Internet of Things- connecting everything.

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IntroductionKevin Ashton, World Economic Forum [1999] - “ Today's information technology is so dependent on data, originated by people that our computers know more about ideas than things.

If we had computers that knew everything about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost.

We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past their best.

The Internet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as the Internet did. Ideas and information are important, but things matter much more. ”

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Need and Implementation

- The IoT can be seen as billions of connected “things”, (a sort of “universal global neural network” in the cloud) comprised of smart machines interacting and communicating with other machines, people or environment.

- According to Cisco by 2020, there be 50 billion active Smart devices connected to the Web, reaching a market of over 7 trillion dollars.

- Huge volumes of data will be generated and processed into useful actions that can “command and control” things to make lives much easier and safer, reducing our impact on environment.

- It can be implemented with RFIDs/WSNs, Mobile Networks with Event driven/Data driven architecture.

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Framework of IoT mindfiresolutions

Features- It is an overlay on internet of computers (machine to machine networks)

- A universal identity GUID [Global Unique Identification] for each and every device.

- It can be an ubiquitous computing platform connecting the physical objects to the living beings to the internet.

- Every object will have its digital copy in the cloud which can only be accessed by its respective owners.

- Loose coupling within space, time and synchronization.

- Communication is triggered on change of state of the connected devices.

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Features [Contd.]- Smart devices with a microcontroller to process data and sensors/communication processors to keep a track of online devices and push/pull information to/from them.

- Embedded OS or Real Time Operating Systems to run the devices

- Semantic middleware to deal with the heterogeneity of the devices and to allow the creation of self-managed systems

- Semantic Web Approach to build relationships between data. Store Web data in Semantic links and discover data with Semantic query.

- Context Aware Services based on Ambient Intelligence with Bluetooth Low Energy, Sensors, Biometrics or RFIDs.

- Cloud storage & Big Data to store and analyse the data, changes in state, logs of devices.

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Knowledge Hierarchy of IoTs mindfiresolutions

An abstract design of IoTsmindfiresolutions

EcoSystem Mapping

- People using devices in the EcoSystem- Person 1, Person 2, Person 3

- Devices frequently used by the above people- Smartphone, Tablet, Laptop, PC, Smart TV, Thermostat, Fitness Band, Car

- Services used on the above devices by people- Streaming Media, Cloud Locker, Internet Radio/Audio, Social Media, Google Maps

EcoSystem MappingDevices based on the frequency of access by the Person

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EcoSystem MappingSensors which provide data about the Person

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EcoSystem MappingServices available for the devices

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EcoSystem Mapping mindfiresolutions

Relationship between the devices

Functional View of IoTs - Event driven - In response to a physical event by a person or by an object. - Data Driven - Responses are generated on Cloud Data Analytics when a threshold is reached.

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Example:mindfiresolutions

Device Identification- IPv6 can be used for identification. They are well-defined sequence of 32 hex digits grouped into chunks of 8-4-4-4-12. This gives us 2^128 or about 10^38 numbers/identifiers. [GUID creator]

- RFID[ Radio frequency Identification ] is based on radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data and for identification & tracking of tags attached to objects.

- Digital Watermarking is a way of embedding noise-tolerant signal such as audio or image data in a carrier signal. Digital watermarks may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners.

- Object Name Service [ONS] developed by GS1 enables the objects using GS1 identification keys to be located via Internet.

- UDI (Unique Device Identification) consisting of Device Identifier (DI) and Product Identifier (PI)

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Naming Schemes mindfiresolutions

Project/ Architecture Naming Scheme Method(s) Applied to make the Identifier

IPv6 URI hierarchy identifier, encoding additional Information

Global IP Protocol AAID (Address Access Identifier)

encoding additional Information

GS1 GS1 Identification Keys random data, encoding additional information

SWE (Sensor Web Enablement)

Sensor UID encoding additional information

IoT@Work Name of a node within a namespace

hierarchy identifier, encoding additional information

NDN (Named Data Networking)

Name of the data hierarchy identifier, encoding additional information, cryptographic operations

Mobility First GUID encoding additional information, cryptographic operations

Middle Layer Architecture- In a ubiquitous computing environment, it is not possible to impose standards and make everyone comply. Middleware offers common services for applications and eases application development and also provides transparency in the application layer.

- Pub/Sub (Publish/Subscribe) Systems are designed to deliver events from a publishing source to clients asynchronously, which means that the interacting objects need not know each other.

- Programming Languages Approach: Spatial Views is a language extension to Java that is designed for resource constrained

devices in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). Devices providing the same services and residing in the same location are collectively represented as a spatial view. The language runtime takes care of discovery, communication and migration of computations amongst nodes.

Many-to-Many Invocation (M2MI) enables building applications that run in MANETs (Mobile ad-hoc Networks) and provides language abstractions for broadcasting messages to multiple devices. Messages are broadcasted to objects of a specified type, within a defined communication range. But it can only be applied to small applications like chat and printer services.

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Networks- Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of distributed autonomous sensors to monitor

physical and environmental conditions based on sensor nodes which are sent to a centralized system for analytics and monitoring. It consists of :

WSN hardware - Typically a node consists of sensor interfaces, processing units, transceiver units and power supply. Modern sensor nodes can even communicate using one frequency band.

WSN communication stack - The nodes are deployed in an ad-hoc manner for most applications. Designing an appropriate topology, routing and MAC layer is critical for scalability and longevity of the deployed network.

Middleware - It is a combination of cyber infrastructure with a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and sensor networks to provide access to heterogeneous sensor resources in an independent manner.

Secure Data aggregation - An efficient and secure data aggregation method is required for extending the lifetime of the network as well as ensuring reliable data collected from sensors.

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Data Storage & Analytics- Cloud computing will enable end-to-end service provisioning for businesses and users to access applications on demand from anywhere. It can also offer Infrastructures, Platforms or Software as a service where the full potential of human creativity can be utilized.

Automatic management of clouds for hosting and delivering IoT services as SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) applications will be the integrating platform of the Future Internet.

To manage SaaS applications on a large scale, the Platform as a Service (PaaS) layer needs to coordinate with the cloud without impacting the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the application.

This coordination requires the PaaS layer to support autonomic management capabilities, required to handle the scheduling of applications and provisioning of resource such that the user QoS requirements are satisfied.

Therefore the cloud centric architecture can be used best where cost based services are required.

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Growth of Applications mindfiresolutions

Applications- The GeoWeb and Digital Earth are promising applications which could help to organise the physical objects based on their location.

- Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms, monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones.

- Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and old age homes.Measurement of UV sun rays to warn people not to be exposed in certain hours.

- Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources. Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.

- Study of weather conditions in fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes. Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources required in the green.

- Information collection & sending real time alarms to emergencies or provide advice to drivers.

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Applications [Contd.]- Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety. Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control.

- Control of rotation of products in shelves and warehouses to automate restocking processes.

- Getting advices in the point of sale according to customer habits, preferences, presence of allergenic components for them or expiring dates.

- Distributed measurement of radiation levels in nuclear power stations surroundings to generate leakage alerts in power plants.

- Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions and predict earthquakes.

- Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking routes.

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Drawbacks- According to Hewlett-Packard 70% of the Internet of things are Hackable.

- Lack of standards to handle the Middleware.Various interfaces in different devices could make our life difficult and could take considerable time to adjust.

- The IoT could lead to users being continuously monitored by health devices, traffic management, security controls and other sensors, therefore leaving no room for privacy.

- Over-relying on technology on a daily basis, making decisions by the information from it could lead to devastation. No system is robust and can have severe repercussions when it crashes.

- The automation of IoT will have a critical impact on the employment prospects of less-educated workers and could largely devastating to society as a whole.

- Complete Autonomy in some hands is definitely not commendable.

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Conclusion- The proliferation (growth) of devices with communicating- actuating capabilities is bringing closer the vision of an Internet of Things.

- Middleware which is still being standardised will play a crucial role in keeping the applications on resource-constrained devices optimized and providing a seamless experience for the solution developers as well as the end user.

- With the help of Internet of Things engineers and scientists are transforming cities into living organisms where everything is interconnected. Example: Songdo International Business District (SIBD), South Korea

- Though the Internet of Things had a slow start compared to its predecessor(Internet), it will play a very important role in the way we interact with our environment. So, as long as the privacy of users is preserved, it could act as a boon for this Tech-savvy generation, else it could be just another necessary evil which can neither be accepted holistically nor be rejected of its existence.

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Questions?

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Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X13000241

http://www.academia.edu/285681/Third_International_DisCoTec_Workshop_on_Context-Aware_Adaptation_Mechanisms_for_Pervasive_and_Ubiquitous_Services_CAMPUS_2010_

http://www.freescale.com/files/32bit/doc/white_paper/INTOTHNGSWP.pdf

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ftp/iot_name/index.html

http://mobilityfirst.winlab.rutgers.edu/documents/IoT_SoS_paper_final_4.12.pdf

http://www.raritan.com/blog/detail/the-internet-of-things-will-make-a-dcim-solution-a-necessity

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Thanks!- Ansuraj Khadanga

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