internet tv station book sample

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I nternet TV

Systems

How to Setup and Run

System Opt ions Video Encoding

I nt ernet TV Equipm ent

Cont ent Licensing Program Product ion

Lawrence HarteRoger McGarrahanMichele Chander

Advertising

OTT Technology, Services, and Operation


2/40

How to Setup and Run

Internet TV Systems

By Lawrence Harte

Roger McGarrahan

Michele Chandler

Althos Publishing

Fuquay-Varina, NC 27526 USA

Telephone: 1-800-227-9681

Fax: 1-919-557-2261

email: [email protected]

web: www.Althos.com


3/40

Althos

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying recording

or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission

from the authors and publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a

review.

Copyright c 2010, 2011 By Althos Publishing

First Printing

Printed and Bound by Lightning Source, TN.

International Standard Book Number: 1-932813-47-0

Every effort has been made to make this manual as complete and as

accurate as possible. However, there may be mistakes both typographi-

cal and in content. Therefore, this text should be used only as a general

guide and not as the ultimate source of IP Television information.

Furthermore, this manual contains information on telecommunications

accurate only up to the printing date. The purpose of this manual to edu-

cate. The authors and Althos Publishing shall have neither liability nor

responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage

caused, or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by the information

contained in this book.


4/40

iii

About the Authors

Lawrence Harte is the president of Althos media and a televi-

sion technology and business expert. Mr. Harte is the editor

and publisher of IPTV Magazine, Mobile Video Magazine, and

author of over 100 books on communication technologies (more

than 20 on TV systems and technologies). He has interviewed

over 1100 companies that produce TV products and provide

services. Mr. Harte has designed, setup, and managed prod-ucts and invented patents on communication technologies. He has worked

for companies including Ericsson/General Electric, Audiovox/Toshiba and

Westinghouse and consulted for hundreds of other companies. Mr. Harte

holds many degrees and certificates include an Executive MBA from Wake

Forest University (1995) and a BSET from the University of the State of

New York, (1990).

Roger McGarrahan is co-founder and General Manager of

PathFinder World Video LLC which licenses linear channeland VOD programming from ethnic and niche television net-

works to CATV, Telco IPTV, Broadband IPTV, Mobile and

Hospitality television service providers. Prior to that Roger

was CEO of Thomson Broadcast & Multimedia, Inc.

(Thomson/Grass Valley) in charge of North America operations

and previously its General Counsel. Earlier Roger was legal counsel for

COMSAT RSI which specialized in the design and delivery of satellite com-

munication systems. In total, Roger has twenty years experience as execu-

tive management, operations management, and corporate counsel in the

broadcast, satellite and telecommunications industries.


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Michele Chandler is a media communication and industry

research expert. Ms. Chandler is the associate editor for IPTV

Magazine, Mobile Video Magazine, and Internet Marketing

Magazine. Since 2005, Michele has setup executive media

interviews with more than 1000 companies in the television

and mobile communication industries. She is a manager and

participates on several industry groups including Internet TV

Station, TV Advertising Technologies, and IPTV-Blog.net. Michele has a

Bachelors degree in Communication from North Carolina State University.

Internet TV Station

iv


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v

Acknowledgements

Many smart people have helped us to create this book. Several of them gave

substantial amounts of time to answer questions and shared their experi-

ence and knowledge with us. Some of these people include:

Christine Gallen at ABI Research, Michael Lantz from Accedo Broadband ,

Dean Kashlan of AcumenLink, Ric Brovedani at Alcatel Lucent , Jeremy

Deaner with Amberfin , Carl Walter Host with Appear TV, , Rick Duceyfrom BIA, Juan Carlos Rivero at Broadcom, Arthur Drevnig of Broadview ,

Don Gordon from Bulldog United , Scott Puopolo with Cisco, , Alex Terpstra

with Civolution,, David Kaiser with Coincident , Drew Becker from Convey

Media,, Mike Nann with Digital Rapids, Ben Weinberger at Digitalsmiths, ,

Doug Sheer at DIS Consulting , Raj Jaswa at Dyyno , Natalla Psakhie with

Elecard , Ameer Karim from Entone, Anton Monk from Entropic , Kirk

Edwardson at Espial, Alexander Iliev from Gracenote, Peter Maag from

Haivision, , Mark Reinhardt with Hargray , Sanjay Raman with Howcast ,

Scott Burnett with IBM , Toni Leiponen with Icareus , Isaac Calderan at

IGuGu , Kirk George with IneoQuest, Jeff Heynen and Kimberly Peinado

from Infonectics, Steve Outridge from Informa Telecoms and Media,Michael Sommer from Information Technologies, , Jennifer Hicks and

Alexandra Crabb with Ink Communications, Chris Moon from Innodigital,

Timothy Downs with Interwork Media Inc., , Todd Schuelke from Iomega,

Yariv Erel at JustAd.TV, , Joseph Wang with Lookee TV , Kimberly Sauceda

with Looxcie , Thomas Hughes from MGM , Jernimo Macans Candilejo

with MGMedia , Ted Malone at Microsoft , Mauro Bonomi from Minerva

Networks , Rob Gelphman with MoCA Alliance , David Grubb with Motorola

, Bob Saffari from Mozaik , Rick Brown with NC State University, , Chris

Wagner from Neulion,, Slava Levin and Konstantin Salenkov of NexTV,

Scott Brown from Octoshape, Ted Miller from Opera , Angela Scheller from

Packet Video , Rich Tarpley, Joel Suttles and Austin Snow of PathFinder TV

LLC, David Bramley, Ian Westover, and Gay Bell with Platform PR., GeorgeWehmann from Raleigh Television Network, , Todd Cochrane at Raw Voice,

Feng Chen from Rockchip, Jim Funk of Roku, Joe Ledlow at Scheduall,


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Dave Allred from Sezmi, Robert Saunders from Skitter TV , Paal Huff at

Snap TV,, Dennis Nugent and Steve Popper from STB Advertising , Frans

Blommestein of Telergy, Mark Myslinksi and Thomas Carey of Televue,

Andy Tarczon with The Diffusion Group(TDG) Research, Tom Weiss from

TV Genius,, Yonatan Sela with Tvinci, , Tom Rosenstein from Verivue,

Francois Saint-Martin with Viaccess,, Roy Kirsopp at Vidiom, , Jeff Cody

from Vidtonic, Brad Bitterman and Eric Berman of VTilt Digital, David

Netz at Wall Street Communications, Charles Herring from Wealth TV,

Dave Stubinvol from Wowza , Greg Fawson from XMediaResearch, Ron

Jocaby of Yahoo! , Dan Eakins from Zeitera.

Some of the key people at Althos publishing who helped create this bookinclude Carolyn Luck (Editor), Geovanny Solera (diagrams), Jon-Luke

Ramos (research), and Vivian McCarter (layout).

Internet TV Systems

vi


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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS AN INTERNET TV SYSTEM? . . . . . . 1

Internet TV Content Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Internet TV Service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Internet TV Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Internet TV Viewing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

TV CHANNEL TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Linear Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

On Demand Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Public Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Private Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

INTERNET TV CONTENT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Movie Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Network Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Independent Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Organizational Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

User Generated Content (UGC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

CHAPTER 2 - INTERNET TV SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

BROADCAST SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Linear Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Sponsored Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Advertising Funded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

vii


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SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Subscription Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Premium Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Tiered Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

ON DEMAND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Switched Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Live Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Download and Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Pay Per View (PPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Pay Per Period (PPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Interstitial Advertising (Interruption) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Overlay Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Skin Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

TELEVISION COMMERCE (T-COMMERCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Direct Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Affiliate Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Third Party Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

CHAPTER 3 - INTERNET TV CONTENT SOURCES . . . . . . . 21

Content Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Network Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Community Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Original Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

CONTENT PRODUCERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Movie Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Syndicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Production Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

TELEVISION NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Network Affiliate Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Network Content Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Network Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Ad Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

viii


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Table of Contents

ix

CONTENTAGGREGATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Content Brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Media Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Media Adaptation (Transcoding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Content Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

LOCAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Local News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Local Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Local Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Foreign Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Foreign TV Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Foreign Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

SPECIALTYCONTENT PRODUCERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Independent Filmmakers (Indies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

COMMUNITYCONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Public Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Shared Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

PUBLIC DOMAIN (PD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Expired Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Government Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Abandoned Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

ORIGINAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Remote Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Web Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Event Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

CHAPTER 4 - INTERNET TV VIEWING DEVICES . . . . . . . . 45

HYBRID TV BROADCAST SET TOP BOXES (HSTB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Broadcast Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Internet Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Application Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47


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INTERNET TV SET TOP BOXES (I-STB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Network Data Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Media Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

TV Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49


MULTIMEDIA PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Soft Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Operating System (OS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Media Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

PC Video to TV Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53MULTIMEDIA MOBILE TELEPHONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Broadband Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Microplayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Mobile Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Human Interface Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

CONNECTED TELEVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Media Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Connected TV Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Application Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58NETWORKED GAMING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60


Application Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

CONNECTED MEDIAPLAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Network Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62


Java Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62


Store Media Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

x


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Table of Contents

xi

CHAPTER 5 - INTERNET TV TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Media Capturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Packetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Packet Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Packet Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

SWITCHED DIGITALVIDEO (SDV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Physical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Logical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Unlimited Number of TV Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Application Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Session Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Network Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Link Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Protocol Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

AUDIO DIGITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Analog to Digital Conversion (Digitization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Sampling Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Bits per Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Fidelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Audio Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Surround Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Dolby Noise Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

VIDEO DIGITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Video Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Frame Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77


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MEDIACOMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Display Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Lossy Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Spatial Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Time Compression (Temporal Compression) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

DIGITAL MEDIAFORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Container Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Stream Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

VIDEO COMPRESSION FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

MPEG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

MPEG-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84MPEG-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Windows Media (VC-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Flash Video (FLV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

DivX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Motion JPEG (MJPEG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

AUDIO COMPRESSION FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

MPEG Layer 1 (MP1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

MPEG Layer 2 (MUSICAM MP2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

MPEG Layer 3 (MP3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

MPEG Layer 3 Pro (MP3Pro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Advanced Audio Codec (AAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Advanced Audio Codec Plus (AAC Plus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

MUTLIMEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

MPEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Elementary Streams (ES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Transport Streams (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Media Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

TV PROGRAM METADATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

TV Program Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Program Metadata Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Interstitial Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93TV Metadata Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

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PROGRAM GUIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Barker Channel List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Electronic Program Guides (EPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Interactive Program Guides (IPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

TRICKMODE (VIDEO PLAYER SPEED CONTROL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Multiple Bit Rate Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Timing Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Streaming Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Reference Key Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Location Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98IP Address Geocoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Delivery Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

PACKET TRANSMISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Packet Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Packet Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Packet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

PACKET LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Packet Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Packet Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

PACKET TIMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Transmission Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Packet Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Time Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Packet Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

TRANSMISSION TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Unicasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Multipoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

MULTICASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Group Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Multicast Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Mirror Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108


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PEERCASTING (GRIDCASTING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Peer Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Striping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Peercasting Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

PACKET RECEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Demultiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Packet Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Retransmission Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

RENDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Video Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Audio Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114RF Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

CHAPTER 6 - INTERNET TV SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

CONTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

HEADEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

VIEWING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

CONTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Connection Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Program Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

Program Transfer Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120HEADEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Media Decoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Switching System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Media Encoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Content Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Metadata Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Content Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Media Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

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PLAYOUT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Scheduling Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Streaming Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Media Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

AD INSERTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Insertion Opportunities (Avails) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Cue Tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Ad Splicer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Content Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Access Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Home Media Servers (HMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

HOME MEDIANETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Home Multimedia Service Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Home Media Network System Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

DEVICE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Device Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Communication Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Software Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

CHAPTER 7 - INTERNET TV SYSTEM OPERATION . . . . . 145

CONTENTACQUISITION STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Single Channel Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Multiple Channel Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

INGESTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Production Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

CONTENT MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Online (Real Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Nearline (Short Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Offline (Long Term) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

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PROGRAM SCHEDULING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Channel Lineup Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

On Demand Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Automatic Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

CONTENT DELIVERYNETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Back-up Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

New Subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Customer Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154Service Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Customer Care History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

ADVERTISING SALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Sales Prospecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Advertising Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Advertising Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Insertion Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

ORDER PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Third Party Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

CHAPTER 8 - INTERNET TV SYSTEM OPTIONS . . . . . . . . 161

Internet TV Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Integrated Internet TV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Custom Internet TV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

HOSTED INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

White Label Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Hosted Media Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Content Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Playout System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Subscriber Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Broadcaster Service Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

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INTEGRATED INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Integrated Turn-Key System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Pre-Configured Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Broadcast Software Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

CUSTOM INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Media Encoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Playout System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Media Production System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Billing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Software Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170Systems Integrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

CHAPTER9 - CONTENT PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Program Concept (Topic Idea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Preproduction Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Shooting (Recording) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Postproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Program Packaging (for Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

STORYBOARDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Program Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

CONTENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Original Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Stock Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Program Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

TALENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Production Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181


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STUDIO PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Television Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Studio Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Virtual Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Remote Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

VIDEO EDITING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Media Components Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Timeline Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

Remote Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

CHAPTER 10 - LIVE INTERNET TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Location Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Live Content Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Real Time Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

Live Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

LIVE EVENT PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Site Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Staff Introductions and Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Lighting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Equipment Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190LIVE MEDIAACQUISITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Live Video Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Microphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Production Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

LIVE MEDIAPRODUCTION CONSOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Console Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

LIVE BROADCAST COMMUNICATION LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Wired Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Wi-Fi Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Leased Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Mobile Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

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Satellite Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Intercoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

LIVE IP BROADCASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Media Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Media Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

CHAPTER 11 - INTERNET TV BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Subscriber Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Services List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Rate Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Advertising Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204Sales Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Revenue Sharing Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Invoicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Payment Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

SUBSCRIBER DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Subscriber Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207

Subscriber Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Subscriber Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Subscriber Communication History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208SERVICES DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Service Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Service Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

RATE PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Periodic Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

Transaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

Packages (Bundles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

ADVERTISING SALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Advertising Contract Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

Insertion Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Insertion Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

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Insertion Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Sales Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

EQUIPMENT BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Product Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Leasing Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Activation Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Service Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

ONLINE BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Online Account Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Pending Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Online Invoicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220Payment Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

RECURRING BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Billing Pre-Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

Payment Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

Payment Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

ROYALTYMANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Content License Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

License Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Revenue Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

BILLING SERVICE BUREAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Hosted Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225Mediation Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

Billing Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

CHAPTER 12 - INTERNET TV STATION MARKETING . . . 227

INTERNET TV STATION MARKETING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Viewership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Sales Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

Advertisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

INTERNET TV STATION PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Station Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

Channel Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

Program Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

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AFFILIATE MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Affiliate Partners (Publishers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Affiliate Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Affiliate Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

Affiliate Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

Affiliate Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

Affiliate Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

BANNERADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Banner Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Banner Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Banner Ad Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235SEARCH PAY PER CLICK (PPC) ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

PPC Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

PPC Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

Quality Score (QS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

VIRAL MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Viral Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

Seed Distribution List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

Copy Tag Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Referral Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

DIRECT MAIL PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Direct Mail Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241Direct Mail List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

Mail Stuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

Tracking Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

PUBLICITY PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Press Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

TALKSHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Publicity Agent (PR Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Program Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Talk Show Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Talk Show Guest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248Question List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Radio Talk Shows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

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SPONSORSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250

Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

Social Media Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

BLOG MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Blog Posting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

Blog Post Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253

Blog Post References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253

Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254

MICROBLOGGING (TWEETS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Account Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255Hashtags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Shortening URL Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Review Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Availability Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

DISCUSSION GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Topic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

Discussion Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

Earned Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

Internet TV Content References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

PROGRAM REVIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

EMAIL BROADCASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Targeted Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

Email Service Provider (ESP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

Internet TV Program Announcement Message . . . . . . . . . . . .264

Email Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

PROMOTIONALVIDEOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Storyboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Video Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Embedded Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Video Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Video Captions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267Video Transcriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Shared Video Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Promotional Video Optimization (PVO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

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CHAPTER 13 - INTERNET TV CONTENT LICENSING . . . 269

Entertainment Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

Licensing Aggregator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

LICENSE TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Transport License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

Use License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

TYPE OF USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

License Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

License Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

FREE-TO-AIR CONTENT LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Open Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273

Closed Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274

USE PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Release Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275

Distribution Time Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

Use Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

GEOGRAPHIC LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Access Network Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Geo-Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

AUTHORIZED MEDIAFORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279SUB-LICENSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

FEE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

REVENUEASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

CONTENT PROTECTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

INDEMNIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

CHAPTER 14 - INTERNET TV ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . 285

Advertisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

Broadcasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

Viewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

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INTERSTITIALADS (STANDARD TV ADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Linear Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

On Demand Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

Long Form Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

BUMPERADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Preroll Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

PostRoll Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

Pause Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

OVERLAYADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Logo Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Image Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291Transparent Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Scrolling Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

SQUEEZE BACK(SQUEEZEBACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Foreground Display Resizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Background Video Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

SKINADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Window Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

Player Skin Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

ADDRESSABLEADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

LOCATION BASEDADVERTISING (LBA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

IP Address Geographic Coding (IP Geocoding) . . . . . . . . . . . .297Ad Slot Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

Ad Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

INTERACTIVEADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Enhanced Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Dedicated Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Hosted Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

PROGRAM GUIDEADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Interstitial Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

Graphic Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

Preview Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

xxiv


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APPENDIX 1 - ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

APPENDIX 2 - SAMPLE RELEASE FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

APPENDIX 3 - MARKETING PLAN OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . 311

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Table of Contents

xxv


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Internet TV Systems

Authors: Lawrence Harte, Roger

McGarrahan, Michele ChandlerISBN: 1-932813-47-0Number of Pages: 352Number of Diagrams: 115

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Summary:

This book explains how to setup and runan Internet television system. Internet pro-tocol television (IPTV) is the transmission

of digital video and audio through Internetprotocol (IP) networks. This book makes iteasy for you to understand the technologyand business aspects of Internet TV. Youwill learn the technology basics such asvideo encoding, media production, andprogram scheduling.

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Covers:

Internet TV System Equipment

TV Station Hosting OptionsThe types of Video ConversionTV Station and Program PromotionsInternet TV Viewing OptionsHow to Obtain Interesting TV ProgramsWays to Produce Original ContentInternet TV Economics
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Chapter 1

What is An Internet TV System?

An Internet TV system is a transmission system that provides video and

audio (television) information on a communication channel that is delivered

through the public Internet. These television signals can be viewed in com-

puters, standard televisions (using an adapter), or other types of multime-

dia devices that can receive streaming video signals (such as game consoles).

Internet TV is sometimes referred to as over the top television (OTT)

because the TV signals travel over the top of the Internet rather than

through a broadcast television system.

Because Internet TV signals can reach many types of connected devices

located almost anywhere, virtually any company or person can become aglobal television provider. Internet TV Stations are similar to regular broad-

cast television stations, except they send TV signals through the Internet.

This book describes the way Internet TV operates, the types of equipment

needed, and how to run an Internet TV system.

Internet TV Content Sources

Internet TV content sources can range from live TV networks (such as CNN)

to niche, on-demand content from micro-producers. Internet TV systems can

deliver an unlimited number of channels as each television set only requires

one TV channel connection, which can be linked to any other TV source theInternet TV service operator (broadcaster) can provide.

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Internet TV Service Providers

Internet TV service providers obtain the rights to transmit media program-

ming to people that they allow to view their signals (free and/or paying sub-

scribers). While Internet TV service providers may focus on providing TV

services in geographic areas (such as where they own or control TV distrib-

ution rights), they can technically provide programming anywhere they can

reach customers through a broadband data connection.

Internet TV Distribution Systems

Internet TV distribution systems transfer media programs from content

sources to viewing devices. There are many types of systems that can dis-

tribute IP data packets, including telecom, wireless, cable TV systems,

power companies (data over power line), and competitive access providers

(such as new optical networks).

Internet TV Viewing Devices

Internet TV viewing devices can receive media in IP form and convert it into

media that can be viewed by users. IP viewing devices range from standardtelevisions that use digital media adapter boxes to convert IP video signals,

to mobile telephones with digital video viewing capabilities.

Figure 1.1 shows that Internet TV systems are composed of content

providers, broadband Internet connections, video viewing devices and

Internet TV service providers. The content providers include existing televi-

sion networks, on demand content providers (content aggregators), and

independent content provider companies. This example shows a distribution

networks that uses many types of systems to transfer IP video packets from

the content source to the viewing devices. IPTV viewing devices include

standard televisions (with adapters), multimedia computers and multime-

dia mobile devices. The Internet TV system operator manages how cus-

tomers can connect to the system and which services they can receive.

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Chapter 1

3

TV Channel Types

The types of TV channels that an Internet TV station can provide include

linear (scheduled) channels, on demand channels, public channels and pri-

vate channels.

Linear Channels

Linear channels are programs that are sent in a defined time sequence.

Linear channels can be a mixture of live content and scheduled content.

They are controlled by a playout system that identifies and selects the pro-

grams to play or stream during predetermined time slots.

Figure 1.1, Basic IPTV System


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On Demand Channels

On demand programming is providing or making available programs that

can be interactively requested and received by users. On demand content

may be provided in continuous (streaming) or downloaded formats. Viewers

(or their intelligent devices) control the selection and request of the playout

of on demand programs and content.

Public Channels

Public channels are a source of media that contains programs or content

that is made available to any person. An example of a public channel is the

broadcasting of television coverage of an event to any person who can con-

nect to the content source.

Private Channels

Private channels are a source of programs or content which are made avail-

able to people who have been authorized to receive the content. An example

of a private channel is the broadcasting of television coverage of a company

event to employees of the company that have registered to receive access.

Figure 1.2 shows some of the types of TV channels that are available on

Internet TV systems. Linear channels are prescheduled into time slots

(some are live events and others are stored programs). On demand channels

are programs that are available for the viewer to choose and view. Public

channels can be viewed by any person who can connect to the signal source.

Private channels are only available to people who have been authorized to

receive and view the content.

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Chapter 1

5

Internet TV Content Types

The types of content that are provided through Internet TV channels can

range from traditional TV content (rebroadcasted TV programs) to highly

specialized (niche) programs that only appeal to a small group of viewers.

Movie Studios

Movie studios are companies that produce long form programs (typically one

hour or longer). Movie studio productions tend to have high budgets (mil-

lions of dollars), and have tightly controlled distribution channels.

Distribution of movie studio content is commonly divided into release win-

dows such as movie theaters, pay per view, premium TV channels (such as

HBO), stored media (such as DVD or Blu-Ray), and other distribution chan-

nels. Movie studios may limit the distribution of their premium content to

more controlled, higher profit channels before allowing the content to

become available on Internet TV stations.

Figure 1.2, Types of Internet TV Channels


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Network Television

Television networks are organizations that create and provide programming

to local broadcast distribution systems (TV affiliate networks). While local

broadcasters may contribute to the cost of developing or acquiring network

program content (such as TV shows), most of the network television content

is primarily paid for by advertisers. While the redistribution of network tele-

vision programs through Internet TV channels may benefit advertisers, net-

work television operators may not allow their live or recent content to be dis-

tributed through Internet TV channels because it is difficult to earn adver-

tising revenue on channels that cannot be measured, and the distribution

may compete with existing Internet TV channels already provided by thenetwork television systems.

Independent Producers

Independent producers are companies or people that produce programs or

content that can be sold or licensed to other companies. Independent pro-

ducers tend to create specialty content in varying lengths. The content cre-

ated by independent producers may be shown at film festivals as a way to

attract potential buyers or distributors. Independent producers may be

highly motivated to have their content distributed on Internet TV systemsas a way to gain publicity for their programs.

Organizational Content

Organizational content is media that is produced by companies or groups to

help promote their products or services, or to communicate messages. Until

recently, organizations had limited distribution options for organizational

television content. Organizations such as manufacturers, business groups

and other types of companies are highly likely to be willing to develop and

provide content for distribution on Internet TV systems.

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Chapter 1

7

User Generated Content (UGC)

User generated content is information that is produced by users of similar

content (such as YouTube). A portion of user generated content may be suit-

able for Internet TV distribution. The cost to acquire the rights to such con-

tent may be low. However, creators of UGC are commonly unskilled in

media production, and they may not have obtained the necessary rights,

which may include location rights, release forms and music rights, to use the

content that they have created.

Figure 1.3 shows some of the content types that may be broadcasted by

Internet TV systems. Movie studios produce high value content that hascontrolled distribution channels. Television networks produce popular con-

tent that is primarily paid for by advertisers. Independent producers create

specialty programs. Organizations produce content related to the products

or services that they provide. User generated content (UGC) is produced by

the sample people that watch the content.

Figure 1.3, Internet TV Content Types


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8

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Chapter 2

Internet TV Services

Internet TV services include broadcast (free) and subscription services (con-

trolled access), pay per view (on demand), advertising (video and other

forms), and television commerce (direct sales).

Figure 2.1 shows that Internet TV services can include a mixture of sub-

scription, broadcast (advertising based), on demand (transaction based), and

television commerce (t-commerce) services. Subscription services allow cus-

9

Figure 2.1, Internet TV Services


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tomers to pay a monthly fee for access to television content sources.

Advertising services can range from traditional one-way insert services to

interactive advertising services. Pay per view programming may charge cus-

tomers or sponsors a fee for the viewing of programming. Television com-

merce produces revenue from the direct sales transactions that occur

through the Internet TV system.

Broadcast Services

Broadcast service is the transmission of an information signal to devices or

people that can receive or connect to the broadcast source. Broadcastingallows the same information to be viewed by all customers that can suc-

cessfully receive and decode the information (such as within a geographic

area that can receive a radio broadcast signal).

Linear Channels

Linear channels are programs that are sent in a defined time sequence.

Linear channels may contain previously recorded media or live content. Live

content may actually be broadcasted on a short delay (such as a few seconds)

to allow for the censoring of content (muting of inappropriate words).

Sponsored Programming

Sponsored programs are media items, such as movies or games, which are

provided to consumers and paid for by other people or companies.

Companies may pay to sponsor the creation of programs that reference or

use their products or service. For example, a car manufacturer may pay to

sponsor a sports utility vehicle program that regularly or exclusively uses

cars that they manufacture.

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Chapter 2

11

Advertising Funded

An advertiser funded program is broadcasted or downloadable media con-

tent that is paid for by companies or people other than the broadcasting

entity that is transmitting the content. Some Internet TV broadcasters may

require their viewers to watch advertisements prior to granting access to the

programming.

Free view is a service that provides media content to viewers at no cost. The

development and broadcasting of free view content may be paid for by adver-

tising or grants.

Figure 2.2 shows that a broadcast service transmits programs at scheduled

times. Linear channels may consist of a mixture of stored content and live

content. Broadcasting may be paid for by sponsors, or through the insertion

of advertising into the programming.

Figure 2.2, Internet TV Broadcast Services


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Subscription Services

Subscription services are value-added services that provide or entitle a cus-

tomer to receive or gain access to services. Paid subscription services may be

provided on a periodic basis (such as monthly), and different rates may be

charged for groups of services (tiered programming).

Subscription Accounts

A subscription account is a unique identifier that designates a customer orcompany that has been established (subscribed), allowing them to continue

to receive products or services that are billed or posted to their account.

Premium Channels

Premium channels are media services (such as television programs) that are

offered as a supplement or upgrade to other services. Premium channels

may be provided as a bundled package (multiple channels), on a per chan-

nel subscription basis, or on a pay per view (PPV) basis.

Tiered Services

Programming tiers are the grouping (partitioning) of channels into specific

category levels that have similar service offers or content characteristics.

Tiered pricing is the assignment of value to products or services that are

offered for sale, that vary with specific characteristic ranges (tiers).

Figure 2.3 shows the typical rate plan for a TV system. This example shows

that a typical rate plan for TV service consists of several free local and

regional channels, which are paid for through monthly subscription ser-vices, as well as many pay per view channels.

12

Internet TV Systems


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Internet TV Systems

Authors: Lawrence Harte, Roger

McGarrahan, Michele ChandlerISBN: 1-932813-47-0Number of Pages: 352Number of Diagrams: 115

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Helpful Resources:

IPTVDictionary.com: Over 10,000 IPTV related terms and definitions

IPTV Magazine: Monthly TV news and solutions.

Internet TV Systems Tutorial: 25 Slides on Internet TV.

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