interpersonal processes that contribute to depression john vitkus, ph.d. cleveland clinic foundation
TRANSCRIPT
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Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to
Depression
John Vitkus, Ph.D.Cleveland Clinic Foundation
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A Tale of Two Theories
The Interpersonal Circle Sex-Differences in Communication
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Theory 1:Interpersonal Theory andThe Interpersonal Circle
1913, George Herbert Mead 1938, Harry Stack Sullivan 1957, Timothy Leary 1974, Lorna Benjamin 1983, Donald Kiesler 2002, G. Scott Acton and William Revelle
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Dimension 1:Affiliation
Hostile Friendly
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Dimension 2: Control
Dominant
Submissive
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A Two-Dimensional Model
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
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Mapping Behaviors on the Model
criticize
love
apologize
reject
order
obey
request
assistattack
withdraw
disclose
advisescold
sulk
meddle
acquiesce
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A Circumplex Arrangement
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The Interpersonal Circumplex
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
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Typical Interaction Patterns
FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Asking for help
Offering advice
Accusing the partner
Justifying oneself
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The Principle of Complementarity Robert Carson, 1969
Any particular behavior tends to elicit a response that issimilar in its level of affiliation, butopposite in its level of control.
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The Interpersonal Circle
Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
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Theory 2:Sex-Differences in Communication
1990, Deborah Tannen: You Just Don’t Understand
1992, John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from
Venus
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For Women:
Primary motive for communication: To establish and maintain
relationships.
Primary method of communication “rapport talk”
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For Men:
• Primary motive for communication:– To establish and maintain status.
• Primary method of communication– “report talk”
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Examples of sex-differences
Asking for directions
The speed up signal
Parenting
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
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Hostile Friendly
Women conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Affiliation
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Submissive
Dominant
Men conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Control
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An example from her:
“You need to watch your cholesterol.”
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
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Friendly
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
Hostile
Grateful compliance
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What she expects to hear:
“Thanks. I’ll watch what I eat. I appreciate your concern for my health.”
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
A woman sees affiliation . . .
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Loving advice
But a man sees control . . .
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What she sometimes hears:
“Quit nagging!”
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
A man sees control . . .
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FriendlyHostile
Dominant
Submissive
Frustrated criticism
But a woman sees rejection . . .
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Male Preference for Interpersonal Communication
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
Female Preference for Interpersonal Communication
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
A Healthy Exchange Model of Interpersonal Communication
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
An Insecure Male/Passive Female Pattern
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Submissive
Dominant
Hostile Friendly
An Interpersonal/Sex-Differences Model of Depression