interwar period 1919-1939 bakke. great depression in europe 1) financial crisis war &...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Interwar Period 1919-1939
Bakke
![Page 2: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Great Depression in Europe
• 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement
• 2) Crisis in the production and distribution of goods in the world market
• 3) No country provided strong economic leadership or sense of cooperation
![Page 3: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Financial Tailspin
• Germany claimed to be in default of reparations – January 1923 France occupies the Ruhr mining &
manufacturing district – Weimar orders passive resisitance – Easing of reparations on Ger
• Oct 1929- Wall St. Stock market crash – little capital investment left for EUR – Keditanstalt bank crashes in Central Europe
![Page 4: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Agricultural/Commodities Crisis • World Wheat Prices fell to record lows • farmers make less buy less consumer
and industrial goods • Worsened by worldwide financial depression• Result:– Stagnation and depression for Eur industry – Unemployment spread from ag sector to those
producing consumer goods – Less govt. spending worsens problem of
investment
![Page 5: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Weimar Germany
• Made up of Socialist Democrats, moderate SPD, & German Liberals
• Most known for accepting the humiliating terms of Versailles Treaty of 1919
• Weimar Constitution– Highly enlightened– Complicated representive Reichstag system
![Page 6: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Haunted by Versailles
• 1921 Presented w/ final bill for WWI 132 Billion
• 1923 French Occupation of the Ruhr • Inflation= printing money to pay debts; Runs
wild in Weimar Germany • Devastated by unemployment and worldwide
economic depression
![Page 7: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hitler’s Early Career • WWI Veteran • Austrian born; Settles in Munich GER;
Influenced by Mayor Karl Leuger • NDAP formed in 1920 (few members) – Formulate 25 Point Program of Nazi Party • Repudiation of Versailles• Union w/ Austria• Exclusion of Jews• Economic & Ag Reforms that benefit farmers/sm
businesses
![Page 8: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SA Storm Troopers Formed c1925
• “Brown Shirts” • Paramilitary organization that provided its
members w/ food, uniforms, wages • Role: Chief Nazi instrument of terror and
intimidation– Who ? – Why?
• SA – Numbers over 1 million strong by 1933
![Page 9: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923• Failed Revolution to
overthrow the Weimar Republic
• Arrested, tried, and sentenced to 5yrs– writes Mein Kampf
• 1) Moment when he saw himself as leader of mvt
• 2) He and Nazi’s must come to power legally
![Page 10: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stresseman Stability & Spirit of Locarno
• Only moderately successful period in Weimar (1924-29) Chancellor/For Min
• Stabilized inflation, lower unemployment
• Renegotiated reparations payments– Forced French out of Ruhr
• Attempted to ‘revise’ Versailles diplomatically
• Oct 1925 Locarno Agreements – New hope for lasting peace in EUR
![Page 11: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
And then … The Depression
• Govt Deadlocked to solve crisis• Bruning appt. as Chancellor– Evokes Article 48 of Constitution
• 1932--6 Million Germans unemployed – Appeal of Radical Extremist Parties• Communists and Nazis
![Page 12: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Presidential Election of 1932
• Tallman (KPD) Hitler (NSDAP) Hindenburg (I)• 10% 36.8% 50.3%
![Page 13: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chancellor Carrousel
• Bruning Franz Von Papen Kurt Von Schleicher Hitler (Jan 30 1933)
![Page 14: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
• 1) Capture of full legal authority• 2) crushing of alternative polt. Groups• 3) Purging of rivals w/in Nazi Party
![Page 15: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Reichstag Fire Feb 27 1933• Dutch Communist
(mentally ill) sets fire to Reichstag
• Effect: Communists outlawed/arrested & Article 48 invoked
• March 1933: Enabling Act Passed- Rule by Decree
"'This is a God-given signal! If this fire, as I believe, turns out to be the handiwork of Communists, then there is nothing that shall stop us now crushing out this murder pest with an iron fist.'
![Page 16: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Timeline • May 1933- Leftist trade Unions seized• July 1933- Nazi Party only legal Party in
GER • June 1934- Purge of Ernst Roehm and the
SA– Knight of the Long Knives
• Aug 1934 President Hindenburg Dies• Sept 1935 Nuremburg Laws Passed
![Page 17: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Nazi State • The Police State of
the SS (Schutszstaffel) Black Shirts – Primary vehicle for
surveillance (Gestapo)
– Led by Himmler – Most elite Nazi
paramilitary organization
![Page 18: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Society and Gender in the Third Reich
• Women– Saw women as educators of the young and protectors of German cultural
values – Women were encouraged to bear many children – Task: To preserve racial purity – Cult of Domesticity and Motherhood embraced
• Socially- – Hitler Youth formed– Social programs- ‘Strength through Joy’ – Volkswagen program – Cultural identity- Book burnings/Censorship, Propaganda, Volksgemeinshaft,
German culture celebrated i.e. Wagner etc.
![Page 19: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hitler’s Goals
• 1) intended to bring the entire German Volk together into a single nation (Grossdeutsh)
• 2) Lebensraum in the East • 3) Destruction of Versailles– Withdrew from League of Nations – Renounced disarmament of Treaty• Army and Air Force of 500K raised via conscription
– March 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland
![Page 21: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Formation of the Axis Powers • Italy Invades
Ethiopia 1935• The Spanish Civil
War 1936– Franco becomes
fascist leader of SPA
• 1936- Anti-Comitern Pact brings Japan into Axis
![Page 22: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Policy of Appeasement • Tenants: – 1) Germany had real grievances– 2) Hitler’s Goals were limited– 3) Best policy was to negotiate and make
concessions b/f a crisis could lead to war
• Austria March 1938 – Anschluss w/ Austria
• Czechoslovakia – Sudetenland
![Page 23: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Munich Conference
![Page 24: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Failure of Munich • “I have no more territorial demands to make
in Europe”. – Adolf Hitler • “It is a peace with honor. I believe it is peace
for our time.” --Neville Chamberlain • 15 March 1939 – Hitler breaks promise,
occupies Prague and all of Czechoslovakia• Next up…
• Polish Corridor (Spring 1939)
![Page 25: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nazi – Soviet Pact of Non Agression• AUG 1939-
Divided Poland & Gave Rus the Baltic states
• Sept 1939- Ger invaded Poland- WWII Begins
![Page 26: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
German Conquest of Europe • April 1940- Invasion of Denmark & Norway• May 1940- BeNeLux Invaded– Dunkirk
• Maginot Line Exposed on the left flank (Bel)• May 1940 France invaded – Surrenders in
under 6 weeks • Vichy Govt. Set up under Petain – DeGaulle
Flees to England “Free French” est.
![Page 29: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Battle of Britain Aug 1940• German
Luftwaffe vs British RAF
• London bombed every night
![Page 31: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Operation Barbarossa June 1941• Seige of
Leningrad• Battle of
Stalingrad• Why? • Hitler wanted
Lebensraum in the East
![Page 32: Interwar Period 1919-1939 Bakke. Great Depression in Europe 1) Financial crisis war & Versailles settlement 2) Crisis in the production and distribution](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032707/56649e105503460f94afb485/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
America Enters the War
• Dec 7 1941 Pearl Harbor • Pacific Theater opens– Battle of Midway turning
point
• Allied landings in Sicily/Italy-- Nov 1942
• Downfall of Mussolini –AUG 1943