internet undersea world
TRANSCRIPT
Yellow/AC-2
VSN
L TG
N-W
este
rn E
urop
e
VSNL TGN-Pacific
VSNL TGN-Pacific
VSNL TGN-Atlantic
VSNL TGN-Atlantic
VMSCS
TW1
TPC 5
TPC 5
TPC 5
TPC 5
TIS
TGN TIC
TAT-14
TAT-14
TAT-14
TAT-12/13
TAT-12/1
Sout
hern
Cro
ss
Southern Cross
Southern Cross
Sout
hern
Cro
ss
Sout
hern
Cro
ss
Southern Cross
Southern Cross
SAC/LAN
SAC/LAN
SAC/LAN
SAC/
LAN
SAC/
LAN
SAC/LAN
SAm-1
SAm-1
SAm-1
SAm-1
SAm
-1
SAm
-1
SeaMeW
e-4
SeaMeW
e-4
SeaMeWe-4
SeaMeW
e-3
SeaM
eWe-
3
SeaM
eWe-
3
SeaMeW
e-3
SeaMeWe-3
SAS-1
SAT-
3/W
ASC
SAT-
3/W
ASC
SAFE
PAC
PAC
PC-1
PC-1 PC-1
NorthStar
MAC
MAC
MedNautilus
Med Cable
Maya-1
Kuwait-Iran
KJCN
JASURAUS
Japan-U.S.
Japan-U.S.Japan-U.S.
i2icn
Hibernia Atlantic
Hibernia Atlantic
Guam-Philippines
Globe
Net
GlobeNet
GlobeNet
GlobeNetGl
obeN
et
GCN
Georgia-Russia
FOG
FLAG/Reach North Asia
Loop
FLAG FALCON
FLAG
Eur
ope-
Asia
FLAG Europe-Asia
FLAG Europe-Asia
FLAG
Eur
ope-
Asia
Fibralink
FA-1
FA-1
FARICE
EAC
EAC
EAC
EAC
Dumai-MelakaCable System
Columbus-III
China-U.S.
China-U.S.
China-U.S.
C2CcnC2Cc
n
C2Ccn
C2Cc
n
BSFOCS
BICS
Bahamas 2
Atla
ntis-
2
Atla
ntis-
2
Atla
ntis-
2
AC-1
AC-1
AC-1
ARCOS
Apollo
Apollo
APCN
-2
APCN-2
APCN
APCN
Antilles-Crossing
Americas-II
Americas-II
ALPAL-2
Alaska United West
Alaska United East
Australia-Japan
Qatar-U.A.E.
Bharat LankaCable System
Cayman-Jamaica
Atlas Offshore
Kodiak Kenai
WARF
Dhiraagu
MCN
Gemini–Bermuda
Matrix Cable System
AAG
AAG
AAG
ACS Alaska–Oregon
Caucasus Online Poti–Varna
CFX-
1
Gondwana-1
HSCS
SEA
KELTRA-2
MENA
MIC-1
Russia–JapanCable Network
EASSy
TE North
Telstra Australia–Hawaii
TEAMS
TPE
TPE
VSNL TGN Intra-Asia
VSNL TGN In
tra-A
sia
Greenland Connect
DANICE
SMPR-1
Hibernia Atlantic
AAG
APCN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
Gulf ofMexico
ArabianSea
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
INDIACHINA
CHINA
JAPAN JAPAN
AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
Guam
AFRICA
UNITEDSTATES
Mumbai
Odessa
Chennai
New York
Los Angeles
Miami
Seattle
Honolulu
Rio de Janeiro
Anchorage
Marseille
Hong KongTaipei
Shanghai
Sydney
Auckland
Luanda
Porto Novo
Djibouti
San Juan
Cayenne
Libreville
Gibraltar
Athens
Kuwait City
Muscat
Panamá
Doha
Mogadishu
Cape Town
Dar es Salaam
Caracas
Algiers
Accra
Dublin
Abidjan
Maputo
Lisbon
Dakar
Brussels
Kingston
Suva
Jakarta
Singapore
Manila
Noumea
Perth
Abu Dhabi
SeaMeW
e-3
JASURAUS
NEWZEALAND
NEWZEALAND
Guam
Hong KongTaipei
Shanghai
Pusan
Sydney
Auckland
Suva
Jakarta
Singapore
Manila
Noumea
Perth
Port HeadlandPort Headland
GWEN
60m
12m
Cables with a minimum capacity of 5 giga bytes a second under construction or working year-end 2007
Fibre-optic submarinecable systems
The internet’s undersea world
In-service
Planned
Damaged
India
Pakistan
The main countries affected in Wednesday’s event
50500500 10Capacity as of December 2007 (gbps)
1
1 - 49
50 - 199
200 - 999
1,000+
Estimated international bandwidth usage by country (gbps)
Sã
Colombo
SOURCE: TELEGEOGRAPHY.COM SUBMARINE CABLE MAP 2008. INTERNET STATISTICS FROM INTERNETWORLDSTATS.COM
The longest submarine cables
SeaMeWe-3
Southern Cross
China-US
FLAG Europe-Asia
South America-1
39,000 km
30,500 km
30,476 km
28,000 km
25,000 km
Tar-soaked nylon yarn
Taiwan, 2006Site of the previous biggest cable disaster, when under-ocean landslide cut nine cables between Taiwan and the Philippines, disabling net access for weeks
A ship’s anchor accidentally cuts two cables, SeaMeWe4 and FLAG Europe-Asia, reducing internet capacity in Asia by 75%
The first intercontinental telephony submarine cable system, TAT-1, connected North America to Europe in 1958 and had an initial capacity of 640,000 bytes per second. Since then, total trans-Atlantic cable capacity has soared to over 7 trillion bps
The vast majority of the world’s communications are not carried by satellites but an altogether older technology: cables under the earth’s oceans. As a ship accidentally wipes out Asia’s net access, this map shows how we rely on collections of wires of less than 10cm diameter to link us all together
The world’s cables in bandwidthCables of this strength are typically 69 mm in diameter and weigh over 10,000 kilograms a kilometer. In deeper waters, lighter and less insulated cables are used
Internet users affected by theAlexandria accident
World cable capacityThe SeaMeWe-3 system from Norden in Germany to Keoje, South Korea connects 32 different countries with 39 landing points
Submarine cable operators light (turn on) capacity on their systems to sell bandwidth to other carriers. Carriers buy extra capacity, mainly to hold in reserve. On the trans-Atlantic route 80% of the bandwidth is purchased, but only 29% is used
72%Internet %
7.1 tbpsTotal capacity
2.1 tbpsUsed capacity
5.7 tbpsPurchased capacity
6mEgypt
4.7mSaudiArabia
1.7mUAE
0.8mKuwait
0.3mQatar
0.2mBahrain
Alexandria, Wednesday
Optical fibres
Silicon gel
Copper sheath
Ultra-high strengthsteel wires
Buffering material(plastic/steel)
Galvanised armour wires
Nylon yarn bedding
Cross-section of a cable
1%Telephone calls
27%Private networks, owned by companies
What makes up“used capacity”?
Capacity in terabytesa second
INDIAN OCEAN
ASIAAsia has an enormous number of internet users: 501 million of the world’s 1.3 billion users. And it’s growing by 882% per year