A/P/.1/5/79

All, 13 out of 13Yes, ECOWAS

passport, travelers’checks

No YES

CEMACArête, June 29,

20054 out of 6 NO NO NO

COMESA Article 164 None NO NO NO

SADC Article 14 7 out of 15

Yes, but visa stillrequired in SA andZimbabwe after 90

days

In progress NO

UEMOA Article 4 All, 6 out of 6Harmonized with

ECOWASNo Yes

Note: AMU = Ab Mb U; CEN-SAD = Cmmuy Sl-S S; EAC = E A Cmmuy; ECCAS = Em Cmmu-y Cl A S; ECOWAS = Em Cmmuy W A S; CEMAC = Cmmuué Emqu Mé d

l’Aqu Cl; COMESA = Cmm M E d Su A; SADC = Su A Dlpm Cmmuy; UEMOA = U Emqu Mé Ou A.

Sources: ARIA V (m), REC’ p Wb u “u” d pp m.

Managing Illicit and Irregular Migration

My lu ll d -dm mbly l m udu bu qu ll m— , um , -

zd m d m. Addlly, ul m—m ppl u,ylum l m m —ll uy, bly d my bb mm. Ad UdN Dlpm Pm (), ml-l m m A, . mll zd u dpld mly by , du

ul d. Su A xpd xpb l fux Zmbbmd p dl m d.Ky d Ep d fux Sml -l du m H A,ulmly dpl ’ my d

. Cu d d ym mbu ppl, d d pdmy lmly l d m, du dm. Ru u ll u u,bu y pl d mpd b-d mm lp p d ud bd mplly.





17

Coordination o Protocol and BorderManagement

T d m pl d mpdbd mm l mbly ppl. A xmpl mpd d b-d ll O Sp Bd P (OSBP). T

COMESA d OSBP Zmb-Zmbb bd Cudu . I Cu-du, p-ly l p mmml lpd pd mm ppl (dm SA ). T Su A–Mzmbqu OSBP Lbmb ll b xluly ddd p, xpd x d bu bd. A j bd pl d dpl-m m mpd py d l-y ll l lp l mm ll uy ll d ul m.

What Is the Holdup?

W ldup mp mm ppl bd? F ll, m bdmm d pl ly, d -m d up u d jbd by mm l d um .O y u mmb REC p up bd umly uld b pl u d puly by .O u u ppl u -

mmb, u mu-ypd SADC“u,” bu d b pzd m u. N bd ly d -uu, u , m, ll, dd bd, l ly.

A pbl lu m p buy mpm, m b b ld d bdm b pj. F xmpl, Wl By Cd Gup publ–p p-p (PPP) dud bl m Wl-

By, Nmb, Dm Rpubl C by mp uu d blpl, u l dm dum pl mulpl m bud b-d d p p mply. Wd mm ppl, up dlpd S d d p Pm pd l, y d uy um

u mp l d. T p-m up ll l l d p d m HIV/AIDS u ppul (Wl By Cd Gup). PPP l b ud pj Eup U. T Cl ul l l b Ud Kdm d F x-

mpl d l u, d Pp-–Fu l l bd F dSp l b ud mdl PPP (V DG d Nuz-F ).

I l d bm ly A-, mm ppl mu b lzd plll d. Alu b u qumplx , l lu ll -m lu ll ld—bp d publ.

Reerences

ARIA V (Fm). . Assessing Regional Integra-tion in Arica: owards an Arican Common Market. FD Ob .

Cul S. . Su A Emby. p:// .u-y./m/xmp.m

Cul S. . Ud S’ Emby N-b. p://ymby.m/ul.ml

dm SA. . “Cudu O Sp Bd P:P Rp d L Ld.” Gu, Su A: dm Su A. p://.d-m.//dul/l/publ/Cudu_OSBP_Nmb.pd

Wl By Cd Gup. . “Am

Wl By Cd Gup.” Wl By CdGup Wb. p://.b.m./bu-u/y-m.ml Ad Dmb ,.

V D G, Wllm d J Nuz-F. . Appp Fl Ium Publ-PPp B C-Bd Iuul D-lpm-EU Exp. ADBI W Pp .y: A Dlpm B Iu. p://.db./-pp////.l.um.ppp.uul.d.u/llu.x-mpl..ppp...u/

http://www.southafrica-newyork.net/homeaffairs/visaexempt.htm



http://kenyaembassy.com/consular.html

http://www.trademarksa.org/sites/default/files/publications/Chirundu_OSBP_November2010.pdf



http://www.wbcg.com.na/about-us/history-achievements.html


http://www.adbi.org/working-paper/2011/05/13/4531.financial.instruments.ppp.infrastructural.dev.eu/illustrative.examples.of.ppp.in.the.eu/













http://kenyaembassy.com/consular.html








18

pl m, u d -m d m l plld A uppd

l d l d ,mp, mplym d m

. H, p p- b m um d umbm. E p b d, d m l A u. T, d d l. Il d A- p l d, mpd p W Eup, p A d p N Am (Vld ).Vu b pu d y -l A d md l, u p , d um u.O l y l u uld b mp m m m duy u m ul p- d l d.

Ad G (), ul pl “ d ud j d du d y.” T d ul p- l d qu u up p y m. Fum, l ’ b-

mly m, ul p-’ b mp b m d p um d l dlpm. Rl qu u up -y m p my d lply d pll l y d d. H, ul p ud d l umbm. Cu mply

d b y mmu b . T x-pd ul dud d -d l d.

Ful p m ll publ d xd l b-d. F , ul p b ud uld b p publl, m/ulu/ld, uy, - d dlpm, p dlmmu, um, d mmd / mm— m .Ful p p, -dd by x m p A. I E A Cmmuy (EAC),ul p xd by EAC mm-b d p publ yd, u E A ly, y,lmmu d pl . ll d d EAC .T EAC b d p m ; l E A- Cum U d mm m pl bld (Em d Sl R- Fud ). Culy, - Su A d E A d bl p j uu pj—l, d

d y.

I p ld— pul, Cbb Cmmuy (CARICOM)—ulp b uul b buubl dlpm, dd by m-pd m, m uu, l, du-, y , d quly l

Enhancing Intra-Arican rade through

Functional Cooperation A Kmu, B A G I





19

u mmuy. T Cbb xpd du xp d xp mp lly. CARICOMl d d x, d ml dbl l ud lm p lxp . Ad CARICOM (),“l d xp mllu mu-

ud l d b d b ud . p d . p CAR-ICOM’ l xp p .” Smlly, CARICOM () “-l d -ld m .”T u b bud l - p, d xpl l x ud ul p udpCARICOM’ l m d my p(CARICOM , ).

G u ul p -

l d Cbb, A p p u b d. T ul m x A u d y ldy du y p -lly. H, d l -u m mm m uy u. M uld b pu d m-m p d p , u-u d ul m ll lb l d xl d. T b-

m u uld lld d A u b d l ld d d.

Reerences

CARICOM (Cbb Cmmuy). . Intraregional rade Report 2001–2006 . G: CARICOM.. “S P Rl /.” Apl .

CARICOM (Cbb Cmmuy). . CARICOM’I-Rl d - . http://www.caricom-

stats.org/Files/Publications/Quick_Re2008/CARICOM.pd

Em d Sl R Fud. . “WB C z D m E ACmm M (EACM) Am?” zKld N Ply B -. .z./d/plybp.pd .

G, Nm. . “T Wld dy: Fu Qu- Rl I.” S Auu, -dd: Uy W Id, Gdu Iu Il Rl.

G, Nm. . Cbb Cmmuy: T Elu- Qu Em I. http://www.nor-mangirvan.ino/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/girvan-cdb-

fnal-apr252010.pd

Vld, D. W. . “Rl I, G dC.” Bud Pp World De-velopment Report 2009 . .d..u/u/d/.pd .

http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/Quick_Ref2008/CARICOM.pdf



http://www.esrftz.org/docs/policybriefpink.pdf


http://www.normangirvan.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/girvan-cdb-final-apr252010.pdf



http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/6720.pdf















20

R

l d m uml pm lbl d d d

m. T E A Cmmuy (EAC), xmpl u m, m-pd Buud, Ky, Rd, z dUd; EAC ludd mdppul m mll ppl; d, d mbd dm pdu $. bll. T EAC d - b dld umb y. Ibld um u d mmm . I x p l my u d pll d .

Kenya’s rade Perormance within the EAC

d m EAC p m$. bll $. bll by d , p. T bbud , m , blm um u. H, -EAC d -m l d uly d p l d lum. T mp ply l d m u EupU d N Am F d Am, l d u, ply, p d p l d pl.

Aulul mmd d muud pd-u, m x, m bul -EAC

d; d, l ml, b, b ddbl ud ml dm d. Ky’xp , , m ddd lud ml, ul d lub, m-y d p qupm.

T EAC mj d Ky’ xp.F , EAC ud p- Ky’ l xp A d p l xp ld. I m y, Ud Ky’ ld xp d-, bb . p l xp, l

z d Rd m u ( p) d ( p), ply. Oll, Ky’ dlu ly, m $.bll $. bll , p . p . Ky u bu p l -EAC d.

T EAC’ dp d xp dd p d ppu Ky’ budu l y. H, Ky yully xpld ppu d by EAC’

d m, pblm ly -d ul d uly b d .

Kenya’s rade within the East Arican

Community: Institutional and Regulatory Barriers

Auuu Mulu, Pul Kmu, Sm Guu d M I, Ky Iu Publ Ply Rd Aly (KIPPRA)*

* Auuu Mulu, Pul Kmu d Sm Guu ply ly Ky Iu Publ Ply R d Aly (KIPPRA) N-b. M I d KIPPRA. M m bu KIPPRA lbl www.kippra.org + .

http://www.kippra.org/

http://www.kippra.org/





21

Institutional Barriers to Kenya’s rade in the EAC

Vu Ky m, dpm d p-l ul d upp uy’ d, lud M d, F, Ju d C-ul A, Publ Hl d Imm.Sp l ld lud

Ky Pl Hl Ip S (KEPHIS),Ky Ru Auy (KRA), Ky Buu Sdd (KEBS), Ky P Auy (KPA) dKy Rd Bd (KRB). I pm u-, u d mm -d d m f d d EAC. T d u bu pdu dd, l uld my m pdu ul b d. O md, KRA m - mp l d. I pbl m d mm uml d dm mm xl -. Addlly, l d by KRA m bu l mzd mp/xp dum d pdu. Culy, dl d x ym ud by u u- pl Rd, Ud d Ky, bu Buud d z. Oly Ky ump u, m d ld Ky, y dlyd Buud d

z by mmb .

O mp EAC’ d Ky lud KEPHIS, p pl du pl mp pm; KEBS, dd quly d; KPA, m p; d Ky pl, pd uy d p by y ll dum. O- lud Imm Dpm, u pm; KRB, dl ppl xl ld p u u l; d Publ Hl Dpm,

p d u y ump. All p dpd-ly , u mu d (by dly). I dd, m m d p u dy.

T My EAC d, l d ld EAC.

ml m m p , m -u pl mplm by l .H, d b bd p d my’ d-qu; d d pl md by l mmud m.

Regulatory Barriers to rade

T du b ll mpl-m EAC’ um u -uld u b l ul d.

Customs Clearance

B mp xp mmd EAC, d mu b mp d-l m (IDF) ud by ppd -

m y p . T u IDF l umu ( mp, l b, KEPHIS, KEBS, KPA dKRA), du pdu p-, dubl lu d mpl. T ul ll p u IDF dupl d d bu m. Addlly, m, p bd bld p- p mj yy, u d l l d um l.

Standards and Certication

EAC mmb u pply umu d my m u l qul-y dd -EAC d. H, d pdu dd d dd ud ddz p-du. Sm dd du dd-z uy zd by uy— pblm dd du d m.

Rules o Origin Culy, EAC mmb u d p ul ; d, y pply dpd by Cmm M Ed Su A. T ul pul d mu lly b pdud





22

mpd m p , u d lu ml ud pdu. T pdu b - umbm d ly, l ly bu mmuy.

Licenses and Permits

L qud EAC lud bul, mp/xp l, d p- l d mupl ul l. T p-du b u l y u. I dd, l plm EAC- bu. T m-bd bu dul, um-bm d xp p. I m EAC u,mul p ud bu m , d pym l . M-, mulpl l qud pdu,

dbu d l d, ul dupld pb d bu .

Immigration Procedures

F z EAC mmb u, qud l mmuy. H,mm ppl d pp ld mpy l du-m, d mjy EAC d d ldu dum. I dd, qum

yll by z bdd mj bl d. Alu jud b l , pdu ppl d $ pply y p p ll.T, mm bud mp -bd d.

Police Checks and Roadblocks

W EAC, my dbl d p-l p l mj d dup

mm d. F y l-m, d u bu , d dbl z, Ud d Ky, p-ly (Ku l. ). T p ly m m d my. M m ,pl l bb lm p d d, plly l .

ruck Scales and Inspections

T mdy d l u dd m d upp p.T pully Kyd z d p d. Apbl p xl d umb xl

p m y b mzd m EAC mmb . Numu u l l m d p u l NCd m dul m d d- m. I dd, bu EAC mmb y mzd l m, m lld Ky, m Ud, m z d m bRd d Buud.

Language Barriers

El d-up lu EAC pup dm, publ d ld p . H, pBuud, um l ll dum b- ld F. ulll qum,d mu u x d m. l l l Bujumbu dumd b p mm.

Recommendations

T u xp -EAC d ll qu ud d du d ully lm u ul d uly b dd ply b. F, ll p bd p d mzd p p l- p d du dly bd. Cd- uld b md bl -p bdp. Sd, uld mply u p-pl m du ly dl pdu. Td, m p (..,l p) b mp m

d EAC qud. Culy, ly l , Bu d Nm, d l dqu .

O uly b, Ky d EACm uld ml um lpdu, ul d dd by du- umb d dum qud d





23

by mz u m bd dum. Su dumuld l b dd d ddzd -d lly pd dd, p- d udl d uld b dpbl u mpu ym. I dd, um dp-m p d mz m-

d mmu ly pm. Tl mmuy ply y l - l py by lp dy, mmu d d u lm b d.

Reerences

Ku, J. W, M. Fm, A. Pbu, R. S-, B. Gbblb, B. M, S. Kylmy, M. Wju, J. M, E. . Responding to Food Price Crisis in Eastern and Southern Arica: Policy Options or National and Regional Action. RSAKSS W PpN. .





24

Ud mmb l dbl: E A Cmmuy’ (EAC’)Cum U, l Ky, z,

Rd d Buud; d Cmm M E d Su A (COMESA),

l mmbp dpd , ludBuud, Cm, Djbu, Eyp, E, E-p, Dm Rpubl C, Lby,Sud, Ud, Ky, Ml, Zmb, Muu, Syll, Md, Szld, Zmbbd Rd. T Ud’ d f COMESA dld y, m .p uy’ l xp ld . p . L, uy’xp Eup U dppd m p- . p by , lu mpd COMESA. Cly,Ud’ xp EAC by bu. p m . T dp Ud’d f COMESA uld ply b bud p pyl uul , dd ly p d.

Alu b mu p d lb-lz EAC d COMESA, m ll d b ddd, plly dmu d ull xpl d p-l bl. A umb mp b

md d udy dl m d b bl. H, my qu m u d pll ll md dd u p pyl uu du p, ll l

f d . A l-l l mplm mmb ’mmm lm d b.T u b y B pdu(.. pdu dd pully

mp m u, lud xmpl ulul pdu d u mu-ud d), d ymml lblz m EAC p , ,Ud d z Ky pdu. T m-m b ll pl bl lud mj mpdm umbmum dum d l pdu,bd l, p d -ul, qum d up.

T pmy b Ud’ d lp p pyl uu dlp-m m quly, m d -y . T ly d d l Ud l p m p d. T y l m lm-d EAC d COMESA p. F xmpl,Ud l ly z, Bu-ud, Rd, DRC, Sud d Ep. L- , Ky l m uul l z, Ep d Sud. T d d d d dpd d

ppu . F xmpl, ldp d dl Ud $,du xp d mp (Wld B dIl F Cp ). Cly, Ml $, xp-ld ld

Barriers to Uganda’s rade within the Regional

rade Blocs o the EAC and COMESA L O, Em Ply d R C (EPRC) Ud*

* L O ll Em Ply R C (EPRC) Kmpl, Ud. M m bu EPRC lbl www.eprc.org.ug + .

http://www.eprc.org.ug/

http://www.eprc.org.ug/





25

p d dl ($, mp-l-d) d ly $ xp d mp ld -p d dl L, b ldld u xp mu l Ud. H, ldldu E A u mlly, Rd d Buud b $, d $,

xp-ld .

T d u p ud p, plly u p-, zd by duu um ddbl . F xmpl, u d dy, ply, u xp d mpum l d l l Ud(Wld B d Il F Cp- ). I dd, bu x u l m Mmb Mlb, lud M, N (mbl), Gll (S), Eld

(mbl), Wbuy () d Am (mbl, bupm). I Ud, u lb Mlb d Kmpl ld Mlb (p-m) ju b um, Bum (pm)d I (mbl).

L, bu p Kyd by uy (mly Ky pl ddm pl), ld Mmb( x), M, Mz, V, Kz, A R(b u l), M-M, Mu pm,

M-Mu, Gll, Sl, mb d Kdu.L, Ud, m -p, lud Mlb (Spl PRu U, SPRU), Bum (Ud Ru Auy, URA), Bum (Pl, lm mURA p), Kd (pl), Luy (URA/SPRU), Kyz (pl), Mb (URA) d K-bl (pl). T ldup u up-, quly udm dd l p bd y d xp, dbl d u l (Ud FFd A ).

T EAC d lly COMESA p u-ly d xp ububl pdu mplm. F xmpl, ll EACp xp , l, pl,dy pdu, d u, p pdu, m,p d , d bl, d plm l.T d uy mp

l m, u lmd m d, plly Ud bu ld-ld d u m pdu -p m ml. Tu, Ud d pdly dy xp, plly - duy, d p .

Ud d p EAC, xp Rd, m pm qum z EAC d COMESA p .T udm mm ppl . Smlly, m plmm, z m ld pl d—m , d EACPl Mm Cpl, pu u llly by d (, ll d Dmb , ), l u db u llly by d(d Dmb , ), l u db u bd by d ( lmd Dmb , ), pu d l my m um llly by d(d Dmb , ) d pu l my m um bd by d(d Dmb , ).

Recommendations

Ud d m d dd d quly pyl uu

y pdu d d. T ll qux m d, ly d y . T uld b d m ly, plly y u publ–p p-p m, m b u l-. H, uld b d lzdmul, , ppp l d ply ud p. L, d d d l uu, d j u m p mb u u y d l uld l m. T uld

u m u uu ud uldb dlpd u b d pu ud b ud mm EAC S-, uly mp mplm mbu d bu EAC Fu DlpmSy (-) d d ld um u, mp uudlpm l d .





26

Ud l ly d xp d. A uul d ubl d ll qu mx publ d p -m dd d lu d upp y m . I m-mz uy mp pdu , EAC S d dul

ply y ud p u -p l mp d-. H, m mumu ud ll -à- u -— xmpl, Ud Im Au-y, d m pm dl, b d pll fu m , pully publ ldll, pl, d md lu uu. T uulmplm EAC dul y - uld qu p bl u-

mu m pul, d m uld ul m p ld. F x-mpl, uld l u Ud Dlpm Cp, u-mu bdy d plmy m u .

Pll ll d mmm l mplm d m. T pl b, u by pl dbl

d uy l y d umbd p, l Al EAC CumU Pl. T b b dly

md lmd u pll -. H, mm d l ll m lm- b md up m l - d y pll uy -u m. T, pll d d u u pll

uy dl u b mp df. F xmpl, My d d EAC A- Ud uld b d plluy pl dl u b.

T mbly lld lb pqu p d. G mplm EAC Cmm M July , , d d dju p p- m pl d lld lb l f lb d dd p ll - p ld. T uld lp ld d mp. Tu, Ud d p d ll d Rd d lm pm, -d dp p l d b d.

Reerences

Ud F Fd A. . NorthernCorridor News , M .

Wld B d Il F Cp. .

Doing Business 2011: Making a Diference or Entrepre-neurs . W: Wld B d Il F- Cp.





27

N’ d u bl Em Cmmuy W A S (ECOWAS) m

p— d d f m ll

ECOWAS mmb . Splly, N’ x-p ECOWAS , d bu p l xp b d ,plummd . p . T mj-y N’ xp ECOWAS mlul d l, d p d p-, ply, d . Cmply, muu N’ l xp ECOWAS lmbd m p . p , l N-’ ulul xp— p —plud ly d .L, ECOWAS u N’ mp dppd m . p l . p .

Constraints on Expansion

T pp d b Nd u ECOWAS z -d by plll mplmy pduuu mmb u. F , ulul pdu p GDP

ppxmly p Lb d

ppxmly p Gu Bu .Smlly, ud ly p Sl GDP d p Cp Vd . I , muu GDP

bl p Gu, Ml, S Ld N b d .

A dpd uul d l m -mdbl bl xp l upud uplu xp . Ad Wld B (), dly b y ly up dy, l ly u u dy p y. Fum, lu upu l, pp u du l-l u, md . p. Smlly, l-p u dy y. M, W A bu. p u d m-p lu, mp p lu dlpd u (Wld d O-z ). T dbly lum d b ll l d. T umb pd by l m l y W A u m p lm b L d Abdj

p lm b A d Ouduu.

Dynamics o rade between Nigeria and

Other ECOWAS CountriesLu N. C, N Iu Sl d Em R (NISER) Uy Ibd, d A.O. Aduy, Uy Ibd*

* Lu N. C ll d d N Iu Sl d Em R (NISER) Uy Ibd. A.O. Aduy Dpm Em Uy Ibd. M m bu NISER lbl www.niseronline.org + .

T ECOWAS mmb B, Bu F, Cp Vd, Cô d‘I, Gmb, G, Gu, Gu Bu, Lb, Ml, N,N, Sl, S L d .

Ad Muu’ A N, uul dqu pully ll ly p uld lu dul m K –. Du m pd, m u d uy, md l , jb.

http://www.niseronline.org/

http://www.niseronline.org/





28

D dd d mu l- qud u ECOWAS mmb, d y, d d -dd, ll lb d l d m-l d lbl dd.

Recommendations

Plym uld d uu, llu , l up d lu l dy p mul -A d. M m l uu l u ,ul pdu py d du uulm. T ll u xp upply p u ulu, muud m.

G d d l ub b uul pu m d p- d. Nl d l dul-z y uld u m -ulul pdu muud d d p -ly mpp pl d ECOWAS. Pdu , -bd puupply d dl xp - dlpm ll d l lu d xp mp. C -ulul pdu (.., b, p d

u) uld b pd, pply pd ddd. T l dbl pl d mb, lm d mbl. Rl lu uld b dlpd pdu u xl dl.

T uy dly, m d m d up m d -l d W A d b ddd d d. T ll qu d-d d mzd mplm ECOWAS

pl mm d d ppl by, pul, dml umu uy up d p l bd. T p ll l d, dumul d pm l -m d. S bll d d mm b u ll -

l d d d d Eup U d C. du dd, upl bdy ’ mppu u uld ll y uum dby pp b -A d p.Rl d ly pl uldb d u du ly, d mp mp ply ul ul m m d d du l m ld uld l b dd. T d - y dly d-ld by

b d l u . Adquly plzd xp-mp b uldb ud upp d W A by l pl d xpdu x-p p d mp pym.

ly mul dm ECOWAS , ludN, mu b ud d-d ll b -Ad b uly lzd.

Reerences

Wld B. . Accelerating Development Outcomes in Arica: Progress and Change in the Arica Action Plan. Dlpm Cmm Pp, W: WldB.

Wld d Oz. . rade Policy Review o Mali . G: Wld d Oz.



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