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Int.l collaboration and Global Space Exploration: an Italian/European view

Sylvie ESPINASSEItalian Space Agency – Observation of the Universe Dpt

February 27, 2008 - Denver

Bilateral Collaboration

Cassini-Huygens (launched in 1997)

• Italy is partecipating to 3 out of 12 experiments on-board Cassini: – VIMS-V, Radio Science, Radar

• Italy realized the High Gain Antenna (HGA)for the TLC system and the KaTransponder

• and provided the experiment HASI to the Huygens probe


– Dawn (Discovery), launched in 2007 to Vesta and Ceres

• Italian contribution:• VIR Spectrometer (Visual and

Infrared Spectrometer)• Mission support

Credit N

ASA

/UC

LA


– Juno (New Frontiers), to be launched in 2011 to Jupiter

• Italian contribution:– JIRAM (InfraRed Imaging

Spectrometer)– KaT (Radio science)

Credit: NASA/JPL

Aurora (Hubble Space Telescope)

ESA Scientific Programme

• ESA Scientific Programme Horizon 2000

• The missions are developed by European industries under ESA management and the scientific payloads are selected through AOs and provided to ESA under the responsibility of the National Agencies of the PIs.

• In this context Italy is participating to all the ESA Science missions such as Mars Express (launched in 2003), Rosetta (launched in 2004 to comet P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko), Venus Express (launched in 2005).

Rosetta Lander

• Rosetta Lander Philae,developed by a Consortium of 11 agencies and institutesled by DLR, CNES and ASI and provided to ESA

• Italy contributing with– SD2 Sample acquisition and distribution

system – Solar Arrays– Manpower to the lander project Team

SD2

Tapping stationsTapping stations

Mars Exploration

• Through different types of collaboration, Italy implements its own national exploration strategy, in particular for what concerns Mars:– Mars 96 (Russia)– Mars Express (ESA):

•• PFSPFS PlanetaryPlanetary FourierFourier SpectrometerSpectrometer PI PI •• MARSISMARSIS Radar Radar soundersounder PIPI•• OMEGA OMEGA ImagingImaging spectrometerspectrometer coco--II•• ASPERAASPERA NeutralNeutral atomsatoms coco--II

Mars Exploration (MEX – MARSIS)

Some relevant facts:– First global map of Mars ionosphere (November 16th, 2007) - MARSIS

echoes allow to measure the Total Electron Content in the ionosphere– Evidences of water ice on Mars (March 15th, 2007) - MARSIS gauges

water ice quantity around south pole: the amount of frozen water trapped in layers over south polar region is equivalent to a layer of ~ 11m depth covering the planet

Credits: NASA/JPL/ASI/ESA/Univ. of Rome/MOLA Science Team Credits: ASI/NASA/ESA/Univ. of Rome/Univ. of Iowa/JPL

Mars Exploration (MSR2003-2005; MRO)

− Mars Sample Return 2003-2005 (NASA)• Agreement between NASA and ASI.

• Based on the expertise acquired with development of

the Rosetta’s SD2 drilling system, Italy was committed to

provide a drill for subsurface samples acquisition and

a mini-laboratory to perform in-situ analysis equipped

with a robotic arm for sample distribution.

− Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA)• Italy providing SHARAD (SHAllow RADar) as

a facility instrument.

Credit N

ASA

/JPL

Mars Exploration (MRO − SHARAD)

Mars Exploration (Aurora - ExoMars)

− ExoMars (ESA)• ExoMars is the 1° robotic exploration mission of

the ESA Exploration Programme Aurora approved at the Ministerial Council in Berlin in December 2005.

• Technological Objectives – validation of some key technologies for planetary exploration:– EDLS – Entry, Descent, and Landing System– Horizontal mobility: rover– Vertical mobility: drill

Credit ESA

Mars Exploration (Aurora - ExoMars)

• Mission overview:

– ExoMars will be launched on December 2013 with Ariane 5 ECA (back-up Proton-M)

– Martian orbit insertion on September 2014 and parking orbit until 2015 to avoid dust storms

– The Rover+Lander will be released in 2015 and the science phase will start on July 2015

• Italy is leading the programme (40% of the subscription):– Prime Contractor is Thales Alenia Space - Italy (Turin)– Rover Operations Center (ALTEC – Turin)– Drill + SPDS– 4 experiments with Italian Team coordinator + contribution to 5 experiments – Phase B2 to start early 2008

Primitive Bodies Exploration (…beyond!)

• As for Mars, through different types of collaboration, Italy is implementing its strategy of exploration of comets and asteroids:– Rosetta and Philae (ESA)– Dawn (NASA)– Stardust (NASA)– Recently ASI and JAXA

agreed to perform jointly a mission study to assess the possibility to utilize the VEGA launcher vehicle for the Hayabusa-2 mission, paving the way for a future collaboration.

Credit JAXA

Moon Exploration

• In 2006, ASI has awarded 16 studies related to the robotic exploration of the Moon.

• The main goal of these studies was to assess which scientific objectives among those rated of high priority by the Italian community were achievable through robotic missions with Italian capabilities.

>>> based on the outcomes of these studies, a draft roadmap for a “science driven” exploration programme of the Moon has been prepared.

>>> this roadmap is currently under revision and will be completed with technologies development for human exploration that could be tested on the Moon.

• In parallel to this activity, a PI mission to the Moon has just been selected for a Phase A study: MAĜIA: Missione Altimetrica Gravimetrica GeochimicaItaliana lunAre

Human Exploration

International Space Station

• ASI−NASA MoU: 3 MPLM modules <<>> 6 astronauts flights + ISS utilization

• Node 2, Node 3 and the Cupola were provided by ESA to NASAand developed in Italy under ASI Management. The technology used is derived from that of the MPLM (idem for Columbus)

• ESPERIA: P. Nespoli flying on STS-120 in October 2007 (MPLM Flight) with Node 2 (Harmony)

Human Exploration

• Italy acquired a solid expertise on pressurized modules through the realization of 3 MPLM, Cupola, Node 2 (Harmony) and Node 3, and the flight primary structure of the Columbus laboratory.

CupolaNode 2

Columbus transport to KSC

Human Exploration

Inflatable Modules (Nationalprogramme (phase B):• Objectives: technological R&D

to develop pressurized modules for orbiting structures, planetary surface habitats with a small volume at launch and a large volume once deployed

• Key technologies: Thermal and pressure aspects, leakage, radiations, deployment (A/R), resistance to meteorites impacts, air contamination and monitoring.

Life Support Systems• MELISSA (ESA)• CAB (Nat.)

Human Exploration

Graywater+ pre-treated urine

Purified water

BioreactorsInediblebiomass

NutrientsO2

Trace gases

CO2BBiioollooggiiccaall AAiirr FFiilltteerrO2

Trace gases

FOOD

Biomass

Trace gases

Humans Higher Plants CompartmentServices

Pictures courtesy of NASA

Int. Collaboration in Global Space Exploration

Keyword = Collaboration

2005: Workshop on Int.l Cooperation for Sustainable Space Exploration organised jointly by ESA and ASI (Abbazia diSpineto,Italy May 3-6, 2005)

• The announcement of the US Vision for Space Exploration revamped the debate on the issue of international cooperation for space exploration. Along with ESA, and its Aurora Programme, other major space fairing Nations have plans, strategies or interest in space exploration. International workshops have been held over the past months to lay the foundations for enhanced international cooperation in space exploration, notably the NASA ESMD workshop in November 2004 and NASA SMD to be held in March 2005.

• This ESA/ASI International Workshop is meant to take stock of the discussions and contacts as well as of the follow-on activities that have occurred so far, in order to attempt to merge the areas of discussion from previous workshops into a single set of topics and prepare the way forward for the establishment of a coherent and effective framework for international cooperation for space exploration.


• Italy has been a strong supporter of the Global Exploration Strategysince the very beginning.

• Italy has been participating since August 2006, together with 13* space agencies to the discussions of the definition of a vision for globally coordinated space exploration.

• These discussions led to the finalisation of a document entitled “The Global Exploration Strategy: The Framework for Coordination”(otherwise called the Framework Document). This document has been released on the 31° of May, 2007 in connection with the 3° ESA/ASI workshop on International Cooperation for Sustainable Space Exploration.

• *The 14 space agencies are: ASI, BNSC, CNES, CNSA, CSA, CSIRO, DLR, ESA, ISRO, JAXA, KARI, NASA, NSAU and Roscosmos.

www.globalspaceexploration.org


The Framework Document

• provides an extended rationale for Exploration;• identifies a common set of exploration themes and values;• It is not a proposal for a single global programme but it recognizes that individual

space exploration activities can achieve more through coordination and cooperation;

• calls for a voluntary, non-binding coordination mechanism among interested space agencies.

• Such a mechanism could provide participating agencies:• a forum to discuss their interests, objectives and plans in space

exploration;• a forum to promote space exploration

• Such a mechanism, through which nations can collaborate, could help to strengthen both individual projects and the collective effort related to Exploration.


Italy’s plans for the future

• National Space Plan 2009-2011• ESA Ministerial Council in November 2008

Resources devoted: ~50% ESA Programmes ~ 50% National Programmes (Nat. – Bi-multilateral)

– Science Missions:• Participation to the ESA Horizon 2000 - Cosmic Vision

programmes: Bepi Colombo, Solar Orbiter, Marco Polo (?), Laplace (?), Tandem (?)…

• Nat-Bi-Multilateral mission: tbd as a complement to the ESA programmes to achieve the objectives of the PSN.


Italy’s plans for the future

– Exploration:• ESA Programmes:

1. ISS exploitation, utilisation and evolution2. Human spaceflights capabilities (CSTS (ESA-Russia, other

elements tbd)3. Mars Exploration: ExoMars - Mars-NEXT – MSR + Aurora Core

• National Programmes:Astronauts flights and ISS utilisation (MPLM MoU)MAĜIA (Nat. PI Lunar mission)Hayabusa-2 (collaboration with JAXA)

• TBD: Inflatable habitat modules (demo mission), Mars Telecom Orbiter, Moon, or other elements (tbd) to achieve the overall objectives of the PSN.


Conclusion

• The Framework Document exercise saw the active involvement amongthe others of both ESA and the major European national space agencies.

• The recently concluded STS-120 / Esperia mission put in evidence that synergy of national vision (ASI-NASA MPLM MoU) and opportunities with ESA’s structure can lead to great results.

• This is the approach followed with the Global Strategy, paving the way to present and future exploration endeavours.

• National objectives can be achieved through combination of different models of collaboration if supported by an underlying vision.

• Europe demonstrated in 2001 and confirmed in 2005 its commitmentand interest to space exploration with the Aurora programme whose goals and objectives are even more relevant and sound today.

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