interventions in smoking cessations frank vitale, m.a. school of pharmacy director, international...
TRANSCRIPT
Interventions in Smoking Cessations
Frank Vitale, M.A.School of Pharmacy
Director, International Smoking Cessation Program through the
University of Pittsburgh
Coordinator, UPMC Smoking Cessation Program
Smoking
Cessation
Skills:
The Basics
Program Objectives1. Provide a fundamental understanding of the intricacies of the smoking behavior.
2. Define and examine the stages of the quitting process.
3. Review basic cognitive and behavioral interventions.
4. Briefly detail currently available smoking cessation medications.
Three aspects of smoking
AddictionHabitPsychological
Nicotine Addiction
Nicotine - Ganglionic cholinergic-receptor agonist with dose related pharmacologic effects
- Basic; liquid alkaloid
- Addiction Reinforcer Withdrawal Time to Addiction
Theory of Addiction - Release of neurotransmitters in brain
- Pleasure reinforces repeated administration
- Acclimation occurs
- Abrupt cessation leads to withdrawal
Nicotine Absorption and Metabolism Readily absorbed from
- respiratory tract - buccal membranes - skin - minimal stomach absorption due to acidic environment
Highly metabolized by liver and lungs when inhaled
Predicted Concentration of Serum Nicotine During the Smoking Day
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Hours since waking
Pro
ject
ed N
icot
ine
Con
cent
rati
on(n
g/m
l)
Cigs I II I II I III II II I II I I I I
Nicotine’s Effects on the Body
CV - dirrect effect: increases BP and HR - indirrect effect: stimulates release of catecholamines from adrenal
Periphery - skeletal muscle relaxant CNS - causes tremor, increases respirations,
facilitates memory, decreases aggression, and decreases weight
GI - increases tone and motor activity
Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal irritability, impatience, anxiety, restlessness,
depression, drowsiness, nighttime awakening (lasts approximately 7 days)
decrease in short-term memory (lasts approximately 14 days)
increase in appetite, craving, and difficulty concentrating (can last weeks to months)
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Contols -cravings, irritability, impatience, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, drowsiness, nighttime awakening, decreased short-term memory
Delays/Decreases -appetite, weight gain
Determination of Nicotine Toxicity Perspiration dizziness headache confusion and
weakness differences -
withdrawal and toxicity symptoms
Abdominal pain hearing and visual
disturbance nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
HABIT
“Automatic” Smoking Repeatedly pairing smoking with other
behaviors Paired behaviors create unconscious
urges to smoke
How Habits Develop
Pavlov: Conditioned/Response
Situations That May Trigger Smoking Morning Routine Coffee After Meals In the car On the phone Alcohol
Stress Anger Anxiety Boredom Celebration
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Smokers’ Misconceptions
The belief that cigarettes are doing something positive for the smoker
The belief that this is something the smoker cannot do on his or her own
Perceived Benefits of Smoking
Stress ManagementWeight ManagementMood RegulatorOthers
Cigarette as “Friend”
What’s in a Cigarette!
The price of smoking
Saying Goodbye
I can live without cigarette!