interviewing. conducting a successful interview is one of the most important skills a reporter...
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How to interview Interviews should be face-to-face when possible. Telephone interviews are acceptable, especially on deadline. ing a source is a last, but sometimes necessary, resort.TRANSCRIPT
Interviewing
Interviewing
Conducting a successful interview is one of the most important skills a reporter possesses
Obtain background information first; then be CURIOUS
Interviews must be planned and arranged. Be prepared
Know before the interview the questions to which you need answers
How to interview
Interviews should be face-to-face when possible.
Telephone interviews are acceptable, especially on deadline.
Emailing a source is a last, but sometimes necessary, resort.
Types of questions
Open ended questions elicit comments, quotes and opinions. They are the what, why and how questions. Or perhaps a simple statement. “Tell me about…”
Close-ended questions seek specific information. Who did this? Where did it happen? When? Did you…? The answers are short and factual
Questions for color – senses, observations, anecdotes, details
Types of questions
Goal revealing questions: What are you trying to accomplish? What’s the purpose of your club?
Obstable revealing questions: What problems did you face?
Solution revealing questions: how did you handle the problem? What plans do you have for resolving the conflict?
Start revealing questions: When did the program begin? Whose idea was this?
How & why after the questions?
Types of questions Who, What, When, Where, Why & How Numerical questions Def ine a term in hi s own words “Are you saying that….? Chronology Anecdotes – senses to remember a day, questions to pull anecdotes out of a person How did you feel when….? Expand: Restate an answer, ask for an example, define jargon
Interviewing tips
Be on time and dress for the interview Start with broad questions to loosen up the
source Sources get defensive about manipulative
questions Always ask:
“How do you spell your name?" "Is all the information on your business card
(LinkedIn profile) correct?"
More tips
Don't create enemies. Make it clear to your sources that you are giving them a chance to share their side
Be sympathetic, not combative “Hello, Mr. Smith. This is Joe Brown,
reporter for the Eagle’s Eye. I’m on deadline with a story that you deserve to have a voice in.” Or: “I owe it to you to give you a chance to comment for this story.”
Ask the toughest questions last
The bomb
At the end of an interview, ask your toughest questions
Ask a devil’s advocate questions – Some people say that your football program is just using young athletes to raise big money for the school without allowing them to get a good education. What would you say to those critics?
During the interview
Get details and facts about the environment and the source – his/her appearance, demeanor, actions and reactions
When quoting someone, use “said.” Save “stated” and “according to” for documents
People cannot laugh and speak at the same time so don’t say someone “laughed” a quote
Listening tips
Focus on what the source is saying, not on your next question
Base your next question on what the source says. Converse
Politely guide your source back to the topic if the source rambles
Think on your feet. Listen for facts, quotes and substantiation
More listening tips
Make eye contact If you don’t understand the source’s point,
politely ask for explanation or example Listen for what isn’t being said; then ask
about it Observe
Note-taking tips
A good story starts with good notes Good writing cannot compensate for a lack
of info Spell names and titles correctly. Verify
information. Put the date on notes Make notes specific More information is better than not enough Bring extra pens or pencils
More on note-taking
Concentrate. Write fast. Block out everything while you write the quote
Use key words to remind you of facts Develop a shorthand Slow the interview by not asking another
question until you finish writing Ask the source to repeat information you
missed
Still more on note-taking
Praise the source, especially if source seems nervous
Use asterisks for key points or quotes Be open-minded. The story idea might
change during the interview Practice taking notes while standing up Save your notes for a few weeks – then
trash them Don’t transcribe your notes
Use an audio recorder?
The case against: Batteries fail Intimidates source Inhibits rapport Tapes break Machines fail Prevents you from taking good notes Recorders can’t observe Must transcribe tapes when return to office
When to use an audio recorder If you write for the Internet, you’ll have to have one to
get a sound byte for the web site Don’t shove it under the source’s nose Introduce yourself. Chat with the source briefly. Make
the source feel at ease Ask for permission to use the recorder Don’t record a telephone conversation without
source’s approval Don’t record a conversation when you are not a part of
the conversation. It’s illegal
On and off the record
On the record means the information can be used and the source giving you the information can be quoted or the information can be attributed to the source
Attributing information to a source means the reader knows where the information came from
Once you identify yourself as a reporter, assume that everything is on the record and fair game.
More on and off the record
Not for attribution = the information can be used, but without attributing it to the source. Using anonymous sources. Dangerous. Be careful
Off the record = nothing the source says can be used in a story. Politicians and people who know how the media work use it to manipulate
Rules of on and off record
You are in charge You decide whether to allow off-the-record
comments (though you must get permission from the editor in chief)
Make sure the source knows the rules It’s not off the record unless you agree You may use info, and name the source, if
the source tells you something, then after the fact says that it is off the record
End of the interview Request documents Ask if he/she has any final thoughts. Ask if
there’s a question he expected but you didn’t answer
Ask if you can call back Thank him; if you know when the story will
run, tell him/her Be alert for post-interview quotes Divert any requests to see the article. It’s
against policy.