internetworked enterprise

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Internetworked Enterprise


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Internetworked EnterpriseBusinesses are becoming internetworked enterprises. The Internet and Internet-like networks inside the

enterprise (intranets), between an enterprise and its trading partners (extranets), and other types of networks

have become the primary information technology infrastructure of many organizations. Telecommunications

networks enable managers, end users, and their teams and workgroups to electronically exchange data and

information anywhere in the world with other end users, customers, suppliers, and other organizations. By

using such networks, companies can:

Coordinate their work activities

Manage their business operations and organizational resources

Compete successfully in todaysfast changing global economy

Many organizations today could not survive without a variety of interconnected computer networks to service

the information processing and communications needs.The success of the electronic commerce systems among business and their customers and suppliers and

enterprise collaboration systems are all based on Internetworked enterprise.

Electronic commerce or e-commerce has been defined as the ability to perform transactions involving the

exchange of goods or services between two or more parties using electronic tools and technique. The

explosion of E-commerce has created new phenomena in our lifestyle especially in shopping activities.

Consumers can easily buy products or services like magazines and airlines tickets via Internet. An

internetworked enterprise uses the internet, intranets, extranets and other networks to support every step of

the commercial process.

Enterprise Collaboration systems uses the groupware tools to support communication, coordination and

collaboration among the members of networked teams and workgroups.


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What is Internet

The Internetis the largest network of networks today, and the

closest model we have to the information superhighway of tomorrow.According to the definition provided by Oxford dictionary, the Internet

is an arrangement of connected computers, which lets the computer

users all over the globe exchange data.

The Internet is an extraordinary entertainment and learning tool that

may be utilized in a number of modes to increase the ability of a userto collect information.

The principal components of the Internet are the World Wide Web

(WWW) and e-mail.

With the passage of time, the Internet has become the most effective

business tool in the contemporary world. It can be described as aglobal meeting place where people from every corner of the world can

come simultaneously.


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Characteristics of Internet

Complex Network: With the simplified

definition as a network of networks that

comprises of over 150 million computers

World-wide acceptance

Used for :

information searching and access

information interchange

commercial exchanges


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Internet Infrastructure

Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network, even the one in yourhome. For example, you may use a modemand dial a local number to connect to an InternetService Provider(ISP).

A computer or computer network is attached with the device called Modem(Short formodulator or demodulator) that converts the digital data coming from a computer intoanalog voice form. This converted voice form is transmitted to the local Internet ServiceProvider through telephone links where a modem converts it back into digital form.

At work, you may be part of a local area network(LAN), but you most likely still connect tothe Internet using an ISP that your company has contracted with. When you connect to yourISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then connect to a larger network andbecome part of their network. The Internet is simply a network of networks.

Internet Service Provider is the Organization ,which allows consumers to access internetservices. The ISP is equipped with all the tools and the technology to provide you theinternet services.

Most large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting

various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence(POP). The POP is aplace for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone numberor dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall controlling network.Instead, there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through NetworkAccess Pointsor NAPs.
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/modem.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/modem.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/lan-switch.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/lan-switch.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/modem.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htm


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Advantages of Internet

Following are the advantages provided by the Internet:

1) Information The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuableresource of information. You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of thesearch engines like Yahoo and Google.2) Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication. It has done extremely well inthis field, however the development process is still going on to make it more dependable and quick.By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles awaywithin the fraction of a seconds time.

3) Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment. A wide variety ofentertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessedthrough the Internet.4) E-commerceE-commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial strategy orbusiness transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything.5) Formation of communities Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here anumber of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their viewsand gather valuable knowledge.6) Services A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking,buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail theseservices offline, they become more expensive.


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Disadvantages of Internet

1) Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution ofunsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaninglessand they unnecessarily block the whole system. Theseactivities are treated as illegal.2) Theft of personal details While using the Internet, thereis high probability that your personal details like name,address and credit card number may be accessed by conartists and used for fraudulent purposes.3) Virus threat Virus is a program that interrupts the usualoperation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to

the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as aresult of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot oftrouble.


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Internet Services

Email

E-Chatting

Video Conferencing

E-Government

E-Commerce

E-News

E-Recruitment

E-Education


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Intranets

Intranet is kind of computer network which is used by the businesses to workeffectively and efficiently by using the internet protocols. Some time the Intranet isused in contrast to the internet because Intranet network use the internet, but it isonly accessible to the inside the members of organizations. The Intranet network isprivate network which is highly secured and safe; it has the firewall so it cannot beaccessed by the external people.

An intranet is a network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies toprovide an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing,communications, collaboration and the support of business process. An intranet isprotected by security measures such as passwords, encryption and firewalls and thuscan be accessed by authorized users through the Internet.

An intranet is an information portal designed specifically for the internal

communications of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, governments,industries or financial institutions of any size or complexity. Intranets can be custom-designed to fit the exact needs of businesses no matter where they are situated. Usersof intranets consists mainly of Members of the executive team, Accounting and orderbilling. Managers and directors, Sales people and support staff Customer service, helpdesk, etc..
http://www.mywebservices.ca/intranet.htmlhttp://www.mywebservices.ca/intranet.html


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Role of Intranet

Communicate and collaborate

with e-mail, discussion

forums,

chat andconferencing.

Secure , universal

access to view

and use corporate

and external data.

Author, publish and

Share hypermedia

documents

Centrally administer

Clients , servers,

Security, directory

And traffic

Existing

E-mail, voice-

Mail Systems

Existing

Databases

And

Enterprise

Applications

HTML, MS Office

XML, Java and

Other Document

Types

Existing

Hardware

And

Networks

Intranet

Enterprise

Information

Portal

F

I

R

E

W

A

L

L

Internet

Extranet

Customers,

Suppliers,

And Partners

Communication and Collaboration

Business Operations and

management

Web Publishing

Intranet Portal Management

Employees


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Characteristics of Intranet

1. An open, multi-way communication vehicle: Top Down, Bottom Up, Peer-to-Peer

An enterprise has a host of communication channels available, but the intranet is a critical one. Agreat intranet must facilitate all communication routes: Top Down, Bottom Up, Peer-to-Peer. An2.Executor of business transactions

A great intranet is a place of action and should be a part of business processes.

3.Transparent governance, management and strategy

Its all well and good having this great intranet, but if no one knows the strategy, who governs and controls this

space and what the rules of engagement are, then theres still clear space for improvement.

4.CommunicationThe intranet must support various communication channels, such as information from themanagement team concerning strategic aspects of their organisation or collaboration amongst project teams and

departments. These formal and informal methods of communication are equally important. Therefore essential to

have an in-depth look at the communication tools on offer.

5.SearchAn effective search function is important in building and maintaining trust with the corporate intranet.

Hopeless search queries which do not render anything helpful can be both frustrating and inefficient.

6.Access flexibilityAccessibility by either a laptop or desktop is no longer acceptable, as not all employees

perform tasks and activities at their desks. Certain job roles require employees to visit clients, and regular off-sitemeetings are becoming more common. Therefore flexibility in accessing their intranet on mobile devices and

tablets should facilitate and not compromise their ability to perform tasks on their intranet.


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Advantages of Intranet

Easy and Economical System of communication--Intranet is an easy, economical and fast system of

communication within the enterprise. It offers opportunities to keep every concerned individual informed

irrespective of the location. It also helps in reducing travel time as the communication between people in

the business enterprise can be more frequent and less expensive, particularly when the persons desiring

to communicate are located far away from each other.

Replaces Grapevine-Intranet replaces grapevine as it permits inter employee communication with more

transparency and free expression of views. It enables employees at various levels to pose problems/ques-

tions, participate in discussions and contribute answers to thorny problems of the company. The concept

of collective expertise can be given a concrete shape with the help of Intranet.

Improves Productivity- It improves productivity of the manager. With Intranet, the manager can spend

more time in analysing information and not in seeking information and waiting for its delivery.

Eliminates latency of information- Intranet helps in eliminating the latency of information in the

enterprise and makes the flow of information need-driven than availability-driven.


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Disadvantages of Intranet

Security-One of the major disadvantages is the risk of security to the corporate information resource. The

intranet exposes the corporate information resource to the risk of loss of privacy and even unauthorised

alteration. The Intranet technology is still quite fragile and the risk of security and privacy of informationon Intranet is higher.

Less Face to Face Interaction - Another fear that is being talked about these days is the danger of reduced

face-to-face interaction between employees leading to impersonalisation of the enterprise.

Training- proper training is required for the staff or personnel to operate the systems with intranet

.Ineffective use of the system can create the serious problems.

Other Disadvantages-


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Extranet

Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users usingsame internet technology.

Inter-organizational information system.

enable outsiders to work together with companysemployees.

open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners

An extranetis somewhat very similar to an intranet.

Extranets are designed specifically to give external, limitedaccess to certain files of your computer systems to Certainlarge or priviledged customers, Selected industry partners,Suppliers and subcontractors... etc.
http://www.mywebservices.ca/extranet.htmlhttp://www.mywebservices.ca/extranet.html


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Extranets connect the interconnected enterprises to consumers, business

customers, suppliers and other business partners

(Role of Extranet)

PartnersConsultants

Contractors

Joint designOutsourcing

Suppliers and

Distributers

Distributer managementSCM

Procurement

Consumers

Customer Self-ServiceOnline Sales and

MarketingSales Force AutomationBuild-to-Order productsJust-in-Time Ordering

Business Customers

InternetworkedEnterprise


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Advantages of Extranet

Improves Efficiency-Extranet helps in improve company efficiency and output by automatingprocedures that were done manually in the past. Automation can also decrease the scope ofmistake.

Fast and Quick Working-- Work is done quickly as compared to past manual systems.

Timely access of the Required Information- Extranets permit company information to be analyzedat period suitable for business customers, partners, suppliers, employees, and other stake-holders.

This helps in cutting down the conference/meeting times and is also helpful when doingmultinational business having with partners located in different countries and in different timezones.

Updated Information- Information can be modified, updated and changed immediately onanextranet. All approved members thus have instant access to the most advanced information.

Improved Relationship with business stakeholders- Extranets can help in improving relationshipswith main or potential customers by giving them correct, precise and efficient information.


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Disadvantages of Extranet

Costly-Extranets can be costly to apply and maintain within an organization.

Security- One of big problem is the protection of extranets when dealing with

precious information. System access should be controlled and checkedproperly to

protect the system and information going into the incorrect hands.

Reduce face to face interaction with clients and business partners- Extranets can

decrease personal face-to-face contact with clients and business partners. This can

cause a lack of communication between employees, clients and organization.


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Difference between Intranet and Extranet

Point of Difference Intranet Extranet

Definition An intranetis an information portal

designed specifically for the internalcommunications of small, medium or

large businesses, enterprises,

governments, industries or financial

institutions of any size or complexity

Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized

users using same internet technology.

Design Intranets can be custom-designed to

fit the exact needs of businesses no

matter where they are situated.

Extranets are designed specifically to

give external, limited access to certain files of

your computer systems to Certain large orpriviledged customers, Selected industry

partners, Suppliers and subcontractors... etc.

Geographical Distance Within an organization Between an organization and a supplier

Entities Employees Clients, Suppliers, contractors,subcontractors

Security Internal Risk Risk from the parties involved

Communication Intra-Firm Inter-Firm

Users Users of intranets consists mainly

of Members of the executive

team, Accounting and order billing.Managers and directors, Sales people

Certain large or priviledged customers, Selected

industry partners, Suppliers and

subcontractors... etc.
http://www.mywebservices.ca/intranet.htmlhttp://www.mywebservices.ca/intranet.html


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What is Network

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share

resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic

communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,

telephone lines, radio waves, satellites.

Telecommunication Network

Generally a communication network is an arrangement in which a sender transmits a

message to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium. Figure given

below shows a simple conceptual model of a telecommunication network ,which

shows that it consists of five basic categories of components:


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Key Telecommunications Network Component categories and

examples


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Types of Telecommunications networks.

There are many different types of telecommunications

networks. However, from an end user point of view,

there are only a few basic types, such as:

1.Wide area networks2.Local area networks

3.Interconnected networks like the Internet, Internets,

and extranets

4.Client/server and interorganizational networks


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Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally

limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.A LANconnects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building,

school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few

small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.

In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and

managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to use certain connectivity

technologies, primarily Ethernetand Token Ring.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the

United States, or the world. Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to

connect this type of global network.

Using a WAN, schools in Florida can communicate with places like Tokyo in a matter of seconds,without paying enormous phone bills. Two users a half-world apart with workstations equipped

with microphones and a webcams might teleconference in real time. A WAN is complicated. It

uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global

communications networks like the Internet. To users, however, a WAN will not appear to be much

different than a LAN.
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/ethernet1/g/bldef_ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/ethernet1/g/bldef_ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_lan.htm


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Metropolitan Area Network

A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically

owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.

A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a computer networkin which two or more computers or

communicating devices or networks which are geographically separated but in same metropolitan city and are

connected to each other are said to be connected on MAN. Metropolitan limits are determined by local

municipal corporations; the larger the city, the bigger the MAN, the smaller a metro city, smaller the MAN.

Kenneth C. Laudan and Jane P. Laudon define a metropolitan area network as:

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its

geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan

region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet.

Campus Area Network

A network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business campus.

A campus network, campus area network, corporate area networkor CANis a computer networkmade up of

an interconnection of local area networks(LANs) within a limited geographical area. The networking

equipments (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber,.) are almost entirely owned by

the campustenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network


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Client/server networks

Client/server networkshave become the predominate

information architecture of enterprise computing. Computingpower has rapidly become distributed and interconnected

throughout many organizations by networked computer

systems that take the form of client/server networks.

Characteristics of a client/server network are:

1.End user PC or NC workstations are the clients.

2.Clients are interconnected by local area networks and share

application processing with network servers, which alsomanage the networks.

3.LANs may be interconnected to other LANs and wide area

networks of client workstations and servers.


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Virtual Private NetworkMany organizations use Virtual Private Network to establish secure intranets and extranets.A virtualPrivate network is a secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network but relies onnetwork firewalls, encryption,and other security features of its Internet and intranet connections Thus,for example, VPNs would enable a company to use the Internet to establish secure intranets between itsdistant branch offices and the manufacturing plants, and secure extranets between itself and itscustomers and suppliers. Virtual private networks (VPN) provide an encrypted connection between a

user's distributed sites over a public network (e.g., the Internet). By contrast, a private network usesdedicated circuits and possibly encryption.For the time being ,we can think of a VPN as a pipe travelling through the Internet. Through this pipe,we can send and receive our data without anyone outside the pipe being able to see or access ourtransmissions . Using this approach we can create a private network without incurring the high cost of aseparate proprietory connection scheme.An example of a Virtual Private Network protected by network firewalls.


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Peer to Peer Networks

In a P2P network it creates a computing environment where end users computers connect,

communicate, and collaborate directly with each other via Internet or other telecommunications

network links.

The emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technologies and applications is being hailed as a

development that will revolutionize e-business and e-commerce and the Internet itself. Peer-to-peer

network is a powerful telecommunications networking tool for many business applications .

There can be two major models of peer to peer networking

In the central server architecture ,P2P file sharing software connects your PC to a central server that

contains a directory of all other users(peers) in the network . When you request a file ,the softwaresearches the directory for any other users who have that file and are online at that moment . It then

sends you alist of usernames that are activelinks to all such users.Clicking on one of these user mames

prompts the software to connect your PC to that users PC (making a peer to peer connection)and

automatically transfers the file you want from his or her hard drive to yours.

The Pure peer to peer networks architecture has no central directory or server .First the file sharing

software in the P2P network connects your PC with one of the online users in the network .Then anactive link to your user name is transmitted from peer to peer to all the online users in the network

that the first user (and the other online users ) encountered in previous sessions.In this way ,active links

to more and more peers spread throughout the network the more it is used.When you request a file

,the software searches every online user and sends you a list of active file names related to your request

.Clicking on one of these automatically transfers the file from that users hard drive to yours.


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The two major forms of Peer to Peer Network.


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a. Twisted Pair wire b. Coaxial Cable c. Fiber-optic cable

a.

b.


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Fiber Optics: Fiber optics- These cables are made up of plastic or glass fibre core covered by a claddingof lower refractive index.The signals in these cables are carried in the form of light .

use cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket.

1.Relatively low cost

2.Can carry digital signals, as well as analog thus increase communications and capability.

3..Provide substantial size and weight reductions

4.Provide increased speed and greater carrying capacity than coaxial cable and twisted-pair lines.

5..Speed of communications is 10,000 times faster than that of microwave and satellite systems.6.Message security as fiber optics communications is very resistant to illegal data theft, taps can

be easily detected.


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Telecommunications Processors

Telecommunications Processors such as modems ,multiplexers ,switches and routers performa variety of support functions between the computers and other devices in atelecommunications network.

ModemsA special device called modem (modulator/demodulator ) is used to carry out theprocess of modulation and demodulation(conversion of digital data to analog form and viceversa ).

Hence when an analog facility is used for data communication between two digital devices(say two computers interconnected by a telephone line ),two modems are required ,one neareach device .Digital signal generated at sender computers end is converted to analog formby modulator of the modem placed near it.The analog signal is transmitted throughtelephone line and is converted to digital form by demodulator of the modem placed nearreceiver computer.The receiver computer processes the data,and thjen the modem near itmodulates the processed data to analog form .the analog data is returned via telephone lineto the sender computer end ,where analog signals are demodulated to digital form first bythe modem there ,and then the digital data is passed on to the sender computer.

Multiplexer-A mutiplexer takes several data communication lines or signals ,and converts them


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into one data communication line or signal at the sending end .For example ,the multiplexer

takes the signals from the four terminals and converts them into one large signal that is

transmitted over one communication line.Then,at the receiving end ,another multiplexer breaks

the single large signal into the four original signals .Without multiplexers ,four separate

communication lines would be required.

A multiplexer is a communication process or that allows a single communication channel to carrysimultaneous data transmission from many terminals.

For example if we need to have eight telephone numbers for a small business,we could have

eight individual lines come into the buildingone for each telephone number .using a digital

multiplexer however,we can have one line handle all eight telephone numbers (assuming we have

an eight channel multiplexer).

ROUTER- A routeris a device that forwards data packetsbetween computer networks. This

creates an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different

networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address

information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in

its routing tableor routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers

perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded fromone router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its

destination node
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_packethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_packet


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Digital And Analog Signals

Analogand digitalsignals are used to transmit information, usually through electric

signals. In both these technologies, the information, such as any audio or video, is

transformed into electric signals.

When data is propagated by means of electrical signals ,the signals may be either in

digital or analog form

Analog signal : Transmitted power varies over a continuous range .Example sound,light

and radio waves.

Digital signal: Sequence of voltage pulses represented in binary form

Computer generated data signal is digital, whereas telephone line carry analog signals.


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Communication ProtocolsA protocol is a set of formal operating rules ,procedures ,or conventions that govern a given

process. A communication or network protocol, therefore describes rules that govern

transmission of data over communication networks.These rules provide a method for orderly

and efficient exchange of data between sender and receiver.These rules are embedded in datacommunication software.

Roles of A communication Protocol

1.Data Sequencing- It refers to breaking a long message into small packets of fixed size

2. Data Routing- Routing is designed to find the most efficient path between source and

destinations nodes of a message.

3. Data Formatting- These rules define which bits or characters within a packet constitutes data,control,addressing ,or other information

4. Flow Control- A communication protocol also prevents a fast sender from flooding a slow

receiver with data

5. Error Control- These rules are designed to detecty error in messages and to ensure

transmission of correct messages.

6.Precedence and order of transmission- these rules ensures that all nodes get a chance to usecommunication lines and other resources of a network based on priorities assigned to them.

7. Connection establishment and termination- These rules define how connections are

established ,maintained and terminated when two nodes of a network want to communicate

with each other.

8.Data Security- Providing data security and privacy is also built into most communication

software packages .It prevents access of data by unauthorized users.


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The OSI Model

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a standard description or "reference model" for how

messages should be transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication network.Its purpose is to guide product implementors so that their products will consistently workwith other products. The reference model defines seven layers of functions that take placeat each end of a communication.

The main idea in OSI is that the process of communication between two end points in atelecommunication network can be divided into layers, with each layer adding its own set ofspecial, related functions. Each communicating user or program is at a computer equipped

with these seven layers of function. So, in a given message between users, there will be aflow of data through each layer at one end down through the layers in that computer and, atthe other end, when the message arrives, another flow of data up through the layers in thereceiving computer and ultimately to the end user or program.

OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. The layers are in two groups. The upper

four layers are used whenever a message passes from or to a user. The lower three layers(up to the network layer) are used when any message passes through the host computer.Messages intended for this computer pass to the upper layers
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/networkhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/network


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The OSI Model

The seven layers are: Layer 7: The application layer...This is the layer at which communication partners are identified,

quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraintson data syntax are identified. (This layer is notthe application itself, although some applicationsmay perform application layer functions.)

Layer 6: The presentation layer...This is a layer, usually part of an operating system, that convertsincoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another.

Layer 5: The session layer...This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations,

exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connectioncoordination.

Layer 4: The transport layer...This layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determiningwhether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer.

Layer 3: The network layer...This layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the rightdirection to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissionsat the packet level). The network layer does routing and forwarding.

Layer 2: The data-link layer...This layer provides synchronization for the physical level and does bit-

stuffing for strings of 1's in excess of 5. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge andmanagement.

Layer 1: The physical layer...This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electricaland mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier.


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Use of Extranet to streamline supply chain management


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Use of Extranet to streamline supply chain management

The supply chain according to Laudon and Laudon is a collection of physical entities linked

together into processes that supply goods or services from source through consumption

(2000). The physical entities in the supply chain consist of suppliers, manufacturers,

distributors, retail outlets, and consumers. The following diagram demonstrates the flow ofgoods through the supply chain starting with the supplier and ending with the consumer.


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Explain Malware, Adware and Spyware

Spyware is software that gathers information about you, your browsing

and Internet usage habits, as well as other data. Adware is software that

displays advertising banners, re-directs you to websites, and otherwiseconducts advertising on your computer (not to be confused with popup ads,

which come from the websites that you visit). Malware is malicious software

that is intended to do harm to your computer or software. Malware includes

viruses, Trojans, and worms.

Many users inadvertently download spyware or adware when downloading

other programs. Many popular peer to peer applications and other software

packages include adware or spyware packages. Even seemingly innocuous

programs such as special cursors can contain spyware.


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What do you mean by e commerce ? Differentiate it with e-

business giving practical examples

Electronic commerce or e-commerce has been defined as the ability to performtransactions involving the exchange of goods or services between two or moreparties using electronic tools and technique. The explosion of E-commerce hascreated new phenomena in our lifestyle especially in shopping activities.Consumers can easily buy products or services like magazines and airlines ticketsvia Internet.

Kalakota and Whintons in 1997 defined the term E-commerce from different

perspectives. These perspectives are: Communication Perspective:According to this perspective, E-commerce is the

delivery of information, product/services or payments over tele-communicationchannels, computer networks or any other electronic mode of communication.

Business Process Perspective:This says that E-commerce is the application oftechnology towards the automation of business transactions and work flow.

Service Perspective:E-commerce is defines as a tool that addresses the desire offirms, consumers and management to cut service cost while improving the qualityof goods/services and increasing the speed of service delivery.

Online Perspective:E-commerce provides the capability of buying and sellingproducts and information on the internet and other online services.

Types of E-Commerce


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There are five major segments under the broader category of e-business. However, the following are some

popular e-commerce models used by companies engaged in ecommerce:-

Business to Business E-commerce (B2B)

Business to business e-commerce is smart business. The opportunity for business to business e-commerce is

even greater. In a B2B transaction, the interaction is between businesses. For example, a website that is

catching for the steel industry might have facility for buyers and sellers to list their requirements and post their

products. It helps them in quickly closing the transactions and the buyer can get quality, material and can

choose from different suppliers.

Business to Consumers E-commerce (B2C)

It is for the customers to buy stores from the web. The problem to be recognized in this is to secure payment,

using encryption, transaction integrity, quick response, time and reliability.

B2C e-commerce involves selling of goods and services to consumers or end users. It allows them to browse theproduct catalogue, select products or services and complete the order online.

In a B2C transaction, the interaction is between a consumer and the preferred business. For example, the most

popular site is amazon.com, which is the first online bookseller which has proved a potential competitor to the

traditional bricks and mortar booksellers such as Barrens and Noble.

Consumer to Consumer E-commerce (C2C)

Here interaction is between consumer to consumer. For example, in sites like e-Buy Bid or Buy.com, Baazi.com

which are auction sites, one can virtually sell and buy any goods (either used or new ones). This form of e-

commerce is nothing but the cyber version of the good old auction houses. If anyone wants to sell anything, all

one has to do is post a message on the site, giving details of the product and the expected price and wait for an

interested customer to turn up and buy it. The buyer gets in touch with the seller through the Internet and the

deal is crossed once the amount is finalised.


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Consumer-to-Business E-commerce (C2B)

E-commerce, by empowering the customer, has been strategically

redefining business. An example of C2B model of e-commerce is the

site Price line.Com, which allows prospective airline travellers, tourists

in need of hotel reservations etc. to visit its websites and indicate theirpreferred price for travel between any two cities. If an airline is willing

to issue a ticket on the customers offered price, the consumer can

then travel to the mentioned destination at his terms.

Business to Employees E-commerce (B2E)

This is concerned more with marketing a corporation's internalprocesses more efficiently. Customer care and support activities also

hold ground. The requirement is that are all self-service with

applications on the web that the employees can use themselves.


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Difference Between E commerce And E BusinessThe terms e-business and e-commerce are now often seen and used interchangeably. However, though

related, they have different meanings. The e prefix means electronic which connotes any activity or

transaction done without any physical exchanges or contact. E-commerce implies business transactions over

the internet where the parties involve are either selling or buying. The transactions conducted in e-commerce

basically involve the transfer or handing over ownership and rights to products or services.E-commerce principally involves money exchanges in the transactions. In e-business, as it is broader, it is not

limited to monetary transactions. All aspects in business are included like marketing, product design, supply

management, etc. E-business is more about making great products, brainstorming and giving quality service,

planning about product exposure and executing it. Many companies have an eCommerce site but are not yet

an eBusiness. eCommerce is the online selling component of a web site. eBusiness is the integration of a

company's activities including products, procedures, and services with the Internet. You turn your company

from a business into an eBusiness when you integrate your sales, marketing, accounting, manufacturing, and

operations with your web site activities. An eBusiness uses the Internet as fully integrated channel for all

business activities.

The following is an example of a company that has not yet become an eBusiness: You visit a retailer's web site

and buy a shirt. When the shirt arrives it is in the wrong size. You decide to return the shirt at the store's retail

outlet instead of mailing it back to the vendor. However, when you go to the store you are told that they cannot

take returns from their web site. Since the web site is not integrated with the rest of their business activities

this company is not yet an eBusiness. If the company had integrated their web site with their stores byproviding access to their web site from within the store, by accepting exchanges for sales made online, and by

training their people to support customers from/with their web site, they would be an eBusiness. eBusinesses

do not consider the web site as a separate activity from their core businesses: The web site is integral to all

activities at an eBusiness.


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What do you mean by software Packages? Describe six

software packages in brief.

.A software package is a group of programs which are bundled together to serve a commonpurpose. Often, a software package will also include the source code that built the executableprograms as well as a variety of documentation for the programs themselves. Some softwarepackages will also include example files that can further illustrate how the other components of thepackage work.

The components of a software package can do significantly different things, but all the componentsof the package come together in a unified whole. Some software packages have one main programthat encapsulates all the smaller programs, while others take a more fragmented approach and

have multiple small, specialized executables for different purposes. There are advantages anddisadvantages to each approach, as well as specific audiences that benefit from each.

Packages that encapsulate all their functionality into one large program are useful for mostcomputer users. They are usually easy to install, relatively easy to understand, and fairly easy torun. At times, a user can downloadadd-ons for them, but this is all done behind the scenes withminimal interaction and effort from that user. All-in-one softwarepackages like these are availablefor many purposes, from document management to 3D modelingand image rendering.

Software packagemay refer to: Package (package management system),

A piece of application softwareor utility software

A software suite or collection of related application or utility software.
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Types of Software Packages 1.Word processor -Word processing is usually what leads people to using a computer for their work. Word processors will normally have the

following capabilities built into them:

Spell checking

Standard layouts for normal documents

Have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined

Center lines, make text line up on the left side of the paper, or the right side of the paper

Save the document so it can be used again

print the document.

Two of the most common word processing programs are WordPerfect and Microsoft Word.

2.Spreadsheets- The spreadsheet packages are designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheetsinclude:

Budgets

Payrolls

Grade Calculations

Address Lists

The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123.

3.Databases- Database programs are designed for these types of applications:

Membership lists

Student lists

Grade reports

Instructor schedules

All of these have to be maintained so you can find what you need quickly and accurately. Some of the most commonly used database programs areMicrosoft Access and dBASE.


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4.Graphic presentations-The presentation programs can make giving presentations and usingoverheads easier. Other uses include:

Slide Shows

Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor

Using Sound and animation in slide shows

The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft PowerPoint and HarvardGraphics.

5.Web Browsers -Web Browsers provide an easy to surf the Internet. Use search engines to find people, places, and things world-wide.

Create your own web page to tell the world about you and your job.

Advertise your company and special activities.

To date, no other planet has placed web pages on the webbut nothing should surprise you!Thetwo most popular web browsers are Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer.

6.Groupware- Groupware is a software that helps workgroups and teams collaborate to accomplishgroup assignments.Groupware is a category of general purpose application software that combines

a variety of software features and functions to facilitate collaboration.Groupware products rely onthe internet and corporate intranets and extranets to make collaboration possible on a global scaleby virtual teams located anywhere in the world.For example team members might use the Internetfor global email,project discussion forums and joint web page development

What do you mean by operating system? Describe three


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operating systems in detail. The most important system software package for any computer is its operating system. An

operating system is an integrated system of programs that manages the operations of theCPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system,

and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of

users.

The primary purpose of an operating system is to maximize the productivity of a computer

system by operating it in the most efficient manner. An operating system minimizes the

amount of human intervention required during processing. It helps your application

programs perform common operations such as accessing a network,entering data, saving and

retrieving files, and printing or displaying output. If you have any hands-on experience on a

computer, you know that the operating system must be loaded and activated before you can

accomplish other tasks. This emphasizes the fact that operating systems are the most

indispensable components of the software interface between users and the hardware of

their computer systems.

Th O i S


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Three Operating Systems

UNIX

Originally developed by AT&T, UNIX now is also offered by other vendors, including Solaris by Sun

Microsystems and AIX by IBM. UNIX is a multitasking, multiuser, network-managing operating systemwhose portability allows it to run on mainframes, midrange computers, and microcomputers. UNIX is

still a popular choice for Web and other network servers.

LINUX

Linux is a low-cost, powerful, and reliable UNIX-like operating system that is rapidly gaining market

share from UNIX and Windows servers as a high-performance operating system for network servers and

Web servers in both small and large networks. Linux was developed as free or low-cost shareware or

open-source software over the Internet in the 1990s by Linus Torvald of Finland and millions ofprogrammers around the world. Linux is still being enhanced in this way, but is sold with extra features

and support services by software vendors such as Red Hat, Caldera, and SUSE Linux. PC versions, which

support office software suites, Web browsers, and other application software, are also available.

Mac OS X

Actually based on a form of UNIX, the Mac OS X is the latest operating system from Apple for the iMac

and other Macintosh microcomputers. The Mac OS X version 10.2 Jaguar has an advanced graphical

user interface and multitasking and multimedia capabilities, along with an integrated Web browser, e-mail, instant messaging, search engine, digital media player, and many other features.


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Assignment

What do you mean by Microsoft office?

Define its attributes in detail with its use and

importance.

Define contemporary issues of e-commerce

in India with its counterparts in ASIA.

internetworked enterprise

Documents