internet of things(iot) by thakur and pathania

1-1INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)The Internet helped people to connect with static information available but now it is helping to buildconnection from people to people, people to physical objects and physical objects to other physical objects.The speedy growth of Internet data is making networked connections more relevant and valuable. Also itcreates exciting business opportunities for industries. Almost all every area, every device, every sensor,every software are connected to each other. The ability to access these devices through a Smartphone orthrough a computer is called IoT (Internet of Things). These devices are accessed remotely. The Internetof things (IoT) is one of the top three technological advancements of the next decade together with themobile, internet and the automation of knowledge work.

The idea is that not only your computer and your Smartphone can talk to each other, but alsoall the things around you. From connected homes and cities to connected cars and machinesto devices that track an individual's behavior and use the data collected for new kind of services.

IoT is basically a platform where we connect everyday thingsembedded with electronics, software, and sensors to the internetenabling them to collect and exchange data. In this way, each ofyour devices will learning from the experiences of other devicesjust as humans do. The consumer products, durable goods, cars andtrucks, industrial and utility components, sensors, and other everydayobjects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerfuldata analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we worklive and play as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig.1.1. Internet of Things (IoT)

KEY TERMS . . . . .l Computer Network. A computer

network is a group of computerslinked to each other that enables thecomputer to communicate withanother computer and share theirresources, data, and appli-cations.

l Internet. The Internet is a massivenetwork of networks, a networkinginfrastructure. It connects millions ofcomputers together globally, forminga network in which any computer cancommunicate with any othercomputer as long as they are bothconnected to the Internet

1-2 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)


For example a user has a camera installed in his house he mightwant to check the video recordings and all the feeds through a webserver. Another example if a user detects some changes in therefrigerator the user can remotely adjust the temperature via theirphone.

1.1.1 Definition of IoTInternet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects makethemselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making orenabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they cancommunicate information about themselves. They can accessinformation that has been aggregated by other things, or they can becomponents of complex services. There is however no singleuniversal definition.

IoT is a network of physical objects. The internet is not only a network of computers but it has evolvedinto a network of device of all type and sizes. They are vehicles, smart phones, home appliances, toys,cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, animals, people and buildings. They all are connected,communicating and sharing information based on stipulatedprotocols in order to achieve smart reorganizations, positioning,tracing, safe and control and even personal real time onlinemonitoring , online upgrade, process control and administration.

We can define Internet of things is an internet of three things asshown in Fig.1.2: (a). People to people, (b) People to machine orthings, (c) Things or machine to things or machine, Interactingthrough internet."

Fig.1.2. IoT Internet of Three Things

‘‘The Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as a network of physical objects called ‘‘things’’that are embedded with software, electronics, network and sensors which allows these objectsto collect and exchange data without any human intervention.’’

KEY POINTS . . . . .What are the requirements for IoTNetworks?

l The capacity to connect a largenumber of heterogeneous elements

l High reliabilityl Real-time data transmission with

minimum delaysl The ability to protect all data flowsl The ability to configure applicationsl Monitoring and traffic management at

the device levell Cost-effectiveness for a large number

of connected objects

KEY TERMS . . . . .Where is IoT used?l The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-

networking of physical devices,vehicles, smart-devices, building, andother items embedded withelectronics, software, sensors,actuators, and network connectivitywhich enable these objects to collectand exchange data.

What is Physical Object?l Physical objects are the ‘‘things’’ that

are embedded with software,electronics, network and sensorswhich allow these objects to collectand exchange data without anyhuman intervention.

What is automation and control?l Automation or automatic control is

the use of various control systems foroperating equipment such asmachinery, processes in factories,boilers and heat treating ovens,switching on telephone networks,steering and stabilization of ships,aircraft and other applications andvehicles with minimal or reducedhuman.



‘‘Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through wired and wirelessnetworks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet’’

– McKinsey

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits networking, sensing, bigdata, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or service.These systems allow greater transparency, control and performance when applied to anyindustry or system.

IoT is defined as a system of interrelated Physical Objects, Sensors, Actuators, Virtual Objects,People, Services, Platforms, and Networks that have separate identifiers and an ability totransfer data independently.

The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything andanyone ideally using any path/network and any service as shown in Fig. 1.3.

Fig.1.3. IoT Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything

The Internet of things will involve a massive build-out of connecteddevices and sensors woven into the fabric of our lives and businesses.Devices deeply embedded in public and private places will recognizeus and adapt to our requirements for comfort, safety, streamlinedcommerce, entertainment, education, resource conservation,operational efficiency and personal well-being. IoT systems haveapplications across industries through their unique flexibility andability to be suitable in any environment. They enhance datacollection, automation, operations, and much more through smartdevices and powerful enabling technology.

KEY POINTS . . . . .IoT devices can range from simple tocomplex. Here are some examples of IoTdevices which will be used within thisbook:

l A smart door is an electronic doorwhich can be sent commands to belocked or unlocked remotely. It canalso report on its current state (OPEN,CLOSED or LOCKED),

l A Bell can be sent a command toactivate and ring for a short period.

l A Motion Sensor can be queried toreturn the number of people whohave passed by since it was last reset.

l A Smart Lamp can be switched on oroff remotely. It can also report on itscurrent state (ON or OFF). Whenswitched on, a Motion Sensor withinthe device checks to see if light isneeded and will dim if no-one isnearby. Furthermore the device canbe report on the current luminosityof the bulb.

As you can see, the Bell is an exampleof a pure actuator, as it only reacts tothe given commands. Meanwhile theMotion Sensor is an example of a puresensor, since it will only report on thestate of the world as it sees it. Theother two devices are able to bothrespond to commands and report onstate in a meaningful way.



1.1.2. History of IoTThe term Internet of Things is 20 years old. But the actual idea of connected devices had been aroundlonger at least since the 1970s. Back then the idea was often called embedded internet. But the actual termInternet of Things was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 during his work at Procter & Gamble.

1970 - The actual idea of connected devices was proposed.

1990 - John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet.

1995 - Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M.

1999 - The term Internet of Things was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G which becamewidely accepted. Ashton who was working in supply chain optimization, wanted to attract seniormanagement's attention to a new exciting technology called RFID. Because the internet was thehottest new trend in 1999 and because it somehow made sense, he called his presentation Internetof Things.

2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian, Boston Globe, and ScientificAmerican.

2005 - UN’s International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report on this topic.2008 - The Internet of Things was born.

2010 - The concept of IoT started to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010. Information leakedthat Google's StreetView service had not only made 360 degree pictures but had also stored tonsof data of people's Wifi networks. People were debating whether this was the start of a newGoogle approach to not only index the internet but also index the physical world.

2011 - Gartner the market research company includes The Internet of Things technology in their research.

2014 - The term Internet of Things reached mass market awareness when in January 2014 Googleannounced to buy Nest. At the same time the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegaswas held under the theme of IoT.

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF IOTThe most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement,and small device use as shown in Fig.1.4.

Fig.1.4. IoT Features



1. Artificial Intelligence. The AI - IoT technically makes thingssmart, meaning that it enhances different aspects of life throughproper usage of that data, networks, and algorithms. This can rangefrom something as simple as improving or enhancing yourrefrigerator by embedding it with sensors that automatically detectwhen milk and eggs run low and to then place an order with yourchoice of the grocer to automatically send them over. For companiesto realize the full potential of IoT enablement they need to combineIoT with rapidly advancing Artificial Intelligence (#AI) technologiesas shown in Fig.1.5, which enable smart machines to simulateintelligent behavior and make well informed decisions with little orno human intervention.

Fig.1.5. AI and IoT

2. Connectivity. It is new enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT networking, meannetworks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller andcheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.

3. Sensors. The true essence of IoT would not hold effective or true without sensors. IoT would not bepossible without sensors which will detect or measure any changes in the environment to generate datathat can report on their status or even interact with the environment. The Fig.1.6 shown some types ofsensor used in IoT. Sensing technologies provide the means to create capabilities that reflect a true awarenessof the physical world and the people in it. The sensing information is simply the analogue input from thephysical world but it can provide the rich understanding of our complex world.

KEY TERMS . . . . .Artificial Intelligence. Artificialintelligence (AI) is an area of computerscience that emphasizes the creation ofintelligent machines that work and reactslike humans. Some of the activitiescomputers with artificial intelligence aredesigned for include:l Speech recognitionl Learningl Planningl Problem solving

Sensor. A sensor is a device that detectsand responds to some type of input fromthe physical environment. The specificinput could be light, heat, motion,moisture, pressure, or any one of a greatnumber of other environmentalphenomena. The output is generally asignal that is converted to human-readabledisplay at the sensor location ortransmitted electronically over a networkfor reading or further processing.



Fig. 1.6. Types of Sensor

4. Active engagement. Today's interaction between different connected technologies happens throughpassive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product or service engagement.

5. Devices. Devices are more powerful, cheaper and smaller over time Internet of Things purposely makesuse of small devices to deliver its scalability, versatility, and accuracy. Internet of Things (IoT) devicessupport the expansion of internet connection beyond the usual standard devices like computers, laptops,smartphones etc. These IoT devices are purely integrated with high definition technology which makes itpossible for them to communicate or interact over the internet smoothly and can also be managed andcontrolled remotely when required. There are several advantages of these smart devices and some of themare given below.

(a) IoT encourages the interaction between devices called as a machine to machine interaction.

(b) It provides good automation and control.

(c) Integrated with more technical information so it is better to operate.

(d) IoT possesses strong monitoring feature.

(e) It saves a lot of time.

(f) IoT helps to save more money by reducing manual task and time.

(g) Automating daily life tasks makes good monitoring of devices.

(h) Increased efficiency and time-saving.

(i) With good features make a better quality of life.

1.2.1 Some other FeaturesA brief review of these features is given below:

1. Dynamic changes. The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connectedand disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover the number ofdevices can change dynamically.

2. Heterogeneity. Heterogeneity in Internet of Things as one of the key characteristics. Devices in IoT are



based on different hardware platforms and networks and can interact with other devices or service platformsthrough different networks. IoT architecture should support direct network connectivity betweenheterogeneous networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through differentnetworks.

3. Self-adapting. IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changingcontexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user's context or sensed environment. Forexample, consider a surveillance system comprising of a number of surveillance cameras. The surveillancecameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night. Cameras could switch from lowerresolution to higher resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras to do thesame. In this example, the surveillance system is adapting itself based on the context and changing (e.g.,dynamic) conditions.

4. Security. IoT devices are naturally vulnerable to security threats. As we gain efficiencies and otherbenefits from the IoT, it would be a mistake to forget about security concerns associated with it. There isa high level of transparency and privacy issues with IoT. It is important to secure the endpoints, thenetworks and the data that is transferred across all of it means creating a security paradigm.

5. Enormous scale. The number of devices that need to be managedand that communicate with each other will be at least an order ofmagnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet.Even more critical will be the management of the data generatedand their interpretation for application purposes. This relates tosemantics of data as well as efficient data handling.

6. Integrated into information network. IoT devices are usuallyintegrated into the information network that allows them tocommunicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.The devices can be dynamically discovered in the network by otherdevices and the network and have the capability to describethemselves and their characteristics.

7. Unique identity. Each IoT device has a unique identity and aunique identifier such as an IP address or a URL. IoT systems mayhave intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context; allowcommunicating with users and the environmental contexts. IoTdevice interfaces allow users to query the devices, monitor theirstatus, and control them remotely, in association with the control,configuration and management infrastructure.

1.2.2. Challenges of IoTIoT is a universe of connected things providing key physical data and further processing of that data in thecloud to deliver business insights. They present a huge opportunity for many players in all businesses andindustries. Many companies are organizing themselves to focus on IoT and the connectivity of their futureproducts and services. For the IoT industry to flourish there are five categories of challenges to overcomeand this is true for any new trend in technology not only IoT: technology, business, society, privacy andstandard.

1. Technology. This part is covering all technologies needed to make IoT systems function smoothly as astandalone solution or part of existing systems and that's not an easy mission. As Fig 1.7 shown there aremany technological challenges, including security, connectivity, compatibility and longevity, standards

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is the scope of IoT?"Internet of Things can connect devicesembedded in various systems to theinternet. When devices/objects canrepresent themselves digitally, they can becontrolled from anywhere. Theconnectivity then helps us capture moredata from more places, ensuring moreways of increasing efficiency.

Why IoT ?

l Universal inter-networking

l Acts as technology integrator. Flexibleconfiguration.

l Integrating human society andphysical systems.

l Improves the resource utilization ratio.

l Dynamic control of industry and dailylife.



and intelligent analysis and actions.

Fig.1.7. Technological Challenges

(a) Security. IoT has already turned into a serious security concern that has drawn the attention of firmsand government agencies across the world. The hacking of baby monitors, smart fridges, thermostats,drug infusion pumps, cameras and even the radio in your car are signifying a security nightmare beingcaused by the future of IoT.

(b) Connectivity. Connecting so many devices will be one of thebiggest challenges of the future of IoT. It will defy the very structureof current communication models and the underlying technologies.At present we rely on the centralized, server/client paradigm toauthenticate, authorize and connect different nodes in a network.

(c) Compatibility and Longevity. IoT is growing in many differentdirections, with many different technologies competing to becomethe standard. This will cause difficulties and require the deploymentof extra hardware and software when connecting devices.

(d) Standards. Technology standards which include networkprotocols, communication protocols, and data-aggregation standards,are the sum of all activities of handling, processing and storing thedata collected from the sensors. This aggregation increases the valueof data by increasing, the scale, scope, and frequency of dataavailable for analysis.

(e) Intelligent analysis and actions. The last stage in IoTimplementation is extracting insights from data for analysis. Theanalysis is driven by cognitive technologies and the accompanyingmodels that facilitate the use of cognitive technologies.

2. Business. The bottom line is a big motivation for starting, investing and operating any business, withouta sound and solid business model for IoT. This model must satisfy all the requirements for all kinds of e-commerce vertical markets, horizontal markets, and consumer markets. But this category is always avictim of regulatory and legal scrutiny. IoT can be divided into 3 categories, based on usage and clientsbase as shown in Fig.1.8.

(a) Consumer IoT. It includes the connected devices such as smart cars, phones, watches, laptops, connectedappliances, and entertainment systems.

(b) Commercial IoT. It includes things like inventory controls, device trackers, and connected medicaldevices.

(c) Industrial IoT. It covers such things as connected electric meters, waste water systems, flow gauges,pipeline monitors, manufacturing robots, and other types of connected industrial devices and systems.

KEY POINTS . . . . .How does IoT help in our life?

l Along with advanced data analytics,IoT-enabled devices and sensors arehelping us reduce air pollution in someof our world's biggest cities, improveagriculture and our food supply, andeven detect and contain deadlyviruses.

How are IoT devices connected?

l The IoT device will typically beconnected to an IP network to theglobal Internet. Commercial IoTwhere local communication istypically either Bluetooth or Ethernet(wired or wireless). The IoT device willtypically communicate only with localdevices

How many IoT devices will there be in2020?

l The number of IoT devices that areactive is expected to grow to 10 billionby 2020and 22 billion by 2025.



Fig. 1.8. Categories of IoT

So it is important to understand the value chain and business model for the IoT applications for eachcategory of IoT.

3. Society. Understanding IoT from the customers and regulators prospective is not an easy task for thefollowing reasons:

(a) Customer demands and requirements change constantly.

(b) New uses for devices as well as new devices and grow at breakneck speeds.

(c) Inventing and reintegrating must-have features and capabilities are expensive and take time andresources.

(d) The uses for Internet of Things technology are expanding and changing-often in uncharted waters.

(e) Each of these problems could put a dent in consumers' desire to purchase connected products,which would prevent the IoT from fulfilling its true potential.

(f) Lack of understanding or education by consumers of best practices for IoT devices security to helpin improving privacy, for example change default passwords of IoT devices.

4. Privacy. The IoT creates unique challenges to privacy, many that go beyond the data privacy issues thatcurrently exist. This is becoming more prevalent in consumer devices, such as tracking devices for phonesand cars as well as smart televisions. In terms of the latter, voice recognition or vision features are beingintegrated that can continuously listen to conversations or watch for activity and selectively transmit thatdata to a cloud service for processing, which sometimes includes a third party. The collection of thisinformation exposes legal and regulatory challenges facing data protection and privacy law.

5. Regulatory standards. Regulatory standards for data markets are missing especially for data brokers.They are companies that sell data collected from various sources. Even though data appear to be thecurrency of the IoT, there is a lack of transparency about who gets access to data and how those data areused to develop products or services and sold to advertisers and third parties. There is a need for clearguidelines on the retention, use and security of the data including metadata.

1.2.3. Advantages of IoTThe advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. The key benefits of IoT technologyare as follows:

1. Technical optimization. IoT technology helps a lot in improving technologies and making them better.For example with IoT a manufacturer is able to collect data from various car sensors. The manufactureranalyzes them to improve its design and make them more efficient.

2. Data. The more the information, the easier it is to make the right decision. Knowing what to get from



the grocery while you are out, without having to check on your own,not only saves time but is convenient as well.

3. Improved data collection. Traditional data collection has itslimitations and its design for passive use. IoT facilitates immediateaction on data.

4. Reduced waste. IoT offers real-time information leading toeffective decision making & management of resources. For example,if a manufacturer finds an issue in multiple car engines, he can trackthe manufacturing plan of those engines and solves this issue withthe manufacturing belt.

5. Tracking. The computers keep a track both on the quality andthe feasibility of things at home. Knowing the expiration date ofproducts before one consumes them improves safety and quality oflife. Also, you will never run out of anything when you need it at thelast moment.

6. Improved customer engagement. IoT allows you to improvecustomer experience by detecting problems and improving theprocess.

7. Money. The financial aspect is the best advantage. This technologycould replace humans who are in charge of monitoring andmaintaining supplies.

1.2.4. Disadvantages IoT1. Security. IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected devices. However, during this process, thesystem may offer little authentication control despite sufficient security measures.

2. Privacy. The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of personal data, in extreme detail, without theuser's active participation. This creates lots of privacy issues.

3. Flexibility. There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of an IoT system. It is mainly regardingintegrating with another system as there are many diverse systems involved in the process.

4. Complexity. The design of the IOT system is also quite complicated. Moreover, it's deployment andmaintenance also not very easy. There are several opportunities for failure with complex systems. Forexample, both you and your spouse may receive messages that the milk is over and both of you may endup buying the same. That leaves you with double the quantity required. Or there is a software bug causingthe printer to order ink multiple times when it requires a single cartridge.

5. Compliance. IOT has its own set of rules and regulations. However, because of its complexity, the taskof compliance is quite challenging.

6. Safety. There is a chance that the software can be hacked and your personal information misused. Thepossibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account details being hacked could putyou at risk. Hence, all the safety risks become the consumer's responsibility.

1.2.5. How IoT works?The entire IoT process starts with the devices themselves like smartphones, smartwatches, electronicmachine like TV, Washing Machine which helps you to communicate with the IOT platform as shown inFig.1.9. Here, are four fundamental components of an IoT system:

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is the future of IoT?l IoT devices will be a huge part of how

we interact with basic everydayobjects. In just one year alone, wewent from having 5 million IoT devicesconnected to the internet to billions.The future is happening now, andthese devices are getting smarterevery day through machine learningand artificial intelligence.

Does IoT always need Internet?l The network supports a range IoT

applications suited to devices inmotion or remote locations, or thatmust be secure before connection tothe cloud. Because USSD is featurein all cellular networks, it can providesecure IoT connectivity withoutinvolving the Internet.

Are IoT devices secured?l When your individual devices are

secure, the main point of entry intoyour IoT is going to be through yourmain network. . It is likely that yourcomputer's operating system (OS) hassome sort of firewall software, but thiswon't protect the other devices onyour network.



Fig.1.9 How IoT Works

1. Sensors/Devices. Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live data from thesurrounding environment. All this data may have various levels of complexities. It could be a simpletemperature monitoring sensor or it may be in the form of the video feed.

A device may have various types of sensors which performs multiple tasks apart from sensing. Example,A mobile phone is a device which has multiple sensors like GPS, camera but your smartphone is not ableto sense these things.

2. Connectivity : All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The sensors should be connectedto the cloud using various mediums of communications. These communication mediums include mobileor satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.

3. Data Processing : Once that data is collected, and it gets to thecloud, the software performs processing on the gathered data. Thisprocess can be just checking the temperature, reading on deviceslike AC or heaters. However, it can sometimes also be very complexlike identifying objects, using computer vision on video.

4. User Interface : The information needs to be available to theend-user in some way which can be achieved by triggering alarmson their phones or sending them notification through email or textmessage. The user sometimes might need an interface which activelychecks their IOT system. For example, the user has a camera installedin his home. He wants to access video recording and all the feedswith the help of a web server.

However, it's not always one-way communication. Depending onthe IoT application and complexity of the system, the user may alsobe able to perform an action which may create cascading effects.For example, if a user detects any changes in the temperature of therefrigerator, with the help of IOT technology the user should able toadjust the temperature with the help of their mobile phone.

1.3. APPLICATIONS OF IOTTo the public IoT currently appears to be a mixture of smart home applications, wearables and an industrialIoT component. But actually it has the potential to have a much wider reach. When the connected worldbecomes reality, the Internet of Things will transform nearly all major segments - from homes to hospitalsand from cars to cities. IoT has many applications, but we will cover top IoT Applications with uses asshown in Fig.1.10.

KEY POINTS . . . . .How do I protect my IoT devices?Here are some precautions you shouldtake to protect your IoT devices.

l Set passwords. Not many peopleknow they can set passwords for IoTdevices, making their gadgets easy tohack.

l Disable Universal Plug and Play(UPnP) .

l Create a separate network. .

l Update your firmware.

l Unplug it.

How can I learn IoT programming?Here are six tips from IoT experts on howto break into a career developingconnected devices.

l Gain a deep understanding of sensors.

l Focus on user interface.

l Learn JavaScript or Python.

l Play with a Raspberry Pi.

l Find a community.

l Keep your skills cutting edge.



Fig.1.10. IoT Applications.

1.3.1. IoT — Smart Home ApplicationsWhenever we think of IoT systems, the most important and efficientapplication that stands out every time is smart home ranking ashighest IoT application on all channels. The number of peoplesearching for smart homes increases every month. Another interestingthing is that the database of smart homes for IoT Analytics includes256 companies and startups. The smart home or "Home automation"describes the connectivity inside our homes. It includes thermostats,smoke detectors, lightbulbs, appliances, entertainment systems,windows, door locks, and much more as shown in Fig.1.11. Popularcompanies include Nest, Apple, Philips, and Belkin.

Fig.1.11. Smart Home - IoT Applications

From improving security to decreasing energy and maintenance costs, there are many companies offers awide range of advanced IoT technologies for controlling and monitoring of smart homes and intelligentbuildings. Some of IoT smart home applications are:

(a) Access control (b) Light and temperature control(c) Energy optimization (d) Predictive maintenance(e) Connected appliances.

1.3.2. IoT ? Wearable ApplicationsThe wearables remain a new topic too among potential IOT applications. All acrossed the globe everyyear the consumers await the release of Apple' smart watch. Apart from this there are plenty of otherwearable devices that make our life easy such as the Sony Smart B Trainer or LookSee bracelet, the Myo

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is smart home using IoT?l A smart home is a residence that uses

internet-connected devices to enablethe remote monitoring andmanagement of appliances andsystems, such as lighting and heating.

Why do we need home automation?l In a time when we are all becoming

more environmentally aware, homeautomation provides a good solutionto help preserve our natural resources.Home automation products canreduce power consumption andautomatically turn off lights andappliances when they are not in use.

Can you have a smart home withoutInternet?l The good news is that yes you can set

up your smart home without aninternet connection. Most smart homedevices communicate with each othervia a different kind of wirelesstechnology to WiFi.



gesture control as shown in Fig. 1.12.

Fig.1.12. Wearable - IoT Applications

With the broadest range in the industry that provides highlycompetent low power solutions for the wearables market. Some ofIoT wearable applications are:

1. Entertainment 2. Fitness3. Smart Watch 4. Location and Tracking

1.3.3. IoT ? Smart City ApplicationsThe smart city like the name suggests is a very big innovation and spans a wide variety of use cases, fromwater distribution to traffic management to waste management, environmental monitoring, and urbansecurity. Smart City solutions promise to alleviate real pains ofpeople living in cities these days as shown in Fig.1.13. Like solvingtraffic congestion problems, reducing noise and pollution and helpingto make cities safer.

Fig. 1.13. Smart City -IoT Applications

KEY POINTS . . . . .Are Smartwatches IoT?l Wearable IoT devices, namely

smartwatches and fitness trackers, arethe among the most conspicuousexamples of Internet of Things (IoT)technology. According to a recent IoTtechnology survey from Clutch,wearables are used primarily forsingular functions such as checkingthe time and tracking exercise.

Can smartwatches work without phone?l It is possible to use a smartwatches

without a phone. Most smartwatchesincluding new Wear OS watches, aswell as Samsung's and Apple'swatches - can connect to a Wi-Finetwork. That means your watch doesnot have to be within Bluetooth rangeof your phone to use apps.

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is smart city using IoT?

l A smart city is considered smart dueto its inherent intelligence in dealingwith its resources and environment.It makes effective use of available‘‘Information and Communicationtechnologies’’, especially the ‘‘Internetof things (IOT)’’.

Which is the smart city in the world?

l Boston has been consistently rankedas one of the world's top-five smartcities since 2015. Boston is among thebest cities regarding governance,public management, and has beenranked No. 1 on human capital.

What makes a smart city smart?

l What Makes a City "Smart"? Smartcities use intelligent solutions tooptimize infrastructure and smart andresponsive governance to engagecitizens in the management of theircity. A system of sensors, networks,and applications collect useful data,like traffic congestion, energy use, andCO2 levels.



There are many industries, reducing the cost and resourceconsumption of IoT products for surveillance, lighting, centralizedand also integrated system control. Some of IoT smart cityapplications are:

1. Residential E-meters

2. Smart street lights

3. Pipeline leak detection

4. Traffic control

5. Surveillance cameras

6. Centralized and integrated system control

1.3.4. IoT ? Smart Grids ApplicationsSmart grids are another area of application that stands out as shownin Fig.1.14. A future smart grid promises to use information aboutthe behaviors of electricity suppliers and consumers in an automatedfashion to improve the efficiency, reliability and economics ofelectricity.

Fig. 1.14. Smart grids -IoT Applications

KEY POINTS . . . . .What do smart grids do?l The grid refers to the electric grid, a

network of transmission lines,substations, transformers and morethat deliver electricity from the powerplant to your home or business. It'swhat you plug into when you flip onyour light switch or power up yourcomputer.

Why smart grid is important?l A smart grid can help utilities conserve

energy, reduce costs, increasereliability and transparency, and makeprocesses more efficient. Theincreasing use of IT-based electricpower systems, however, increasescyber security vulnerabilities, whichincreases cyber security's importance.

What is two way communications insmart grid?l A two-way communications

infrastructure that can network one ormore parts of the smart grid via secure,high speed, high bandwidthconnections. This infrastructuresystem serves as the backbone of thecustomer systems, AMI, distribution,and transmission smart grid systems.



1.3.5. IoT ? Industrial Internet ApplicationsOne way to think of the Industrial Internet is, as connecting machinesand devices in industries such as power generation, oil, gas, andhealthcare. It is also made use of in situations where unplanneddowntime and system failures can result in life-threatening situations.A system embedded with the IoT tends to include devices such asfitness bands for heart monitoring or smart home appliances. Thesesystems are functional and can very well provide ease of use but arenot reliable because they do not typically create emergency situationsif a downtime was to occur.

1.3.6. IoT ? Connected Health (Digital Health)Applications

The connected car technology is a vast and an extensive network ofmultiple sensors, antennas, embedded software and technologiesthat assist in communication to navigate in our complex world (asshown in Fig.1.15). It has the responsibility of making decisionswith consistency, accuracy and speed. It also has to be reliable. Thebattle is on for the car of the future. Whether it is self-driving or justdriver-assisted: Connectivity with other cars, mapping services, ortraffic control will play a part. Next generation in-car entertainmentsystems and remote monitoring are also interesting concepts to watchas shown in 1.15 and it is not only large auto-makers that play arole: Google, Microsoft, and Apple have all announced connectedcar platforms.

Fig.1.15 Connected Car-IoT Applications

1.3.7. IoT ? Connected Health (Digital Health) ApplicationsThe concept of a connected health care system and smart medical devices bears enormous potential, notjust for companies also for the well-being of people in general. It is new kinds of real-time health monitoringand improved medical decision-making based on large sets of patient data are some of the envisionedbenefits. It has the potential to improve how physicians deliver care and also keep patients safe andhealthy as shown in Fig. 1.16. Healthcare IoT can allow patients to spend more time interacting with theirdoctors by which it can boost patient engagement and satisfaction. From personal fitness sensors to surgicalrobots, IoT in healthcare brings new tools updated with the latest technology in the ecosystem that helpsin developing better healthcare. IoT helps in revolutionizing healthcare and provides pocket-friendly

KEY POINTS . . . . . What are connected cars IoT?l Vehicle to Cloud (V2C) technology

exchanges information about and forapplications of the vehicle with acloud system. This allows the vehicleto use information from other, thoughthe cloud connected industries likeenergy, transportation and smarthomes and make use of IoT.

Are self driving cars IoT?l The concept of self-driving cars has

always intrigued many people. Theseautonomous vehicles require anenormous quantity of data collectingand processing. In this case, throughIoT, the driverless car sharesinformation about the road (which hasalready been mapped out).

What do self driving cars do?l Self-driving vehicles are cars or trucks

in which human drivers are neverrequired to take control to safelyoperate the vehicle. Also known asautonomous or "driverless" cars, theycombine sensors and software tocontrol, navigate, and drive thevehicle.

How do driverless cars help theenvironment?l Yes, most of the driverless vehicles

being driven (and test-driven) todayare already fully electric. ...Autonomous cars use significantly lessgas and energy when driving,compared to a vehicle driven by ahuman. Most gas is burned whendriving at high speeds, braking, andre-accelerating excessively.



solutions for the patient and healthcare professional.

Fig.1.16. Digital Health IoT Applications

Many industries are shaping technology to enhance the accessibilityand the quality of digital products that are transforming the healthand also fitness industries. Some of IoT digital health applicationsare :

1. Remote monitoring2. Ambulance telemetry3. Drug tracking4. Hospital asset tracking5. Access control6. Predictive maintenance

1.3.8. IoT ? Smart Retail ApplicationsRetailers have started adopting IoT solutions and using IoTembedded systems across a number of applications that improvestore operations such as increasing purchases, reducing theft,enabling inventory management, and enhancing the consumer'sshopping experience. Through IoT physical retailers can competeagainst online challengers more strongly(as shown in Fig.1.17). Theycan regain their lost market share and attract consumers into thestore, thus making it easier for them to buy more while saving money.

Fig. 1.17 Smart Retail- IoT Applications

1.3.9. IoT ? Energy ApplicationsThe optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply to energy consumption. IoT allows a widevariety of energy control and monitoring functions, with applications in devices, commercial and residentialenergy use, and the energy source. Optimization results from the detailed analysis previously unavailable

KEY POINTS . . . . .How IoT is used in healthcare?

l IoT explores new dimensions ofpatient care through real-time healthmonitoring and access to patients'health data. This data is a goldminefor healthcare stakeholders toimprove patient's health andexperiences while making revenueopportunities and improvinghealthcare operations.

What does IoT stand for in medicalterms?

l The internet of things, or IoT, is asystem of interrelated computingdevices, mechanical and digitalmachines, objects, animals or peoplethat are provided with uniqueidentifiers (UIDs) and the ability totransfer data over a network withoutrequiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

KEY POINTS . . . . .How is IoT used in retail?

l By monitoring inventory andtransmitting data about itemsmovements and whereabouts to anIoT platform, the system can provideretailers with information aboutcustomer needs and preferences,showing them ways to improve theirservices, increase customerinteractions, and boost sales.

What is smart retail in IoT?

l At its most basic, the Internet of Things(IoT) is a network of connectedphysical objects embedded withsensors. IoT allows these devices tocommunicate, analyze and share dataabout the physical world around usvia networks and cloud-basedsoftware platforms.



to most organizations and individuals. The energy sources for massive IoT applications are shown inFig. 1.18.

Fig.1.18 Energy sources for IoT Applications

1. Residential Energy. The rise of technology has driven energycosts up. Consumers search for ways to reduce or controlconsumption. IoT offers a sophisticated way to analyze and optimizeuse not only at device level, but throughout the entire system of thehome. This can mean simple switching off or dimming of lights, orchanging device settings and modifying multiple home settings tooptimize energy use. IoT can also discover problematic consumptionfrom issues like older appliances, damaged appliances, or faultysystem components. Traditionally, finding such problems requiredthe use of often multiple professionals.

2. Commercial Energy. Energy waste can easily and quietly impact business in a major way, given thetremendous energy needs of even small organizations. Smaller organizations wrestle with balancing costsof business while delivering a product with typically smaller margins, and working with limited fundingand technology. Larger organizations must monitor a massive, complex ecosystem of energy use thatoffers few simple, effective solutions for energy use management.

1.3.10. IoT - Transportation ApplicationAt every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved communication, control, and data distribution.These applications include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs, and other equipment. Itextends throughout the entire system of all transportation elements such as traffic control, parking, fuelconsumption, and more.

The number one concerns of traffic is handling congestion, decreasing accidents, and parking. IoT allowsus to better take a look at and analyze the go with the flow of visitors through gadgets in any respect trafficcommentary factors. It aids in parking with the aid of making storage glide obvious whilst present-daytechniques offer little if any statistics. Accidents usually end result from more than a few of factors, but,visitors' management impacts their frequency. Production sites, poor rerouting, and a lack of facts abouttraffic reputation are all issues that result in incidents. IoT provides solutions within the shape of higher

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is Smart Energy in IoT?

l The IOT solution, Smart EnergyTelecontrol also allows users toincrease their savings in energyconsumption thanks to a centralizedremote control of the systems installedon the premises of our customers'systems such as: lighting, cooling,heating, ventilation, automated officeequipment, etc



facts sharing with the general public, and among diverse eventsdirectly affecting road visitors. The below Fig 1.19 shown thetransportation application of IoT.

Fig. 1.19. Transportation: IoT Application

1.3.11. IoT — Education ApplicationsIoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery, business, and healthcare. It customizesand enhances education by allowing optimization of all content and forms of delivery. It enables educatorsto give focus to individuals and their method. It also reduces costs and labor of education through automationof common tasks outside of the actual education process.

IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery,business and healthcare. It customizes and enhances education byallowing optimization of all content and forms of delivery. It enableseducators to give focus to individuals and their method. It alsoreduces costs and labor of education through automation of commontasks outside of the actual education process. Some of IoT -educationapplications are:

1. Education Organizations. Education organizations typicallysuffer from limited funding, labor issues, and poor attention to actualeducation. They, unlike other organizations, commonly lack or avoidanalytics due to their funding issues and the belief that analytics donot apply to their industry. IoT not only provides valuable insight,but it also democratizes that information through low-cost, low-power small devices, which still offer high performance. Thistechnology aids in managing costs, improving the quality ofeducation, professional development, and facility managementimprovement through rich examinations of key areas:

(a) Student response, performance and behavior

(b) Instructor response, performance and behavior

KEY POINTS . . . . . What is IoT in transportation?

l At every layer of transportation, IoTprovides improved communication,control, and data distribution. Theseapplications include personal vehicles,commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs,and other equipment.

How the Internet of Things is improvingtransportation and logistics?

l Implementing the right IoT solutioncan allow enterprises to connect allof their mobile devices across acentralized cloud network andcapture and share their mission-criticaldata.

KEY POINTS . . . . .What is IoT in transportation?

l At every layer of transportation, IoTprovides improved communication,control, and data distribution. Theseapplications include personal vehicles,commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs,and other equipment.

How the Internet of Things is improvingtransportation and logistics?

l Implementing the right IoT solutioncan allow enterprises to connect allof their mobile devices across acentralized cloud network andcapture and share their mission-criticaldata.

How is IoT used in agriculture?

l In IoT-based smart farming, a systemis built for monitoring the crop fieldwith the help of sensors (light,humidity, temperature, soil moisture,etc.) and automating the irrigationsystem. The farmers can monitor thefield conditions from anywhere.



(c) Facility monitoring and maintenance

(d) Data from other facilities

(e) Educators

2. Educators. IoT provides instructors with easy access to powerful educational tools. Educators can useIoT to perform as a one-on-one instructor providing specific instructional designs for each pupil; forexample, using data to determine the most effective supplements for each student, and auto generatingcontent from lesson materials on-demand for any student.

3. Personalized education. IoT facilitates the customization of education to give every student access towhat they need. Each student can control their experience and participate in instructional design, andmuch of this happens passively. The student simply utilizes the system, and performance data primarilyshapes their design. This combined with organizational and educator optimization delivers highly effectiveeducation while reducing costs.

1.3.12. IoT ? Government ApplicationsIoT supports the development of smart nations and smart cities. This includes enhancement of infrastructurepreviously discussed (e.g., healthcare, energy, transportation, etc.), defense and also the engineering andmaintenance of communities. Some of government application are:

1. City Planning and Management. Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the oftencomplex aspects of city planning and management. IoT simplifies examining various factors such aspopulation growth, zoning, mapping, water supply, transportation patterns, food supply, social services,and land use.

2. Creating Jobs. IoT offers thorough economic analysis. It makes previous blind spots visible andsupports better economic monitoring and modeling. It analyzes industry and the marketplace to spotopportunities for growth and barriers.

3. National Defense. National threats prove diverse and complicated. IoT augments armed forces systemsand services, and offers the sophistication necessary to manage the landscape of national defense. Itsupports better protection of borders through inexpensive, high performance devices for rich control andobservation.

1.3.13. IoT Smart Agriculture ApplicationAnother important domain for IoT is the agriculture domain where IoT system plays vital role for soil andcrop monitoring and provides a proper solution accordingly. Using smart farming through IoT technologieshelps farmer to reduce waste generation and increase the productivity. There are several IoT technologiesavailable that work on agriculture domain. Some of them are:

1. Drones for field monitoring

2. Sensor for soil monitoring

3. Water pump for water sully

4. Machines for routine operation



POINTS TO REMEMBER1. The Internet of Things definition: Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are

linked through wired and wireless networks.

2. There are a number of similar concepts but Internet of Things is by far the most popular termto describe this phenomenon

3. M2M or the Industrial internet are not opposing concepts to the Internet of Things. Rather,they are sub-segments.

4. IoT is a network of physical objects.

5. The internet is not only a network of computers but it has evolved into a network of deviceof all type and sizes. They are vehicles, smart phones, home appliances, toys, cameras,medical instruments and industrial systems, animals, people and buildings.

6. The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace,with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service

7. John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet.

8. The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G whichbecame widely accepted

9. Gartner the market research company includes "The Internet of Things" technology in theirresearch

10. The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, activeengagement, and small device

11. The IoT industry to flourish there are five categories of challenges to overcome and this istrue for any new trend in technology not only IoT: technology, business, society, privacy andstandard.

12. The most important and efficient application that stands out every time is smart home rankingas highest IOT application on all channels

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS1. IoT is a network of ……… physical objects In IoT devices are connected to:

I. Communicating II. Sharing InformationIII For achieving smart reorganization IV. Real time monitoring(A) I only (B) II only(C) All of the above (D) None of these

2. We can define Internet of things is an internet of three things as:(A) People to people, People to machine or things, Things or machine to things or machine.(B) Business to Business(C) Server to server(D) Customer to customer.

3. Artificial Intelligence is embedded in IoT for:(A) Little and no human intervention (B) To make them look beautiful(C) For internet connectivity (D) For making their size small



4. IoT devices and systems may have the capability to ………..with the changing contexts:(A) Dynamically adapt (B) Manually(C) Depending upon hardware state (D) Dynamically and manually both

5. Which of the following is not feature of IoT?(A) Heterogeneity (B) Self Adapting(C) Enormous Scale (D) No requirement of network or interconnection

6. Which of the following are not Technological Challenges?(A) Security (B) Connectivity(C) Compatibility (D) Regulatory Standards

7. We rely on the centralized, server/client paradigm to(A) Authentication (B) Security(C) Unique Identity (D) Security

8. Which of the following is not the category of IoT based on usage and client base?(A) Consumer IoT (B) Commercial IoT(C) Industrial IoT (D) All of the above

9. Which of the following are advantages of IoT(A) Technical Optimization (B) Improved data collection(C) Improved customer engagement (D) All of the above

10. All the collected data in IoT is sent to a(A) cloud infrastructure (B) dedicated memory for each node(C) some node share memory on cluster bases(D) There is no need of memory

11. Which of the following is application of IoT in the area of health:(A) Smart homes (B) Connected Health(C) Smart Farming (D) Industrial Internet

12. Which of the following is not related to IoT ? smart city applications:(A) Residential E-meters (B) Smart street lights(C) Pipeline leak detection (D) Traffic control(E) All of the above

FILL IN THE BLANKS1. . …………and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through networks……………..,

often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet.

2. Term IoT was coined by…………

3. IoT would not be possible without …………which will detect or measure any changes in theenvironment to generate data.

4. Mostly interaction between different connected technologies happens through…………engagementwhereas IoT introduce concept of…………engagement.

5. IoT can be divided into…………categories based on usage and client base.

6. …………are a key component that helps you to collect live data from the surrounding environment



7. Important component of IoT are Artificial Intelligence, sensors, …………………and devices.

8. …………are not opposing concepts to the Internet of Things. Rather, they are sub-segments.

9. …………the market research company includes "The Internet of Things" technology in their research

ANSWERSMultiple Choice Questions

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (D)6. (D) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (A)

11. (B) 12. (E)

Fill in the Blanks1. Sensors wired and wireless 2. Kevin Ashton3. Sensors 4. Passive, active5. Three 6. Sensors or devices7. Active Engagement 8. or the Industrial internet9. Gartner

UNSOLVED QUESTIONS1. Explain Internet of Things (IoT) with example.

2. What is Internet of Things (IoT). What are components required to design IoT Device and whichdevice we called IoT device explain with example.

3. Give brief overview of IoT. Explain the vision of IoT.

4. What are different challenges of IoT? Explain with example.

5. What are different components required for IoT device?

6. What is Machine to Machine communication (M2M)?

7. Explain different Characteristics of IoT.

8. What effect will the internet of things (IoT) have on our daily lives? Explain with any one exampleof smart device.

9. What are different business and research opportunities for IoT?

10. Explain the different applications of IoT.

11. Describe the different advantages and disadvantages of IoT.

12. Write a short note on following:(a) Artificial Intelligence(b) Sensors(c) IoT ? Smart Home Applications(d) IoT ? Smart City Applications(e) IoT ? Smart Grids Applications(f) IoT ? Connected Health (Digital Health) Applications(g) IoT ? Smart Retail Applications(h) IoT ? Energy Applications(i) IoT - Transportation Application

internet of things(iot) by thakur and pathania

Education

o introduction to internet of things iot o definition of iot o history of iot o characteristics of iot o challenges of iot o advantages of iot o disadvantages iot o working of iot in brief o applications of iot