interregional trade and exchange
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Interregional Trade and Exchange. 400 – 1450 CE MONGOLS AFRICA EUROPE. Introduction. From 600 – 1450 CE the world moved towards global contacts In Eurasia the Mongols served as facilitators between East and West In Africa Bantu speakers led to contacts with Arabs and sub-Saharan Africa - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Interregional Trade and Exchange
400 – 1450 CEMONGOLS
AFRICAEUROPE
Introduction
• From 600 – 1450 CE the world moved towards global contacts– In Eurasia the Mongols served as facilitators between East
and West– In Africa Bantu speakers led to contacts with Arabs and
sub-Saharan Africa– Eastern portion of the Roman empire lost territory to the
Turks– Western Europe built on Greco-Roman traditions to forge
a new empire
The Mongols• The Song Dynasty of China was overtaken by the Mongols in
the 13th century• By the 15th century they had conquered China, Persia and
Russia• Steppe Diplomacy – alliances with other pastoral groups and
elimination of rivals• Chingiss Kahn – 1st ruler in 1206 • Died in 1222• Empire extended from China to Persia• Excellent horsemen and masters of the short bow• Tolerant towards religious beliefs
Mongol Expansion to Russia• Mongols reached Russia by 1237• Russians called the Mongols “Tartars”• Mongols set up a tribute empire to Russia called “The Golden
Horde”• Serfdom arose as peasants gave their lands to lords for
protection from the Mongols• Strengthened the Orthodox Church by making the
“Metropolitan” the head of both the Russian and the Orthodox church
• Mongols kept Russia isolated from Western Europe• Mongols tried to take over Europe from Russia but never
happened
The Mongols in Persia• 1258 Baghdad was destroyed and Persia was added
to the Mongol empire• 800,000 people were killed including the Abbasid
Caliphate• 1243 Mongols defeated the Seljuk Turks weakening
their dominance in Turkey and leading to the rise of the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century
• Egyptian Mamluks (slaves) defeated the Mongols in 1260
The Mongols in China
• Under the leadership of Kublai Kahn– 1271 controlled most of
China– Referred to as the Yuan
Dynasty– Overthrown in 1368 by
the Ming Dynasty
Mongol Contributions to China• Chinese forbidden to read or write Mongol• Chinese/ Mongol marriage outlawed• Chinese men could hold positions in local and
regional government• Mongol women had more freedom than Chinese
women• Foreigners like Marco Polo were welcome in the
Yuan Court• Unsuccessfully tried to invade Japan in 1274 but
were turned back by treacherous winds called KAMIKAZE (divine wind)
Impact of Mongol Rule in Eurasia
• Trade between Europe and Asia was the MOST IMPORTANT• Mid 13th – Mid 14th century was a time of “Mongol Peace”
and stability• Spread of the bubonic plague
– Fleas carried by rats traveled in Mongol ships to Europe– Became known as the Black Death– Contributed to the fall of the Yuan– Spread through the Middle East, N Africa, and Europe– 25 million dead, 1/3 population of Europe– Destroyed feudalism with the destruction of serfs– Took 100 years to recover
Other Nomads• Decline of the Mongols saw
the rise of Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) a Turk from central Asia– His capitol of Samarkand was
known for architectural beauty
– Conquests known for severe brutality
– From the 1300’s to 1405 when he died he spread destruction across Persia, Mesopotamia, India, and Southern Russia
China and European the Indian Ocean
• After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty (Mongols) Indian Ocean trade was renewed
• The Ming Dynasty sent out mass expeditions of the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
• Expeditions were undertaken by Zheng He; a Chinese man of Muslim faith
The Rise of Western Europe
• By the 1400’s Europe's emerging monarchs possessed political power and financial stability to investigate the world
• Technology had become more sophisticated through trade with China– Printing press, gunpowder, and compasses
• Europe offered very few trade products causing a trade imbalance with the rest of the world and causing them to drain their treasuries of gold.