internship report: spring 2014 internship at bachy soletanche singapore

7/21/2019 Internship Report: Spring 2014 Internship at Bachy Soletanche Singapore

1/38

Aftcrfsoap Xcpirt

Uprafb 8=74 Aftcrfsoap gt Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc

Nchrugry@greo 8=74

Hidoafgfdg Eogfdrg

7TC78?34Q

Eavak Cfbafccrafb, Qcgr 8

Dcpgrt`cft in Cgrto Xcsiurecs, @grafc gfd Eavak Cfbafccrafb

Ueoiik in Cfbafccrafb

Jyusou Sfavcrsaty


2/38

a

Gejfiwkcdbc`cft

Narst in gkk A wiukd kajc ti cxprcss `y brgtatudc ti @r. Gkastgar Ua`, toc @gfgbafb

Darcetir in Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc ]tc Ktd, nir bavafb `c toc ippirtufaty ti di g >

wccj aftcrfsoap durafb toc 8=74 ufavcrsaty sprafb hrcgj. Af `y ipafaif, at wgs g ufaquc gfd

wifdcrnuk cxpcracfec ti hc af Uafbgpirc gfd ti study gs wckk gs scc narstogfd toc cvcrydgy

wirj kanc in g eifstruetaif ei`pgfy. Toas aftcrfsoap cxpcracfec ogs bavcf `c g kit in pisatavc

ufdcrstgfdafbs rckgtcd ti bcitceofaegk gfd niufdgtaif cfbafccrafb afdustry togt A hckacvc

eiukd hc hcfcnaeagk woakc dctcràfafb `y nuturc egrccr.

A gksi wiukd kajc ti togfj toc ]rilcet @gfgbcr, @r. Jusfi Gjhgr, Ucfair Cfbafccrs,

nckkiw eikkcgbucs gfd gkk toc pcipkc woi wirjcd tibctocr af hito Ocgdqugrtcrs gfd

eifstruetaif satc in Hgeoy Uikcftgeoc Uafbgpirc durafb `y aftcrfsoap. Rato tocar pgtacft

buadc gfd cxpkgfgtaif, tocy ercgtcd gf cfliyghkc yct eifstruetavc wirjafb cfvarif`cft.

Gt kgst A wiukd kajc ti togfj `y ekgss gdvasirs, Gssieagtc ]rincssir Jayifihu

Jgsg`ggfd Gssieagtc ]rincssir Uoafaeoari Qgfi, nir suppirtafb `c ti di toas aftcrfsoap.

Af gddataif, A gksi wiukd kajc ti sgy togfj yiu ti Jyusou Sfavcrsaty Aftcrfgtaifgk

Sfdcrbrgdugtc ]ribrg` Eiirdafgtir, @s. @ajg Tgùrg, nir toc eiftafuius ockp gfd suppirt

nri` toc hcbaffafb in nafdafb toc aftcrfsoap ti toc cfd in wratafb toas rcpirt. A oipc toas

aftcrfsoap cxpcracfec eiukd hc g ìtavgtaif nir `c ti study ogrdcr toriuboiut toc ei`pkctaif

in `y dcbrcc.


3/38

aa

Eiftcfts

Gejfiwkcdbc`cft ...................................................................................................................... a

Eiftcfts ..................................................................................................................................... aa

Uu``gry .................................................................................................................................. aaa

7. Aftriduetaif ........................................................................................................................ 7

8. Dcseraptaif in toc Aftcrfsoap .............................................................................................. 5

8.7 Toc Ei`pgfy< Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc ]tc Ktd ................................................. 5

8.8 Ueocdukc in toc Aftcrfsoap ........................................................................................... 3

8.5 Aftcrfsoap Getavatacs .................................................................................................... ?

5. Xcnkcetaif in toc Aftcrfsoap .............................................................................................. 85

4. Eifekusaif ........................................................................................................................ 8>

Xcncrcfecs ................................................................................................................................. av

Gppcfdaecs ................................................................................................................................. v


4/38

aaa

Uu``gry

Ratoaf `y study af Eavak Cfbafccrafb,A ogd gf ippirtufaty ti cxpcracfec g > wccj

aftcrfsoap af Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc ]tc Ktd (HUU) if sprafb vgegtaif 8=74. HUU as g

eifstruetaif ei`pgfy irabafgtcd nri` Nrgfec af Uafbgpirc woisc spceagkazgtaif as af

bcitceofaegk gfd niufdgtaif cfbafccrafb nackd. Ifc in toc` as g dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif.

Gt toc hcbaffafb in toc aftcrfsoap A ogd sct scvcrgk kcgrfafb bigks rcbgrdafb toc dcvckip`cft

in jfiwkcdbc gfd ufdcrstgfdafb if kanc gfd cfvarif`cft af g eifstruetaif ei`pgfy.

Toc aftcrfsoap wgs `gafky eifecftrgtcd if U] ]iwcrGsscts Lurifb Askgfd ti

]aifccr Trgfsàssaif Eghkc Tuffck (LA]ET) prilcet ufdcr `gaf eiftrgetir, ]cftg Iecgf

Eifstruetaif Ei Ktd., gfd eifsuktgft, GCEI@. Af irdcr ti huakd g 3 jaki`ctcr trgfsàssaif

eghkc tuffck af ghiut 43 `ctcr dcpto, torcc pcr`gfcft sognts grc `gdc wato dagporgb`

wgkkafb `ctoid ti cfsurc g sgnc cftry in TH@ gfd itocr `geoafcracs. A ogvc pgrtaeapgtcd

ìstky af toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif gs g Uatc Cfbafccr woisc rcspifsahakaty as ti

rcgkazc gfd a`pkc`cft toc strueturgk dcsabf if briufd.

G dagporgb` wgkk as g rcafnirecd eiferctc wgkk togt huakt ti oikd fcgrhy siak prcssurc

woakc g dccp cxegvgtaif as eifduetcd. Cgeo pgfck eifstruetaif hcbaf wato toc eifstruetaif in

buadc wgkk, nikkiwcd hy toc cxegvgtaif priecss wato toc suppirt in hcftifatc skurry. Toc pgfck

nafgkky wakk hc egstcd hy usafb trcàc papcs gntcr toc rcafnirec`cft egbcs gfd ERU liaft grc

afstgkkcd. A ìstky spcfd `y aftcrfsoap wirjs gt LA]ET Uoapygrd Uatc, oiwcvcr, A gksi dad

àfir lih sueo gs pkgffafb gfd dcsabf nir Rcst Lurifb Askgfd satcs prilcet.

Ivcrgkk, toc aftcrfsoap as g vcry uscnuk cxpcracfec gfd ogs bavcf `c g kit in fcw

sjakks, jfiwkcdbc gs wckk gs afsabot ghiut eavak cfbafccrafb wirkd bcfcrgkky hito rckgtcd ti

`y gegdcàe kanc gs g studcft ir fit rckgtcd, sueo gs `gfgbc`cft gfd prgetaegk sjakks togt gksi

rcquarcd ti sikvc gfy prihkc`s woaeo àbot dckgy toc prilcet.


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7

7.AftriduetaifDurafb toc ufavcrsaty sprafb vgegtaif 8=74, stgrt nri` àd-Nchrugry ti toc cfd in @greo,

A ogd gf ippirtufaty ti bi ti Uafbgpirc gfd cxpcracfec g > wccj aftcrfsoap woaeo wgs egrracd

iut af Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc ]tc Ktd. Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, ir usugkky

ghhrcvagtcd gs HUU, as ifc in toc kcgdafb eifstruetaif ei`pgfacs af Uafbgpirc spceagkazcd af

bcitceofaegk gfd niufdgtaif cfbafccrafb. Xcgkazafb togt `y `glir as Eavak Cfbafccrafb gfd

drcg` ti hc g princssaifgk cfbafccr af toc nuturc, A wiukd kajc ti afvikvc `ysckn darcetky ti g

eifstruetaif ei`pgfy af toc ta`c hctwccf `y studacs gs gf aftcrf ti kcgrf gs ùeo gs

pissahkc ghiut kanc af g eifstruetaif ei`pgfy. Af toas ippirtufaty, A wgs gssabfcd ti hcei`c g

Uatc Cfbafccr af g Uafbgpirc ]iwcrsprilcet, fg`cd Lurifb Askgfd ti ]aifccr Trgfsàssaif

Eghkc Tuffck.

Gt toc hcbaffafb in toc aftcrfsoap A nirùkgtcd scvcrgk kcgrfafb bigks, woaeo A wgftcd ti

geoacvc. Toc bigks grc kastcd gs nikkiws= fgtaifgkatacs. Drgwafb if toc briups fctwirj in ìrc

togf 7,=== cfbafccrs gfd `gfgbcrs gfd prilcet cxceutcd af ivcr 7== eiuftracs, Hgeoy

Uikcftgeoc Uafbgpirc privadcs ekacfts wato toc nukk rgfbc in toc tceofaqucs gfd scrvaecs in gf

aftcrfgtaifgkky rcfiwfcd spceagkast.


8/38

4

Gt Uafbgpirc atsckn, tocrc grc gpprixa`gtcky 7>= c`pkiyccs wirjafb af hito

Ocgdqugrtcrs gfd eifstruetaif satcs, afekudafb `gfgbcrs, dcsabfcrs, cfbafccrs, supcrvasirs, gs

wckk gs stgnns gfd wirjcrs. Toc `gliraty in wirjs afsadc toc ei`pgfys Ocgdqugrtcrs grc

usugkky toc wirjs woaeo ogvc ti hc difc hcnirc gfd ti suppirt toc ifbiafb eifstruetaif

prilcets togt grc ìstky pgpcr wirjs. Tocrc grc scvcrgk dcpgrt`cfts wirjafb tocrc, nir

afstgfec, toc higrd darcetaifs, toc tcfdcr tcg`, dcsabf tcg`, gdàfastrgtaif dcpgrt`cft,

ou`gf rcsiurecs, gfd cte. If toc itocr ogfd, af cgeo in toc eifstruetaif prilcet, tocrc as

gfitocr tcg` kcd hy g ]rilcet @gfgbcr eifsast in vgraius s`gkkcr davasaifs, sueo gs satc

cfbafccr tcg`, dcsabf cfbafccr, supcrvasir, sgncty, `ceogfae, ckcetraeagf, wckdcr, ipcrgtir,

hcftifatc pkgf supcrvasir, rabbcr/sabfgk`gf, gfd bcfcrgk wirjcr. Af ìst in toc prilcets,

cspceagkky `y gssabfcd prilcet, toc prilcet tcg`s grc davadcd afti twi soants, dgy gfd fabot,

eiipcrgtafb wato g fu`hcr in suh-eiftrgetirs gfd suppkacrs.

Durafb `y > wccj aftcrfsoap, A wgs gssabfcd ti liaf g eifstruetaif prilcet tcg`

ufdcr g Uafbgpircgf ]rilcet @gfgbcr, @r. Jusfi Gjhgr. A wgs tocf buadcd hy satc cfbafccrs

ti kcgrf gs ùeo gs pissahkc toc priecss gfd tcr`s rckgtcd ti Dagporgb` Rgkk eifstruetaif.

Gs ogvc hccf `cftaifcd af toc Aftriduetaif eogptcr, toc prilcet Lurifb Askgfd ti ]aifccr

Trgfsàssaif Eghkc Tuffck, ir usugkky ghradbcd gs LA]ET, as g Uafbgpirc ]iwcr

]iwcrGssctss prilcet ti huakd gf gpprixa`gtcky 3 jaki`ctcr trgfsàssaif eghkc tuffck af

ghiut 43 `ctcr dcpto. Torcc pcr`gfcft eareukgr sognts Hcfia Uognt (8=.4`), Uoapygrd

Uognt (8=`) gfd Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uognt (8=`) ti geei`ìdgtc toc cftry in piwcr

eareuat gfd Tuffck Hirafb @geoafc (TH@) as biafb ti hc eifstruetcd hy Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc

Uafbgpirc gs ogs hccf cfbgbcd hy ]cftg Iecgf Eifstruetaif Ei. Ktd. (

BiyJcfsctsu Jghusoaja-bgasog), toc @gaf Eiftrgetir, wato toc `ctoid in Dagporgb`

Rgkkafb (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75). Tocsc torcc sognts grc if-kafc gfd eiffcetcd

darcetky ti toc tuffck wato toc gkabf`cft in eiftrget ei``cfecs nri` Hcfia Uognt gfd cfds gt


9/38

3

Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uognt. Af gddataif, tocrc grc gksi ifc Cquap`cft Huakdafb gs wckk gs twi

tc`pirgry csegpc sognts (1`) wakk hc eifstruetcd eifeurrcftky wato toc eifstruetaif in toc

ghivc torcc pcr`gfcft sognts (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

Naburc 7< Uatc Kgyiut ]kgf (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75)

8.8 Ueocdukc in toc Aftcrfsoap

Ocrchy as toc wccjky ivcrvacw in toc > wccj aftcrfsoap seocdukc gfd getavatacs. Gkk

wirjs, studacs, gfd ihscrvgtaif grc difc af Uafbgpirc `istky af Lurifb Askgfd ti ]aifccr

Trgfs`assaif Eghkc Tuffck (LA]ET) Uoapygrd Uatc.

Rccj 7 (Nchrugry 72-87, Uafbgpirc)

Dagporgb` Rgkk priecdurcs gfd tceofaegk tcr`s study hy rcgdafb @ctoid Utgtc`cftgfd Xasj Gsscss`cft nir toc Eifstruetaif in Dagporgb` Rgkk.


10/38

>

Daseussaif ghiut toc `ctoid stgtc`cft gs wckk gs aftcrfsoap seocdukc gfd ihlcetavcswato ]rilcet @gfgbcr.

Aftriduetaif ti Dcsabf gfd Tcfdcr dcpgrt`cft gt Ocgdqugrtcrs. Aftriduetaif ti Niufdgtaif Cfbafccrafb gfd Dagporgb` Rgkk hy Dcsabf Cfbafccr. Aftriduetaif ti EGD drgntafb af GutiEGD hy EGD Drgntcr.

Rccj 8 (Nchrugry 84-8?, Uafbgpirc)

Eifstruetaif Ugncty Iracftgtaif Eiursc nir Rirjcrs gt Ugncty Eiufeak ]tc Ktc. Ogvafb g sgncty Afduetaif gt Lurifb Askgfd ]aifccr Trgfs`assaif Eghkc Tuffck

(LA]ET) Uoapygrd satc hy ]cftg Iecgf Eifstruetaif sgncty dcpgrt`cft.

Xcafnirec`cft hgr study gfd prgetaec (soip drgwafb rcgdafb, hcfdafb, nghraegtaif,`grjafb, gfd afspcetaif).

Rccj 5 (@greo 5-?, Uafbgpirc)

Tibctocr wato Ucfair Cfbafccr gttcfdafb toc prilcet Dgaky @cctafb wato `gafeiftrgetir gfd itocr suh-eiftrgetirs.

Ihscrvafb toc priecss in dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif wato darcetaif nri` UcfairCfbafccr.

Hcftifatc study gfd ihscrvgtaif. Xcduecd Kcvck (XK) study gfd survcyafb hy rcgdafb toc Tc`pirgry Hcfeo @grj af

toc eifstruetaif satc wato Ucfair Cfbafccr.

ERU liaft study gs wckk gs kiwcrafb gfd kantafb ihscrvgtaif.

Eiferctafb study gfd eiferctc tcstafb (Uku` Tcst, Euhc Tcst, gfd Tc`pcrgturc Tcst).


11/38

2

Tgjafb pgrt in toc ei`pkctaif in ]gfck Xcpirt wato darcetaif nri` Ucfair Cfbafccrs.Rccj 4 (@greo 7=-73, Uafbgpirc)

Gttcfdafb toc prilcet Dgaky @cctafb. Nikkiwafb toc ]rilcet Bcfcrgk Afspcetaif. Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft Huakdafb dagporgb` wgkk kgyiut pkgffafb. Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft Huakdafb pgfck viku`c csta`gtaif gfd pikynig`

eivcrcd wato pkywiid nir T-pgfck praec csta`gtaif.

Rcst Lurifb Askgfd satc saki skgh egkeukgtaif, `cgsurc`cft gfd pkgffafb. Afstgkkgtaif in pikynig` nir nuturc ogejafb lih gt Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft

Huakdafb T-pgfcks dcsabf gfd drgntafb.

Eiferctc tcstafb (Uku` Tcst, Euhc Tcst, gfd Tc`pcrgturc Tcst).Rccj 3 (@greo 72-88, Uafbgpirc)

Gttcfdafb toc prilcet Dgaky @cctafb. Ockpafb ]rilcet @gfgbcr ti `gjc g prcscftgtaif nir prilcet sgncty rcvacw `cctafb

ghiut Ugncty Rirj ]riecdurcs nir Dagporgb` Rgkk Eifstruetaif.

Rcst Lurifb Askgfd hcftifatc saki skgh eifstruetaif praec csta`gtaif gfd ei`pgrasif. Dcsabfafb toc dctgak drgwafb in jfiej-iut hix nir Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft

Huakdafb Dagporgb` Rgkk ]gfck.

Rccj > (@greo 84-8?, Uafbgpirc)

Gttcfdafb toc prilcet Dgaky @cctafb. Rcst Lurifb Askgfd saki skgh eifstruetaif.


12/38

?

Eifduetafb eiferctc hkccdafb tcst if nrcso eiferctc. Xcafnirec`cft hgr kiwcrafb ihscrvgtaif. Aftriduetaif ti siak a`privc`cft gfd Briut @ax ]akcs `ctoid hy Dcputy ]rilcet

@gfgbcr.

8.5 Aftcrfsoap Getavatacs

Af toas eogptcr, toc cxpkgfgtaif in toc woikc getavatacs durafb toc aftcrfsoap grc

dcserahcd. Toc aftcrfsoap wgs `gafky nieuscd if toc eifstruetaif in Dagporgb` Rgkk nir

LA]ET prilcet, ìstky af Uoapygrd Uognt. Duc ti toc ta`c kaàtgtaif, A eiukd fit getavcky

pgrtaeapgtc af toc eifstruetaif in fcatocr Hcfia Uognt fir Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uognt.

8.5.7 Eifstruetaif in Dagporgb` Rgkk< Lurifb Askgfd ]aifccr Trgfsàssaif EghkcTuffck ]rilcet gt Uoapygrd Uatc

Toas pgrgbrgpo cxpkgafs hracnky toc eifstruetaif in dagporgb` wgkk hy Hgeoy

Uikcftgfeoc Uafbgpirc gt LA]ET Uoapygrd Uatc woaeo A pgrtaeapgtcd af. Narst, si`c

hgejbriufd in toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif as bavcf, nikkiwcd wato toc dcseraptaif in toc

eifstruetaif `ctoid.

Dagporgb` Rgkk

G dagporgb` wgkk as g rcafnirecd eiferctc wgkk togt as egst af pgfck scetaifs

cxegvgtcd af toc briufd. Toc trcfeo ockd ipcf durafb cxegvgtaif gfd afstgkkgtaif in

rcafnirec`cft hgr gfd eiferctc hy usafb g suppirtafb skurry woaeo as hgscd if toc usc in

hcftifatc. G dagporgb` wgkk as `gdc pra`graky ti oikd toc ufstghkc siak prcssurc woaeo `gy

egusc toc surriufdafb siak ti eikkgpsc woakc diafb dccp cxegvgtaif. Af toc egsc in LA]ET

prilcet, toc eareukgr wgkk ir sognt grc uscd ti privadc g sgnc cftry nir geecss wgy in 3


13/38

1

jaki`ctcr tuffckafb gfd ufdcrbriufd prilcet.

Eifstruetaif in g dagporgb` wgkk as davadcd afti scvcrgk pgfcks scetaif dcpcfds if

ats sogpc gfd sazc ir dag`ctcr. Cgeo pgfck hcbaf wato toc eifstruetaif in buadc wgkk gfd

nikkiwcd hy toc cxegvgtaif woaeo wakk hc pcrnir`cd usafb rcetgfbukgr brghs (eghkc ipcrgtcd

gfd/ir oydrgukae) ufdcr hcftifatc skurry diwf ti toc niufdafb kcvcks. Gktcrfgtavcky,

Oydrinrgasc `geoafc `gy gksi hc uscd. Kgtcr if, rcafnirec`cft egbcs gfd ERU liaft wakk hc

afstgkkcd afti toc trcfeo upif ei`pkctaif in cxegvgtaif gfd tocf eiferctc as piurcd afti toc

trcfeo usafb trc`ac papcs. Rocf toc eifstruetaif in g pgfck as nafasocd, toc woikc eyekc wakk

tocf eifsceutavcky hc difc ti toc fcxt pgfck (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

Naburc 8< Dagporgb` Rgkk Eifstruetaif @ctoid (ottp


14/38

7=

gfd sceifdky ti privadc g naxcd suppirt nir toc suspcfsaif in rcafnirec`cft egbcs. Toc buadc

wgkks egf gksi `gaftgaf toc trcfeo stghakaty gt toc tipsiak kgycr gfd ockp ti `gaftgaf toc

hcftifatc skurry kcvck durafb cxegvgtaif (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

Naburc 5< Typaegk Ucetaif in Buadc Rgkk (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75)

Trcfeo Cxegvgtaif

Af toc trcfeo cxegvgtaif, hcftifatc skurry as uscd nir tc`pirgry suppirt in toc trcfeo

uftak toc eiferctafb priecss as ei`pkctcd. Af LA]ET ]rilcet, toc cxegvgtaif as difc wato toc

sogpc sa`akgr ti g eareukgr gre, eifsast in kcnt gfd rabot hatcs gs wckk gs ifc ecftcr hatc nir

ghiut 43 `ctcr dcpto gfd 7 `ctcr wadto. Ifc trcfeo cxegvgtaif as fir`gkky tgjafb ghiut 5-4

dgys in dgy gfd fabot soants, oiwcvcr, af nget, toc durgtaif in toc priecss as dcpcfd if toc

`geoafc eifdataif gfd ipcrgtir gvgakghakaty. Toc cxegvgtaif as difc wato twi egtcbiracs in

cxegvgtafb tiiks: eghkc ipcrgtcd gfd oydrgukae brghs, gfd Oydrinrgasc.

Eghkc ipcrgtcd brghs wcrc toc irabafgk tiiks c`pkiycd nir dagporgb` wgkk

cxegvgtaif. Oiwcvcr, wocf toc briufd hcei`cs tii ogrd nir toc ufgadcd brgh ti pribrcss, g

Eoasckafb priecss as rcquarcd. Oydrgukae brghs hcfcnat nri` toc vcrsgtakaty in toas piwcr

siurec gkkiwafb brcgtcr priduetavaty, `ifatirafb gfd eirrcetaif in toc vcrtaegkaty an fcecssgry.

Cxegvgtafb wato brgh as eifsadcrcd cnncetavc gfd cnnaeacft ifky nir toc narst 72 8= `ctcr


15/38

77

cxegvgtaif. Gntcr toc brgh oats toc riej strgtg, toc cxegvgtaif priecss wakk turf ti hc skiw,

ocfec afcnnaeacft.

Af irdcr ti ivcrei`c toc prihkc`, Oydrinrgasc as uscd ti cxegvgtc toc ogrd strgtg.G

Oydrinrgasc eifsasts in twi eiuftcr-ritgtafb dru`s if oiraziftgk gxcs nattcd wato euttafb

tccto. Toc `geoafc egf pcfctrgtc vcry ogrd briufd (wato ei`prcssavc strcfbto in up ti ?=

@]g) watoiut toc fccd nir eoasckafb. G papc af hctwccf toc ritgtafb dru`s as uscd ti suej toc

spiak priduecd tibctocr wato toc darty hcftifatc. Dcspatc toc nget togt Oydrinrgasc as vcry

gdvgftgbcius ti dcstriy toc riej strgtg, toc `geoafc as, itocrwasc, ufghkc ti cxegvgtc toc

sogkkiwcr sint siak ir ekgy. Uafec toc ekgy `gy bct afti, staej gfd nakk toc spgec hctwccf toc

ritgtafb dru`s, toc euttafb tccto `gy hcei`c piaftkcss gfd ufghkc ti pcfctrgtc. Tocrcnirc,

brgh as ìrc cnnaeacft af toc hcbaffafb in cxegvgtaif.

Toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif as davadcd afti torcc typc in pgfcks: pra`gry pgfcks,

sueecssavc pgfcks, gfd ekisafb pgfcks. ]ra`gry pgfcks grc cxegvgtcd af toc vcry narst ta`c ti

hcbaf g eareukgr scqucfec in g sognt. Toc dcsabf kcfbto in toc pra`gry pgfcks as eifsastcft

wato toc àfaù` kcfbto pissahkc nir toc sazc in brgh fcecssgry ti cxegvgtc gfd ogvc twi

ERU liafts af toc cfd in toc kcnt gfd rabot hatc. Uueecssavc pgfcks grc ti hc eifstruetcd upif

ei`pkctaif in ifc eiferctcd pgfck if ifc sadc. Kgstky, toc ekisafb pgfcks grc ti hc

eifstruetcd upif ei`pkctaif in twi eiferctcd pgfcks if hito sadc (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc

Uafbgpirc, 8=75).


16/38

78

]aeturc 7< Cxegvgtaif wato Brgh Typc JK

]aeturc 8< Cxegvgtaif wato Oydrinrgasc

Hcftifatc Uku rr y

Utgrt nri` toc hcbaffafb in trcfeo cxegvgtaif uftak toc cfd in eiferctafb, hcftifatc

skurry as uscd ti suppirt toc ipcfcd trcfeo. G trcfeo togt wiukd eikkgpsc duc ti toc oydrgukae

prcssurc af toc surriufdafb siak dics fit eikkgpsc gs toc skurry hgkgfecs toc oydrgukae

prcssurc. Toc hcftifatc skurry as tocf jcpt ti hc ghivc toc dcsabfcd hcftifatc kcvck hy

pu`pafb nrcso hcftifatc fcecssgraky afti toc trcfeo (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

Hcftifatc atsckn as getugkky gf ghsirhcft ekgy nir`cd hy dcei`pisataif in vikegfae

gso gfd ei`piscd `gafky in@iftìrakkifatc(Aftcrfgtaifgk ]ribrg``c in Eocàegk Ugncty,

8=78). Gf afdaegtavc àx nir toc hcftifatc skurry as gpprixa`gtcky 83 jb hcftifatc nir cvcry

11= katcrs wgtcr. Toc hcftifatc as àxcd hy oabo turhukcfec àxcrs gfd toc skurry as stircd af

stirgbc sakis uftak hcafb uscd af toc trcfeo cxegvgtaif (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

Rato toc sazc in 5` eareukgr hgsc gfd 78 `ctcr ocabot, ifc sakisstirgbc egpgeaty as ghiut


17/38

75

?= `5, hy cxtcfsaif, wato 78 sakis if satc, toc titgk stirgbc egpgeaty as fcgrky 8.3 ti 5.= ta`cs

toc viku`c in kgrbcst dagporgb` wgkk pgfck.

Af gddataif, tocrc as g s`gkk kghirgtiry if satc nir tcstafb in toc hcftifatc skurry

rcbukgrky. Toc tcsts eifduetcd grc, nir afstgfec, pO tcst, dcfsaty tcst, tcst if nkuad kiss gs wckk

gs vaseisaty gfd sgfd eiftcft tcst. Toc geecptghkc rgfbc in hcftifatc skurrys poysaegk

eogrgetcrastaes grc gttgeocd wato toas rcpirt af Gppcfdax G.

]aeturc 5< Hcftifatc Uakis

Eoascka fb gfd Dcsgfdafb

Ifec toc cxegvgtaif rcgeo toc pkgffcd dcpto, woaeo as ghiut 43 `ctcr, af toc woikc

grcg in ipcfcd trcfeo, toc fcxt priecss wakk hc eoasckafb gfd dcsgfdafb.

Eoasckafb as difc af irdcr ti ercgtc g nkgt hitti` surngec afsadc toc trcfeo, safec toc

ritgtafb dru`s in toc Oydrinrgasc as ifky ghkc ti sogpc g diuhkc eareukgr kiij kajc surngec af

toc cfd in cxegvgtaif. Eoasck as fccd ti hc drippcd scvcrgk ta`c af irdcr ti dcstriy toc

ufwgftcd pgrt gfd ercgtc g ufanir` oiraziftgk surngec. Oydrinrgasc tocf wakk hc scft diwf ti

pukk up toc spiak priduecd hy eoasckafb. Toas priecss as toc hcbaffafb in dcsgfdafb priecdurc.


18/38

74

Dcsgfdafb as g priecss in eogfbafb gfd rceyekafb gkk in toc skurry afsadc g trcfeo

hcnirc toc eiferctafb stgrtcd. Toc rceyekafb priecss as difc hy kiwcrafb diwf g suh`crsahkc

turhafc pu`p gttgeocd ti g trcàc tuhc ti toc hitti` in toc pgfck. Tocf, toc hcftifatc skurry,

woaeo kigdcd wato siak pgrtaekcs af suspcfsaif, as drgwf inn nri` toc hitti` in toc trcfeo gfd

rc-eyekcd toriubo g dcsgfdafb ufat fcgrhy toc hcftifatc saki pkgf. Toc priecss as eiftafucd

uftak toc skurry grravafb nri` toc trcfeo hgsc sgtasnacs toc spceanaegtaif bavcf af Gppcfdax G,

ir af itocr wirds, uftak toc skurry af toc trcfeo as ei`pkctcky rcpkgecd wato nrcso skurry

(Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75). Sscd hcftifatc skurry woaeo as fi kifbcr suatghkc nir

rc-usc wakk hc daspiscd ti toc dcsabfgtcd kiegtaifs af Uafbgpirc.

ERU Liaft

ERU liaft as g typc in nir`wirj scetaif ir stip cfd nir`cr woaeo as `gdc nri`

stcck wato da`cfsaif in ghiut =.? `ctcr wadto gfd asiseckcs trgpcziad-kajc eriss scetaifgk

grcg (Uikctgfeoc Hgeoy, 8==5). Toas liaft nir`cr privadcs spgec nir pkgeafb toc wgtcr stip

ruhhcr watoaf toc eifstruetaif liaft. Twi ERU liafts grc pkgecd gt hito cfds in g pra`gry

pgfck gfd ifky ifc gt toc cfd in sueecssavc pgfck prair ti pkgeafb toc rcafnirec`cft egbcs

(Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75). G ERU liaft as pukkcd iut gntcr toc fcxt sueecssavc

pgfck as ei`pkctcky cxegvgtcd, kcgvafb toc wgtcr stippcr rc`gafcd af toc eiffcetaif hctwccf

twi pgfcks.

Toc ERU `ctoid as uscd ti cfsurc scvcrgk fcecssgry ngetirs nir toc eifstruetaif in

hcttcr qugkaty dagporgb` wgkks. Narst gfd nircìst, toc liafts ufaquc sogpc as dcsabfcd ti

ercgtc gf aftcrkiej hctwccf pgfcks togt wakk strifbky ivcrei`c gfy dcnir`gtaif duc ti kgtcrgk

cgrto ìvc`cft. Toc liaft gksi egf hc uscd gs g buadgfec in toc cxegvgtaif brgh togt wakk

cfsurc gdocrcfec ti vcrtaegkaty tikcrgfecs gfd bugrgftcc bci`ctraegk eiftafuaty. ERU `ctoid

as sabfanaegftky ìrc cnnaeacft gfd nkcxahkc safec at ogs kcsscr dcpcfdcfey if eiferctc scttafb

ta`cs. Nurtocrìrc, toc 73 ecfta`ctcr wgtcr hgr hkgdc eiukd gksi privadc gf cnncetavc


19/38

73

hgrracr ti wgtcr afbrcssaif af toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif (Uikctgfeoc Hgeoy, 8==5).

]aeturc 4< Gs-Eifstruetcd Liaft (Uikctgfeoc Hgeoy, 8==5)

]aeturc 3< ERU Cxtrgetaif (Uikctgfeoc Hgeoy, 8==5)

Xcaf nirec cft Hgr

Toc rcafnirec`cft egbcs nir cvcry pgfcks grc nghraegtcd af g nghraegtaif ygrd if

Uoapygrd satc hy gssabfcd suh-eiftrgetir. Bcfcrgkky, toc nghraegtaif wirjs grc davadcd afti

twi pgrts: rchgr hcfdafb gfd egbc nghraegtaif. Narstky, toc egbc ei`pifcfts, sueo gs kafj,

stanncfcrs, ir eiupkcrs, grc sogpcd gfd prcpgrcd hy euttafb gfd hcfdafb toc rcafnirec`cft hgr.

Tocrc grc scvcrgk dag`ctcrs in rcafnirec`cft stcck uscd, `istky as 8= `` (T8=) ir 83 ``

(T83), hut si`cta`cs T75, T58, ir T4= typcs grc gksi uscd wocf fcecssgry. Gntcrwgrd, toc

ei`pifcfts grc tocf nghraegtcd wato stcck warc gs dcsabfcd af toc soip drgwafb in

eirrcspifdafb pgfck. Uiif gntcr toc nghraegtaif as nafasocd, toc egbc wakk hc `ivcd ti stirgbc

grcg gfd gddataifgk afstgkkgtaif gfd `grjafb wakk hc difc tocrc. Nir afstgfec, pikynig` gfd

pkywiid afstgkkgtaif ti pritcet eiupkcrs gs wckk gs toc egbc kgppafb zifc `grjafb. G pgfck

rchgr egbc afspcetaif wato `gaf eiftrgetir gfd eifsuktgft wakk hc grrgfbcd gntcr toc woikc

pgfck scetaif-egbcs grc ei`pkctcky nghraegtcd.


20/38

7>

Geeirdafb ti toc sazc gfd dcpto in cgeo pgfck, toc egbcs `gy hc `gdc af scetaifs

togt dctgaks grc spceanacd af cgeo pgfck soip drgwafb. @ist in toc pgfcks, cspceagkky Uoapygrd

Uognts, grc davadcd afti 78 scetaifs, 5 typc kgtcrgkky gfd 4 typc vcrtaegkky. Tocsc rcafnirec`cft

egbcs grc tocf kiwcrcd afti toc cxegvgtcd trcfeo hy ergwkcr ergfc upif ei`pkctaif in

hcftifatc skurry dcsgfdafb ipcrgtaif (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75). Toc stcck egbcs,

woaeo grc bcfcrgkky ei`piscd in 78 `ctcr kifb `gaf hgrs, wakk hc eiffcetcd hy stcck

sercwcd S-hikts ti toc dcsabfcd kgp kcfbto durafb toc kiwcrafb priecss afti toc cxegvgtaif

trcfeo. Gddataifgk eiferctc spgecrs woaeo brgdc grc toc sg`c gs toc dagporgb` wgkk wakk hc

afstgkkcd ti cfsurc toc spceanacd eiferctc eivcr, woaeo as ghiut 23 ``. Ifec gkk toc suh-egbcs

grc kiwcrcd, tocy grc suspcfdcd ti toc rcquarcd kcvck nri` toc buadc wgkks hy `cgsurcd

ogfbafb hgrs woaeo kcfbtos grc egkeukgtcd durafb toc prcpgrgtaif ta`c in eiferctafb (Hgeoy

Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).

]aeturc >< Nghraegtaif Qgrd

]aeturc 2< Xcafnirec`cft Egbc Kiwcrafb gfd Kgppafb


21/38

72

Eiferctc Tcsts gfd ]kgec`cft

Gs siif gs toc cxegvgtaif, dcsgfdafb, gfd egbc kiwcrafb priecss as nafasocd, pgfcks

wakk hc nakkcd wato g oabo wirjghakaty àxcd eiferctc togt nuknakks rckcvgft spceanaegtaif hy

usafb trcàc papcs. Tocrc grc ifc ti torcc papcs grc uscd ti pkgec toc eiferctc afti toc hitti`

kcvck in cgeo trcfeo dcpcfds if toc sazc in toc pgfck. Hcnirc eiferctafb priecss as egrracd if,

scvcrgk tcsts grc gksi eifduetcd ti ufdcrstgfd toc eiferctc eogrgetcrastae gfd strcfbto.

If LA]ET satc, tocrc grc scvcrgk Cfbafccrs nri` `gaf eiftrgetir gfd Hgeoy

Uikctgfeoc diafb fu`crius tcsts if toc eiferctc hcnirc egstcd. Toc ìst a`pirtgft ifc

wiukd hc toc Uku`p tcst, woaeo as eifduetcd ti ufdcrstgfd toc eiferctcs wirjghakaty gfd

eifsastcfey (G.@. Fcvakkc, L.L. Hriijs, 8=7=), ir af itocr wirds, ti eocej togt toc eirrcet

gìuft in wgtcr ogs hccf gddcd ti toc àx. Uafec toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif rcquarcs g

trcàc àx, toc sku`p as gkkiwcd nir 8== 83 ``. Nurtocrìrc, toc Cfbafccrs gksi difc g

tc`pcrgturc eocej gfd gbbrcbgtc ihscrvgtaif if toc suppkacd eiferctc. Toc tc`pcrgturc

gkkiwcd as griufd 5= 8 dcbrcc ecftabrgdc gfd stifc gbbrcbgtc sazc as ghiut 8= ``. Ti

`cgsurc gfd ufdcrstgfd toc eiferctc ei`prcssavc strcfbto, eiferctc euhc tcst as gksi difc nir

cgeo pgfck. Uafec brgdc 4= eiferctc (B4=) as prcrcquasatc, at as csta`gtcd togt toc eiferctc wakk

hc ghkc ti watostgfd kigd in 4= F/``8 ir 4= @]g af 8? dgys. Kgst hut fit kcgst, g hkccdafb

tcst if eiferctc as gksi eifduetcd ti dctcràfc toc rckgtavc qugftaty in àxafb wgtcr togt wakk

hkccd nri` g sg`pkc in eiferctc. Hy ufdcrstgfdafb toc hkccdafb rgtc, Cfbafccrs egf

eifeurrcftky prcdaet toc prihghakaty in pkgstae scttkc`cft ergejs if eiferctc egusc hy cxecss

hkccdafb (G.@. Fcvakkc, L.L. Hriijs, 8=7=).

Gs `cftaifcd hcnirc, eiferctc as piurcd afti toc trcfeo toriubo trcàc papcs gfd

cgeo pgfck wakk fir`gkky usc ifc ti torcc trcàc papcs in 82= `` dag`ctcr nattcd wato g ocgd

oippcr. Toc trcàc papcs uscd grc `gdc up hy scb`cfts in eykafdraegk tuhcs in eiupkcd

scetaifs wato =.3`, 7`, 8`, gfd 5` kcfbto gfd tocar eiffcetaifs grc wgtcrtabot. Uafec toc


22/38

7?

dcpto in toc cxegvgtaif as ghiut 43 `ctcr, tocrc grc 73 in 5 `ctcr kcfbto scetaifs grc uscd, hy

cxtcfd, 43 papcs nir ifc nukk trcfeo.

Af bcfcrgk, toc eiferctafb priecss as stgrtcd saùktgfciusky af gkk in toc trcàc papcs

hy piurafb eiferctc wato toc oabocst spccd nri` toc truej àxcrs. Toas eifdataifs grc sct af

irdcr ti puso iut toc hcftifatc skurry afsadc toc trcàc papcs woaeo ogvc hccf eivcrcd hcnirc

wato g vcràeukatc, g kabotwcabot àfcrgk togt grc gkwgys nkigtafb ghivc toc skurrys surngec.

Tocrcnirc, toc eogfec in afatagk eiferctc hcafb pikkutcd hy toc skurry as gviadcd.Gs toc kcvck

in eiferctc af toc trcfeo rascs, toc trcàc papc eiku`fs grc soirtcfcd woakst gkwgys cfsurafb

g àfaù` 8-5 ` c`hcd`cft afti toc eiferctc surngec af irdcr ti gviad hcftifatc afekusaifs.

Durafb eiferctafb, g kib in dckavcry ta`cs, viku`cs gfd eiferctc kcvcks as jcpt hy gssabfcd

Uatc Cfbafccr. Gntcr eiferctc rcgeocs toc briufd kcvck, toc eiferctafb priecss as stippcd gfd

toc fcxt sueecssavc pgfcks grc gvgakghkc ti hc cxegvgtcd àfa`gk 84 oiurs gntcr eiferctafb. G

pgfck rcpirt eifsast in toc woikc rceirds, tcsts gfd getavatacs ogvc ti hc `gdc gfd suhàttcd

ti toc `gaf eiftrgetir ifec toc eiferctafb priecss in eirrcspifdafb pgfck as ei`pkctcd.

Rocf toc woikc dagporgb` wgkk eiferctafb as nafasocd, `gaf eiftrgetir wakk ogej toc tip

kcvck eiferctc uftak toc eut in kcvck gfd stgrt toc sognt cxegvgtaif.

]aeturc ?< Eiferctc ]kgec`cft

]aeturc 1< Trcàc ]apc af toc Xgej (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75)


23/38

71

8.5.8 Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft Huakdafb DcsabfDurafb toc > wccj aftcrfsoap, gs ogvc hccf `cftaifcd, A eiukd fit pgrtaeapgtc

getavcky if toc dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif af Hcfia Uatc gfd Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uatc duc ti

toc ta`c ka`atgtaif. Oiwcvcr, safec toc pkgffafb in toc prilcet ogs hccf stgrtcd, A gksi bgvc g

kattkc hat eiftrahutaif hy ockpafb toc cfbafccrs ti dcsabf gfd pkgf scvcrgk toafbs sueo gs: Rcst

Lurifb Askgfd Cquap`cft Huakdafb kgyiut pkgf gfd viku`c csta`gtaif, T-pgfck hixiut

ogejafb pkgf, gfd pikynig` afstgkkgtaif pkgf.

Uafec toc ei`pgfys dcsabf scetaif ogd aftriduecd `c ti cfbafccrafb drgntafb wato

GutiEGD if `y vcry narst wccj, A wgs gssabfcd ti drgnt gfd eifsukt wato prilcet `gfgbcr

gfd scfair cfbafccrs ghiut toc ghivc `cftaifcd pkgfs. Tocsc pkgfs grc tocf uscd ti prcscft

toc adcg in toc eifstruetaif `ctoid gs wckk gs ti gsj gfy nccdhgej gfd ipafaif nri` toc `gaf

eiftrgetir gfd eifsuktgft. An toc pkgf as geecptcd, toc eirrcspifdafb pkgf wakk hc scft ti toc

dcsabf tcg` af Ocgdqugrtcrs nir innaeagk dcsabf, egkeukgtaif gfd soip drgwafb. Itocrwasc,

rcvasaif in toc pkgf wakk hc `gdc hgsc if toc daseussaif. Toc drgwafbs in cgeo pkgf grc bavcf

af Gppcfdax H.

8.5.5 Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uaki Ukgh EifstruetaifAf toc `addkc in `y nirto wccj, A wgs gssabfcd ti ockp toc satc gfd dcsabf

cfbafccrafb tcg` ti pkgf, `cgsurc, dcsabf gfd eifstruet g Uaki Ukgh af Rcst Lurifb Askgfd

Uatc. Toas rcafnirecd eiferctc skgh wato 4=` x 7=` surngec grcg as pkgffcd gfd dcsabfcd ti

oikd g oubc ei`prcssavc kigd nri` 74 hcftifatc sakis wato egpghakaty ti stirc ?= `5hcftifatc

cgeo gfd itocr suppirtafb cquap`cft.

Hcnirc toc dcsabf priecss stgrtcd, `cgsurc`cft gfd pkgffafb in toc hcftifatc saki

pkgft as rcquarcd. Uatc cfbafccrs ogvc ti `cgsurc gfd eocej wato hcftifatc nirc`gf toc kcfbto

gfd grcg fccdcd ti egpgeatgtc gkk toc hcftifatc pkgft `geoafcs gfd cquap`cft, sueo gs bcfsct,


24/38

8=

pu`ps, dcsgfdcr `geoafc, `axafb pkgft, gs wckk gs 74 hcftifatc sakis. Ifec toc `cgsurc`cft

as difc, toc kgyiut pkgf as `gdc gfd scft ti toc dcsabf cfbafccr af toc Ocgdqugrtcrs nir toc

innaeagk dcsabf fitc. Toc dcsabf cfbafccr wakk di g nurtocr egkeukgtaif in toc kigd nri` toisc

`geoafcs gfd cquap`cft hgscd if toc bavcf pkgf gfd dcsabf oiw toaej toc saki skgh wakk hc,

af gddataif ti oiw `gfy kgycr gfd wogt as toc dag`ctcr in rcafnirec`cft hgr as fcecssgry nir

toc eifstruetaif. Ifec toc fitc as geecptcd hy princssaifgk cfbafccr, toc satc cfbafccr wakk

stgrt ti grrgfbc toc eifstruetaif wato suheiftrgetir.

Hy eifsadcrafb toc g`iuft in ei`prcssavc kigd gfd dcgk wato `gaf eiftrgetir, toc

woikc hcftifatc pkgf skgh as davadcd afti twi pgrts. Toc narst ifc as toc saki skgh (toc pkgec ti

put toc 74 sakis) woaeo grcg as 8?.3` x ?.3` (Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75). G

toaejfcss in 4== `` gfd 4 kgycrs in HXE G7=, g nghraegtcd rcafnirecd hgr wato dag`ctcr

7=``, grc rcquarcd gfd ats eifstruetaif wakk hc difc hy Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc gfd

suheiftrgetir. If toc itocr ogfd, toc rcst in toc rc`gafafb grcg wakk hc egstcd wato ifky

8==`` toaej gfd 8 kgycrs in HXE G7= hy `gaf eiftrgetir gs siif gs toc narst pgrt in saki skgh

as egstcd ei`pkctcky. Toc eiferctc skgh tip kcvck as rcqucstcd ti hc toc sg`c gs toc briufd

kcvck, ocfec g prc-cxegvgtaif gfd siak ei`pgetaif priecss grc fcecssgry.

]aeturc 7=< Eiferctc Ukgh Cxegvgtaif

]aeturc 77< Egstafb ]riecss


25/38

87

8.5.4 Ocgkto, Ugncty gfd Cfvarif`cftgk GspcetGs Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpircs ìtti, Ugncty as Iur Niufdgtaif, toc ei`pgfy as

rcgkky nar` gfd fcvcr bcttafb tarcd if gssurafb gfd rcàfdafb tocar wirjcrs ti wirj sgncty

gfyta`c af toc prilcet. Tocy gkwgys tgjc cvcry fitc if gfy pissahkc assucs rcbgrdafb Ocgkto,

Ugncty gfd Cfvarif`cft (OUC) gfd `gjc surc togt gkk sgncty rcbukgtaif grc ihcycd hy gkk

ckc`cfts rcbgrdkcss tocar pisataif, cvcf ekacfts ir vasatir. Toas pgrgbrgpo wakk cxpkgaf hracnky

scvcrgk OUC gspcets togt ogvc hccf ihscrvcd gfd prgetaecd durafb toc > wccj aftcrfsoap.

Ugncty Eiursc gfd Ugncty A fduetaif

Af cvcry eifstruetaif prilcet af Uafbgpirc, sgncty eiursc iracftgtaif as g `gfdgtiry

pgsspirt ti cftcr gfd wirj af g eifstruetaif satc. Toas iracftgtaif bavcs toc wirjcrs,

supcrvasir, cfbafccrs, ir `gfgbcr g hgsae jfiwkcdbc in dgfbcr gfd ogzgrd togt àbot ieeur

af g eifstruetaif satc gfd tcgeo toc` oiw ti prcvcft toisc ogzgrds. Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc

Uafbgpirc gksi scft `c ti gttcfd toc sgncty eiursc af bcfcrgk wirjcr kcvck woaeo wgs ockd if

toc sceifd wccj gfd tiij 8 dgys ti ei`pkctc. Toc eiursc woaeo eifsasts in tocirctaegk gs

wckk gs prgetaegk eiursc ogs bavcf `c g hgsae ufdcrstgfdafb ghiut pcrsifgk pritcetavc

cquap`cft, stcps togt ogvc ti hc difc an g wirjcr scc gfy dgfbcr, g wirj gt ocabot prgetaec,

cte. Nurtocrìrc, gntcr nafasoafb toc sgncty eiursc, toc `gaf eiftrgetir gksi eifduetcd g sgncty

afduetaif ti rcàfd toc fcw wirjcrs ifc ìrc ta`c ghiut toc ogzgrds togt `gy ieeur,

spceanaegkky togt rckgtcd ti dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif gfd tuffckafb prilcet.

]]C (]crsifgk ]ritcetavc Cquap`cft)

Gkk satc pcrsiffck grc rcquarcd ti wcgr ]]C gs rcquarcd hy toc Ugncty ]kgf. Toas

afekudcs sgncty ock`ct, rcnkcetavc vcst, sgncty niitwcgr, cte. Ipcrgtavcs in spceagk trgdc `gy

hc gksi rcquarcd ti usc spceagk ]]C ti eipc wato pgrtaeukgr tgsjs gfd cfvarif`cft (Hgeoy

Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, 8=75).


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88

Tiikhix @cctafb gfd Dgak y @cctafb

Tocrc grc gt kcgst twi `cctafbs togt grc ockd ti rcàfd toc wirjcrs gfd cvgkugtc toc

OUC gspcet if toc prilcet cvcry dgy. Narstky, tiikhix `cctafb as eifduetcd ifec if toc

hcbaffafb in cgeo soant gfd gttcfdcd hy cvcry wirjcrs gfd supcrvasir. G supcrvasir ir

cfbafccr usugkky kcgd toc `cctafb gfd hracnky `cftaif toc tgsjs togt tocy wakk di togt dgy gfd

rcàfd toc wirjcrs ghiut wirjafb sgncky. If toc itocr ogfd, dgaky `cctafb as gttcfdcd hy

cfbafccrs gfd sckcetcd supcrvasirs nri` gkk suheiftrgetirs gfd `gaf eiftrgetir ti daseuss gfd

cvgkugtc toc OUC gspcet gs wckk gs toc pribrcss in toc ifbiafb prilcet.

]rilcet Bcfcrgk A fspcetaif gfd ]rilcet Ugncty Xcvacw @cctafb

Durafb toc eifstruetaif pogsc, rcbukgr satc sgncty afspcetaifs wakk hc ockd twaec g

wccj. Toc `cctafb wakk hc gttcfdcd hy gkk spcetrg in satc pcrsiffck, woaeo sogkk afekudc

bcfcrgk kghircrs gfd ]rilcet @gfgbcrs. @ircivcr, g sgncty `cctafb as gksi ockd ifec g ìfto

ti rcvacw toc woikc sgncty assucs togt ogvc ieeurrcd af togt pgrtaeukgr ìfto. ]rilcet `gfgbcr

gfd sgncty pcrsiffck nri` gkk suheiftrgetirs gfd `gaf eiftrgetir grc afvatcd ti gttcfd toc

`cctafb.


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85

5.Xcnkcetaif in toc AftcrfsoapAf toas eogptcr, A wiukd kajc ti rcnkcet if toc aftcrfsoap hgsc if `y kcgrfafb bigks. A

wakk soirtky daseuss `y cxpcracfecs in woctocr A ogvc geoacvcd toas bigk, ir wogt jafd in

dannaeuktacs niufd, gfd wogt A toafj A ogvc ti a`privc.

Nufetaifafb gfd Rirjafb Eifdataifs in g Eifstruetaif Ei`pgfy

Toas aftcrfsoap ogs hccf `y stcppafb stifc ti cftcr gfd wirj af g eifstruetaif

afdustry. Gt toc vcry hcbaffafb A dad fit ogvc gfy cxpcracfec gt gkk, oiwcvcr gntcr > wccjs

wirjafb af Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc, A ufdcrstgfd hcttcr toc nufetaifafb, sueo gs toc

irbgfazgtaif strueturc gfd rikc in cgeo dcpgrt`cft, gfd cvcry dgy wirjafb eifdataif af g

eifstruetaif prilcet. Hceiàfb g satc cfbafccr as fit gf cgsy lih, af woaeo togt wc ogvc g kit

in hito `gfgbcragk gfd cfbafccrafb, pkgffafb gfd afspcetaif wirjs ti di. Gs A ogvc

`cftaifcd af toc prcvaius eogptcr, A pcrsifgkky fitaec togt sgncty as toc ìst a`pirtgft gspcet

af g eifstruetaif prilcet togt ogvc ti hc brgspcd nukky hy cvcry ckc`cfts watoiut diuht. Toc

dcpcfdcfec if cxtcrfgk ei`pgfacs gfd pcrsifs gs wckk gs `geoafcs, cquap`cft, wcgtocr, cte.

togt si`cta`c eiukd pistpifc toc dcgdkafc nirec gf cfbafccr ti ogvc g nkcxahkc gfd s`grt

gttatudc af irdcr ti sikvc gfd nafaso toc wirj cnnaeacftky gfd cnncetavcky.

Gppkaegtaif in @ y Bgafcd Ujak ks gfd Jfiwkcdbc nr i` Sfavcrsaty

Uafec A g` stakk g sipoiìrc af Jyusou Sfavcrsaty, A ogvc fit kcgrfcd g kit ghiut `y

spceagkazcd suhlcet af eavak cfbafccrafb. At as rcgkky dannaeukt ti sgy wogt sjakks gfd jfiwkcdbc

bgafcd af `y study togt A eiukd put af prgetaec durafb `y aftcrfsoap. Nufdg`cftgk

cfbafccrafb eiurscs sueo gs `ceogfaes gfd nkuad `ceogfaes in eiursc bgvc `c g ercdat ti

ufdcrstgfdafb toc tceofaegk tcr`s. Dcseraptavc bci`ctry jfiwkcdbc as gksi uscnuk af irdcr ti

jfiw toc wgy ti drgw gfd ti rcgd g tceofaegk drgwafb. Af gddataif, ta`c `gfgbc`cft,

ei`ùfaegtaif, kcgdcrsoap gfd si`c itocr suppkc`cftgry sjakks woaeo ogvc hccf kcgrfcd


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84

toriubo irbgfazgtaifgk cxpcracfec gfd itocr getavatacs safec oabo seoiik grc gksi

gdvgftgbcius cspceagkky ti gdgpt gfd liaf ei`pkctcky afti toc wirjafb ei`ùfaty.

@gfgbcr agk gfd N ackdwirj Jfiwkcdbc in Irbgfazafb G Eifstruetaif ]rilcet

A sgw toc a`pirtgfec in prilcet `gfgbc`cft sjakk af g eifstruetaif prilcet gs

`gfdgtiry. At as hcegusc tocrc grc g kit in assucs gfd prihkc`s togt ieeur gkìst cvcry dgy

woakc rusoafb ti ei`pkctc toc prilcet if ta`c. Hcsadcs, g prilcet `gfgbc`cft sjakk as vcry

ockpnuk ti irbgfazc toc woikc prilcet ti bi sìitoky wato kcgst ta`c eifsu`cd gfd ìfcy

uscd. Ratoaf toc aftcrfsoap A gksi dad g kit in nackdwirj. Tocrcnirc, A ogvc sccf in wogt

gspcets togt ogvc ti hc toiubot gfd wogt prihkc`s ogvc ti hc prcvcftcd woakc irbgfazafb gfd

wirjafb af g eifstruetaif prilcet. A ogvc kcgrfcd gkwgys ti hgej up `ysckn wato cvadcftagk

priin, sueo gs trgfsàttcd dieu`cft, c`gaks, paeturc, cte. togt àbot ockp an tocrc as gfy

ufcxpcetcd prihkc`.

Rirjafb Af gfitocr Eiuftry wato ]cipkc nr i` Dann crcft Eukturgk Hgejbriufd

Toc aftcrfsoap wgs g wifdcrnuk ippirtufaty ti bct g hcttcr ufdcrstgfdafb in oiw

Uafbgpircgf pcipkc kavc tibctocr aftcrfgtaifgkky gfd ipcf-àfdcdky wato nircabfcr woi ei`c

ti wirj af Uafbgpirc. At ockpcd `c ti kiij gt toafbs gfd sikvc g prihkc` nri` g danncrcft

pcrspcetavc. Nirtufgtcky, A dad fit cxpcracfec gfy dannaeuktacs if kavafb safec at wgs fit `y

narst ta`c ti vasat Uafbgpirc gfd `y oi`c eiuftry, Afdifcsag, ogvc ìrc ir kcss saàkgr

cfvarif`cft wato Uafbgpirc. A wgs ogvafb prihkc` ti hkcfd wato wirjcrs if satc gt toc vcry

narst ta`c, oiwcvcr, hy toc ta`c, tocy skiwky wckei`cd `c gfd A nckt A ogvc hcei`c g nukk

`c`hcr in toc prilcet af toc cfd. Af gddataif, A ogvc kcgrfcd oiw Uafbgpircgf pcipkc hcafb

ei`pctatavc gfd ogrd wirjafb ti hc cxeck af tocar egrccr watoiut hcafb egrckcss if ihstgekcs. A

hckacvc tocsc wirjafb eukturcs gfd cxpcracfec grc vcry uscnuk nir `c, cspceagkky wocf A cftcr

toc afdustragk wirjafb ei`ùfaty af toc nuturc.


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83

Cfogfeafb Ei`ùfaegtaif Ujak k

Ifc in toc rcgsifs A eoiisc Uafbgpirc gs `y narst aftcrfsoap pkgec as hcegusc in tocar

`gaf kgfbugbc as Cfbkaso. A wiukd kajc ti kcgrf ti usc `y Cfbkaso pripcrky af toc eiftcxt in

husafcss `cctafb ir eifvcrsgtaif. Cvcf toiubo togt si`cta`cs pcipkc tcfd ti spcgj Eoafcsc

ir Tgàk af Uafbgpirc, togfjs ti `y cxpcracfec in studyafb ghrigd, A eiukd ivcreg`c toisc

prihkc` hy hcafb pgtacft gfd ipcf àfdcd. Gt toc hcbaffafb in toc aftcrfsoap, at wgs g kattkc

hat dannaeukt nir `c ti ufdcrstgfd gkk toc tceofaegk tcr`s uscd af dagporgb` wgkk eifstruetaif,

oiwcvcr A tracd ti kcgrf gfd ufdcrstgfd at dgy hy dgy gfd bit uscd ti at nafgkky. Af gddataif,

safec A g` ghkc ti spcgj g kattkc Lgpgfcsc, A gksi uscd toas ippirtufaty ti prgetaec `y ghakaty hy

spcgjafb wato si`c Lgpgfcsc pcipkc nri` toc `gaf eiftrgetir.

Toc Afn kucfec if Nuturc Egrccr ]kgfs

Gntcr nafasoafb toc aftcrfsoap, A ogvc g ekcgrcr afsabot gfd pkgffafb in `y nuturc

egrccr. Cvcf toiubo A stakk eifnuscd ghiut wogt jafd in rcscgreo A wiukd kajc ti di af `y

scfair ycgr, A ogvc sccf wogt ckc`cfts in egrccr togt A wiukd kajc ti di gfd bit cftousagstae

gbgaf ti kcgrf gfd put g oabo tgrbct if `y kanc. A wiukd kajc ti eiftafuc cxeckafb `y study gfd

gegdcàe kanc watoiut nirbcttafb ti kcgrf prgetaegk gfd `gfgbc`cft sjakk toriubo itocr

aftcrfsoap ippirtufatacs ir hy afvikvcd af irbgfazgtaif.


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8>

4.EifekusaifToc `gaf rikc in g eavak cfbafccr as ti pkgf gfd dcsabf vgraius typcs in afnrgstrueturcs ti

a`privc toc qugkaty in eavakazgtaif. Toc sjakk gfd jfiwkcdbc ti sikvc g prihkc` wakk fit hc

geoacvcd ufkcss oc afvikvcs oa`sckn darcetky af briufd iracftcd tgsjs. G prilcet cfbafccr as

ìstky rcspifsahkc nir rcgkazafb gfd a`pkc`cftafb toc strueturgk dcsabf gfd egkeukgtaif if

briufd. Gktoiubo tocirctaegk jfiwkcdbc as pcrogps ghkc ti sikvc `gaf cfbafccrafb prihkc`s

bcfcrgkky, g `gfgbc`cft gfd prgetaegk cxpcracfec as gksi rcquarcd ti cxpkgaf gfy prilcet

rckgtcd prihkc`s, sueo gs `gtcragk segreaty, spceagkast `geoafc gfd cquap`cft hrcgjdiwf,

woaeo àbot dckgy toc prilcet.

If toc woikc, toas aftcrfsoap as g uscnuk cxpcracfec gfd ogs bavcf `c g kit in sjakk,

jfiwkcdbc gs wckk gs afsabot. A ogvc gksi geoacvcd scvcrgk kcgrfafb bigks togt A wiukd fit hc

ghkc ti nafd at gt ufavcrsaty. A gksi bgaf si`c afsabot ghiut princssaifgk prgetaec af eavak

cfbafccrafb afdustry gfd kcgrfcd toc danncrcft ngects in wirjafb watoaf g eifstruetaif

ei`pgfy. Xckgtcd ti `y study, A ogvc kcgrfcd gfd cxpcracfecd `ysckn af g rcgk dagporgb`

wgkk eifstruetaif prilcet. A ogvc gksi ufdcrstiid g kit in tcr`s gfd jfiwkcdbc ghiut siak

`ceogfaes, niufdgtaif gfd bcitceofaegk cfbafccrafb togt A hckacvc wakk hc uscnuk jfiwkcdbc

gfd ìtavgtaif ti bct afvikvcd af toc ekgss. Toc prilcet `gfgbc`cft gfd prgetaegk sjakk gksi

ogs cfeiurgbcd `c ti put g oabocr bigk in `y nuturc study, A wiukd kajc ti eiftafuc `y

`gstcr dcbrcc af gf aftcbrgtcd eavak cfbafccrafb gfd `gfgbcragk nackd.

Gt kgst toas aftcrfsoap ogs bavcf `c fcw afsabots gfd ìtavgtaif ti di gfitocr aftcrfsoap

durafb `y studacs gs wckk gs ti pursuc `y egrccr gs g eavak cfbafccr gt g oabocr kcvck.


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av

Xcncrcfecs

G.@. Fcvakkc, L.L. Hriijs. (8=7=). Eiferctc Tceofikiby Uceifd Cdataif. Egfgdg< ]cgrsif

Cduegtaif Egfgdg. Xctracvcd nri` Toc Eiferctc Uieacty.

Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc. (8=75, Dcec`hcr 3). @ctoid Utgtc`cft gfd Xasj Gsscss`cft

nir toc Eifstruetaif in Dagporgb` Rgkk. Uafbgpirc.

Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc. (8=75, Dcec`hcr =>). Dcsabf Fitc Nir Buadc Rgkk nir

Dagporgb` Rgkk Eifstruetaif nir Uoapygrd, ]aifccr & Rcst Lurifb Askgfd Uognts.

Uafbgpirc.

Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc. (8=75, Dcec`hcr =8).Dcsabf Fitc nir Uaki Ukgh nir Dagporgb`

Rgkk Eifstruetaif gt Rcst Lurifb Askgfd. Uafbgpirc.

Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc. (f.d.). Aftriduetaif.Hgeoy Uikctgfeoc Uafbgpirc Hrieourc.

Aftcrfgtaifgk ]ribrg``c in Eocàegk Ugncty. (8=78). Hcftifatc. Xctracvcd nri` AFEOC@ 84 37.?4

8 H]=8 Fir`gk 4 =.? 5.8 84 2>.?

5 H]=5 Fir`gk 5.4 =.? 8.28 84 >3.8?

4 H]=4 Fir`gk 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

3 H]=3 Fir`gk 5.4 =.? 8.28 84 >3.8?> H]=> Fir`gk 4 =.? 5.8 84 2>.?

2 H]=2 Fir`gk 5.4 =.? 8.28 84 >3.8?

? H]=? Fir`gk 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

1 H]=1 Fir`gk 5.4 =.? 8.28 84 >3.8?

7= H]7= Fir`gk 4 =.? 5.8 84 2>.?

77g H]77 KTypc 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>77h H]77 KTypc 8.2 =.? 8.7> 84 37.?4

78 H]78 Fir`gk 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

75g TH]75 TTypc 4.5 =.? 5.44 82.7 15.88475h TH]75 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.775e TH]75 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.7

74 H]74 Fir`gk 5.2 =.? 8.1> 82.7 ?=.87>

73g TH]73 TTypc 5.2 =.? 8.1> 82.7 ?=.87>73h TH]73 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.773e TH]73 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.77>g TH]7> TTypc 4.8 =.? 5.5> 82.7 17.=3>7>h TH]7> TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.77>e TH]7> TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.772g TH]72 TTypc 4.5 =.? 5.44 8?.7 1>.>>472h TH]72 TTypc 7 7 7 8?.7 8?.772e TH]72 TTypc 7 7 7 8?.7 8?.7

7? H]7? Fir`gk 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

71g H]71 KTypc 8.2 =.? 8.7> 84 37.?471h H]71 KTypc 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

8= H]8= Fir`gk 4.8 =.? 5.5> 84 ?=.>4

87g TH]87 TTypc 4.8 =.? 5.5> 8?.> 1>.=1>87h TH]87 T

Typc 7 7 7 8?.> 8?.>

87e TH]87 TTypc 7 7 7 8?.> 8?.>88g TH]88 TTypc 4.5 =.? 5.44 8?.> 1?.5?488h TH]88 TTypc 7 7 7 8?.> 8?.>88e TH]88 TTypc 7 7 7 8?.> 8?.>

85 TH]85 Fir`gk 5.? =.? 5.=4 82.7 ?8.5?4

84g TH]84 TTypc 4 =.? 5.8 82.7 ?>.2884h TH]84 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.784e TH]84 TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.7

83 TH]83 Fir`gk 5.? =.? 5.=4 84 28.1>

8>g TH]8> TTypc 5.? =.? 5.=4 82.7 ?8.5?48>h TH]8> TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.78>e TH]8> TTypc 7 7 7 82.7 82.7

82 TH]82 Fir`gk 5.7 =.? 8.4? 84 31.38

8?g TH]8? KTypc 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>8?h TH]8? KTypc 8.2 =.? 8.7> 84 37.?4

81 TH]81 Fir`gk > =.? 4.? 84 773.8

5= TH]5= Fir`gk 3.2 =.? 4.3> 84 7=1.44

57 TH]57 Fir`gk 3.2 =.? 4.3> 84 7=1.44

58 TH]58 Fir`gk 3.> =.? 4.4? 84 7=2.38

55 TH]55 Fir`gk 8.? =.? 8.84 84 35.2>

8143.3?4

57>>.5?4

8===.=4

77>>.544

Fir`gkgfdKTypc]gfckTTypc]gfck

LurifbAskgfdDagporgb Rgkk]gfckîku`cCsta`gtaif

]gfckîku`cwatoiuteiuftafbogejcdTpgfck]gfckîku`cwatoeiuftafbogejcdTpgfck


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internship report: spring 2014 internship at bachy soletanche singapore

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