INTERNETOFµTHINGS,NANOTHINGS&BIO-NANOTHINGS

I.F.AKYILDIZ

KenByersChairProfessorinTelecommunicationsGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology

SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineeringBWN(BroadbandWirelessNetworking)Lab

Atlanta,GA30332,USAhttp://bwn.ece.gatech.edu

IFA’2017 TUNIS

INTERNETOFTHINGS

n InterconnectionofThingsorObjectsorMachines,

e.g.,sensors,actuators,mobilephones,electronicdevices,homeappliances,anyexistingitems

andinteractwitheachotherviaInternet

2

KevinAshton, “TheInternetofThings”,Procter&Gamble,1999.L.Atzori,A.Iera,G.Morabito,”TheInternetofThings:ASurvey”,ComputerNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,Oct.2010.

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THINGSCONNECTED:COMMUNICATEDBETWEENPHYSICALWORLDANDINFORMATIONWORLD

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ROUGHMARKETSIZE

nCurrentInternet– 700Millionhosts– 1.4Billionusers

n InternetofThingshasthepotentialforasizeinTrillions

n 5GSystems:BillionsofPeople/TrillionsofThings

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INTERNETOFTHINGS:PERSPECTIVE

AnyTIME

AnyTHING

AnyPLACE• HumantoHuman(H2H)• HumantoThing(H2T)• ThingtoThing(T2T)

• Outdoors• Indoors• OntheMove

• OntheMove• OutdoorsandIndoors• NightsandDaytime

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MAJORCHARACTERISTICS

n VeryLargeScale

n Heterogeneity

n PervasivityComputingandcommunicationtechnologieswillbeembeddedinourenvironments

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APPLICATIONSOFIOT

Network

Biosensors

PublicPlacesHomes

RegionalOffices

VirtualEnvironments

Transportation&Vehicles

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IOT APPLICATIONS

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APPLICATIONOFIOT:SHOPPING

Whenshoppinginthemarket,thegoodswillintroducethemselves.

Whenenteringthedoors,scannerswillidentifythetagsonherclothing.

Whenpayingforthegoods,themicrochipofthecreditcardwillcommunicatewithcheckoutreader.

Whenmovingthegoods,thereaderwilltellthestafftoputanewone.

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APPLICATIONOFIOT:HEALTHCARE

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n NationalHealthInformationNetwork

n ElectronicPatientRecord

n HomeCare:MonitoringandControl

n OperatingRoomoftheFuture

n ProgressinBioinformatics

n TrackingforHealthcare(trackingpatients)

n PatientandStaffIdentificationandAuthentication

n MedicalDataCollection

APPLICATIONOFIOT:HEALTHCARE

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APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTENVIRONMENTDOMAIN

* ComfortableHomesandOffices(IoT isagreentechnology!)

• SmartIndustrialPlants

• SmartEntertainmentEnvironments(gym)

• SmartSchools

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APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTHOME

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APPLICATIONOFIOT:SMARTHOME

• EnergyManagement

• In-houseentertainmentControl

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ApplicationofIoT:Transportation

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• Savelivesandproperty• Reduceemissionsand• Cutcommutingtimeandeffort

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SCVGateway

Tetheredconnection

InternalWiFi

ExternalWiFi

DSRC802.11p

(Multiple)3G,4G/LTE

Bluetooth

ApplicationofIoT:Transportation

1.3GB/h

SATELLITE

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ApplicationofIoT:MonitoringtheEnvironment

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4LAYERSMODELOFIOT

SmartLogistic SmartGrid GreenBuilding SmartTransport Env.Monitor

DataCenter SearchEngine SmartDecision Info.Security DataMining

WWAN

WPAN

WMAN

WLAN

Internet

GPS SmartDevice RFID Sensor Sensor

IntegratedApplication

InformationProcessing

NetworkConstruction

SensingandIdentification

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RECENTIOT PRODUCTS

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IOT PLATFORMSONTHEMARKET

n GEPredixn CiscoIoT Cloudn IBMWatsonIoTn PTCThingWorx

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n ITservices(businessconsulting)àMajorDriver

n IoT drivesdemandforDATAANALYTICS:Datamustbemanaged,integratedandanalyzed

n IoT drivesdemandforCLOUDCOMPUTING

n IoT dataà DATABROKERIoT generateddataisbought,analyzedandsolde.g.,IBMbuysTheWeatherCompanydata

n InteroperabilityProblems

n Security 21

IOT TRENDSTOWATCHINTHEFUTURE

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RESEARCHCHALLENGES

n Scalabilityn Handledatageneratedby50billiondevicesnMovecloudservicestoedgeofthenetwork(FogComputing)n Reducedatatobestored(ProcessingandStorage)n Standardizationn Interoperabilityn InterfacestoCLOUDserversmustbestandardizedn PowerConsumptionProblem(EnergyHarvesting)n SDN/NFVBasedIoT

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IFA’2017

IOT CONNECTIVITYCOMPETITIVELANDSCAPE

Range(m)

DataRate

1 10 100 1000 5000

100bps

10kbps

100kbps

1Mbps

10Mbps

802.15.4

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IFA’2017

Current3GPPStandardizationforIoT

eMTC•NB-IoT

EC-GSMRelease13

CategoryMdeviceforLTE

NarrowbandIoT

ExtendedCoverageGSM

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IFA’2017

SCALINGTOCONNECTTHEINTERNETOFTHINGS

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eMTC (Cat-M1)Upto1Mbps1.4MHznarrowband

NB-IoT (Cat-M2)10sofkbpsto100sofkbps180kHznarrowband

LTECat-1Upto10Mbps20MHz

LTEAdvanced>10Mbpsnx20MHz

ScalingdownincomplexityandpowerScalingupinperformanceandmobility

LTE Advanced(Today+) LTEIoT (Release13+)

Significantlywideningtherangeofenterpriseandconsumerusecases

ConnectedHealthcare

Mobile

VideoSecurity

Wearables

ObjectTracking

UtilityMetering

SmartBuildings

CityInfrastructureEnvironment

Monitoring

ConnectedCar

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5GIOT:EXPECTEDDESIGNTARGETS

MassiveNumberofdevices

ExtendedBatteryLife

ExtendedCoverage

HighDataRate

Ultra-lowlatency

Very-highreliability

10-100xmoredevices

10yearbatterylife

Upto10Gbps

Under1mslatency

<10-7 packeterrorrate

Release133GPPIoT

>20dBcoverageextension

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1.ATOMICGPS(C-SCANà Chip-ScaleAtomicNavigationQuASARà QuantumAssistedSensing)

2.TerahertzFrequencyElectronics;Meta-materials;DevicesandCommunications

3.AVirusShieldfortheInternetof Things(TheHighAssuranceCyberMilitarySystemsprogram,orHACMS)

4.RapidThreat Assessment

LESSON:DARPANEWS(2014):4DARPAPROJECTSBIGGERTHANTHEINTERNET

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ENABLINGTECHNOLOGIESOFIOT

RFID Sensor SmartTech NanoTech

TaggingThings:

Toidentifyandtrackthedataofthings

SensingThings:

Tocollectandprocessthedatatodetectthechangesinthephysicalstatusofthings

ThinkingThings:

BuildintelligenceattheNWborder

ShrinkingThings:

Tomakethesmallerthingswiththeabilitytoconnectandinteract.

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SCIENTIFICAMERICA:TOP10EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIESOF2016

nInternetofThingsgoesNANO

nhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/report/the-top-10-emerging-technologies-of-2016

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CURRENTIOTENABLINGTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEIRLIMITATIONS

nRFIDTags:– Smallsize,donothaveabattery,but…– Noprocessing,datastoringorsensingcapabilities.

nMicro-Sensor-ActuatorNetworks:– Someprocessinganddatastoragecapabilities,but…– LargeSizes;HighEnergyLimitations;LimitedSensingCapabilities;- OperationandMaintenanceCumbersome

CANWEDOBETTER???30

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NANO-THINGS

nMuchsmaller

n Lesspowerhungry+self-powered

n Abletodosomeprocessing+datastorage

nMoresensitive(enablingmoreapplications)

n Newnanosensingcapabilities

HOWCANWECREATETHESENANO-THINGS???

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

n Enablesthecontrolofmatteratanatomicandmolecularscale:

– Atthisscale,nanomaterialsshownewproperties notobservedatthemicroscopiclevel

– Objective:Exploittheseproperties&developnewdevicesandapplications

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1 nm

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DESIGNOFNANO-THINGS

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NanomaterialBasedDesign

Nano-Processor

Nano-AntennaNano-EM

Transceiver

Nanosensors

Nano-Memory

Nano-Power Unit6 μm

2 μm

1 μm

Bio-inspiredDesign

Nano-Processor

Nanosensors

Nano-Memory

6 μm

2 μm

100 nm

Nano-Battery

Nano-Antennas

Nano-Transceiver

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DESIGNOFNANO-THINGS

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NANOMATERIAL:GRAPHENE

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<1nm

nAone-atom-thickplanarsheetofbondedcarbonatomsinahoneycombcrystallattice:

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GRAPHENEINVENTORS

n2010NobelPrizeinPhysics

– AndreGeimandKonstantinNovoselov

– Distinguishedfor“groundbreakingexperimentsregardingthetwo-dimensionalmaterialgraphene”

LaureatesoftheNobelPrizeinPhysics

(2010)

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NANOMATERIALS:CARBONNANOTUBES&GRAPHENENANORIBBONS&FULLERENES

n GrapheneNanoribbons(GNR):a thinstripofgraphenen CarbonNanotubes(CNT):rolledgraphenen BuckyBalls:a graphenesphere

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<50nm 1-50nm

CNTGNR BuckyBall

>5nm

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GRAPHENE

n First2Dcrystaleverknown (Only1atomthick!!!)

n World’sthinnestandlightestmaterial

n World’sstrongestmaterial– e.g.,harderthandiamond,300timesstrongerthansteel

n Bendable

n Conductselectricitymuchbetterthanfiberandcopper

n Transparentmaterial

n Verygoodsensingcapabilities

àEnableaplethoraofnewapplicationsfordevicetechnologyatthenanoscaleandalsoatlargerscales:– e.g.,processors,memories,batteries,antennas,tx,sensors,etc

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Nano-antenna Nano-transceiver Nano-processor

Nanosensors Nano-memory Nano-battery

Energynano-harvester

Nano-actuators

1-10μm

1-10μm

DESIGNOFNANO-THINGSI.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,“ElectromagneticWirelessNanosensor Networks,”NanoCommunicationNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,March2010.

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NANO-SENSINGUNIT

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PhysicalNanosensor

ChemicalNanosensor

BiologicalNanosensor

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NANO-POWERGENERATOR(OTHERNANO-MATERIALS?)

ZincOxidenanowirescanbeusedforvibrationalenergyharvestingsystemsinnano-devices

Highdensityarrayofnanowiresusedinpiezoelectricnano-generators

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NANO-PROCESSOR

- 32nmor20nmtransistortechnologyexistingalready!(e.g.,IBM,Qualcomm,Samsung)…– World’ssmallesttransistor(2008)isbasedonagraphenenanoribbonjust1atomx10atoms(1nmtransistor)

– Operatingfrequencycloseto1THz(comparetofewGHzincurrentsilicontransistors)

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GrapheneTransistor

~1nm

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NANO-MEMORY

n Singleatommemories:Storeabitinasingleatom

–RichardFeynmandefinedthembackin1959!l Inhisexample,5x5x5atomswereusedtostoreabitandto

avoidinter-atominterference– 125atomsperbit– DNAuses32atomsperbit

– Example:l Goldnano-memories

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Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

• PropagationModeling

• Noise• Capacity

Analysis• Interference• Measurement

§ Modulation§ Errorcontrol§ EnergyModeling§ MassiveMIMO§ Synchronization§ ChannelAccess

TERANETS(FORMERLYGRANET;2009-2013):GRAPHENEBASEDNANOSCALECOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSINTHZBANDNSF;2013-2016;2016-2019

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Nano-Antennas Nano-Transceivers

Terahertz ChannelModeling

CommunicationMechanisms

ProofofConcept:Experimentalone-to-onelink

Objectives:*Toprovethefeasibilityofgraphene-enabledEMcommunication*ToestablishthetheoreticalfoundationsforEMnanonetworks

Nano-Batteries

Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

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TERAHERTZBANDPLASMONIC FRONT-ENDJ.M.Jornet andI.F.Akyildiz,“Graphene-basedPlasmonic Nano-antennasforTHzBandCommunicationinNanonetworks,”IEEEJSAC,Dec.2013. Patent,March2013applied;March2017granted.I.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,"Graphene-basedPlasmonic Nano-transceiverforWirelessCommunicationintheTHzBand,”Patent,Dec.2013applied;July2016granted

n Firstfully-integratedTHzBandfront-endn Mostcompacttransceiver+antennaexistingtodate!!!

– PrototypecurrentlybeingdevelopedatSUNYBuffalo

45Nano-antenna

Nano-transceiver

EM Wave

SPP Wave

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INTEGRATIONOF NANO-COMPONENTS

Research Challenge!!!à DNAScaffolding

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OverbodyNano-Things

ConsumerElectronicDevices

“OtherNano-Things”

Internet

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I.F.AkyildizandJ.M.Jornet,”TheInternetofNano-Things,”IEEEWirelessCommunicationsMagazine,2010.

INTERNETOFNANOTHINGS

IFA’2017 TUNIS

APPLICATION:WIRELESS ON-CHIPCOMMUNICATION

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S. Abadal, E. Alarcon, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, M. C. Lemme, M. Nemirovsky,”Graphene-Enabled Wireless Communication for Massive Multicore Architectures”,IEEE Communications Magazine, 2013

Wirelesson-chipnetworksbyusingplanarnano-antennastocreateultra-high-speedlinks

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Nanosensors

ConsumerElectronicDevices

APPLICATION:CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICALATTACKPREVENTION

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NOMAN’SLAND!!!

TERAHERTZBAND

IFA'15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency[THz]

50

EVERYBODY

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APPLICATION:WIRELESSULTRAHIGHSPEEDINDOORNETWORKS

Tbps-LinkTbps-Link

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– Instantaneoustransferofhigh-volumestoragedatabetweenconsumerdevices

– Multimediakiosks

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Tbps-LinkTbps-Link

APPLICATION:WIRELESSHIGH-VOLUMESTORAGETRANSFERS

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Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

• PropagationModeling

• Noise• Capacity

Analysis• Interference• Measurement

§ Modulation§ Errorcontrol§ EnergyModeling§ MassiveMIMO§ Synchronization§ ChannelAccess

TERANETS(FORMERLYGRANET;2009-2013):GRAPHENEBASEDNANOSCALECOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSINTHZBANDNSF;2013-2016;2016-2019

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Nano-Antennas Nano-Transceivers

Terahertz ChannelModeling

CommunicationMechanisms

ProofofConcept:Experimentalone-to-onelink

Objectives:*Toprovethefeasibilityofgraphene-enabledEMcommunication*ToestablishthetheoreticalfoundationsforEMnanonetworks

Nano-Batteries

Design&Modeling

Fabrication

ExperimentalMeasurement

IFA’2017 TUNIS

TERAHERTZCHANNEL

nDevelopedpathlossandnoisemodelsforEMcommunicationsinthe

(0.1-10THz)bandbymeansofradiativetransfertheory

n Proposeddifferentpower allocationschemesandcomputedthe

channelcapacityasafunctionofdistanceandchannelcomposition

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J.M.Jornet andI.F.Akyildiz,"ChannelModelingandCapacityAnalysisofEMWirelessNanonetworksintheTHzBand”,IEEETrans.onWirelessCommunications,Oct.2011.ShorterversioninProc.ofIEEEICC,CapeTown,SouthAfrica,May2010.

IFA’2017 TUNIS

TOTALPATHLOSS

Frequency [THz]

Dis

tanc

e

Standard Atmosphere (1% H2O)

2 4 6 8 101mm

1m

1km

0

50

100

150

Wecancertainlynotgofurther

Thealmostabsenceofmoleculesinshortdistancesdoessimplifyeverythingintheshortrange

Forthemiddlerange,thereareseveralwindowsTENSOFGIGAHERTZSWIDE.Canweexploitthis?

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IFA’2017 TUNIS

WHATDIDWELEARN?

nTerahertzchannelhasastrongdependenceon– Transmissiondistance– Mediummolecularcomposition

nMainfactoraffectingtheperformance– Presenceofwatervapormolecules

nIncrediblyhuge BWsforshortranges(<1m):– 100Tbpsratesarefeasible

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n Anewmodulationschemebasedontheexchangeoffemtosecond-longpulsesspreadintime:

TS-OOK(TimeSpreadOn/OffKeyingMechanism)

NEWMODULATIONTECHNIQUE&CAPACITYANALYSISJ.M.JornetandI.F.Akyildiz,“Femtosecond-longPulse-basedModulationforTHzBandCommunicationinNanonetworks”,IEEETr.onCommunications,May2014.ShorterforminProc.of IEEESECON,June2011.

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TIMESPREADON-OFFKEYING

“1” “1” “1” “1”“0” “0” “0”

TS TP

… …

Alogical“1”isencodedwithapulse:*Pulselength:Tp=100fs*Pulseenergy:<1pJ !!!

Alogical“0”isencodedwithsilence:*Ideallynoenergyisconsumed!!!*Afteraninitializationpreamble,silenceisinterpretedas0s

Pulsesarespreadintimetosimplifythetransceiverarchitecture…

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WHATDIDWELEARN?

n Capacityismaximizedwhen“more0sthan1s”aretransmitted:

– Bybeingsilent,absorptionnoiseandinterferencearereduced– Newcodingschemesthatexploitthisresultshouldbedeveloped!

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VALIDATION:ONE-TO-ONELINKEMULATION

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Transmitter

Antenna Channel Antenna

Receiver

Modulation

Coding

Demodulation

Decoding

MAC MAC

Energy

Energy

MATLAB

COMSOL

1)MATLAB2)COMSOL

n Emulationplatformtovalidatetheproposedsolutions:

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ULTRAMASSIVEMIMOENABLEDBYPLASMONICANTENNAARRAYS

Verylargeantennaarrayswiththousandsofelements(1024)inaverysmallfootprint(afewmillimeters)!!!

– Metamaterialsfor0.05-1THz– Graphenefor1-10THz(andabove)

I.F.Akyildiz andJ.M.Jornet,“RealizingUltra-MassiveMIMO(1024by1024)CommunicationintheTerahertzBand(0.06-10THz),”NanoCommunicationNetworks(Elsevier)Journal,March2016.PatentappliedinMarch2016.

61

Combattingthetransmissiondistanceproblem:

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PLASMONIC ANTENNAARRAY

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λspp/2

Plasmonic antenna

λspp

λ

1 2 3 4 N-3 N-2 N-1 N

Graphene/Metamaterial

DielectricGround plane

1-10 mm

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FURTHERRESEARCHCHALLENGES

n AddressingProblem

n Multihop MACProtocol

n Synchronization

n Equalization

n Newroutingmetrics

n Reliabletransportprotocol(end-to-endQoS requirements)

nNetworkAssociationandServiceDiscoverynSecuritynAuthenticationnDataIntegrity

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–THzbandisstillnotregulatedIEEE802.15(WPAN)TerahertzInterestGroup(IG-thz)(300GHzto3THz)http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/IGthz.html

- ANewIEEEStandardizationGroupcreatedfor100Gbpsin2014.

STANDARDIZATON

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InternetofBio-NanoThings

I.F.AKYILDIZ,M.PIEROBON,S.BALASUBRAMANIAM,Y.KOUCHERYAVY,

"THEINTERNETOFBIO-NANOTHINGS”,

IEEECOMMUNICATIONSMAGAZINE,MARCH2015.

IFA’2017 TUNIS

INTERNETOFBIO-NANOTHINGS

nCellsarenanoscale-precisebiological machines

nTheycommunicate andinteract/cooperate

66EukaryoticCellTissue

EukaryoticCell

BacteriaPopulation

ProkaryoticCell

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CELLSASBIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES

NucleusandRibosomes=BiologicalMemoryandProcessor

Mitochondria=BiologicalBattery

GapJunctions=MolecularTransmitters

Chemicalreceptors=BiologicalSensors/MolecularRx 67

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BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES:BIOLOGICALBATTERY

Mitochondriaobtainenergybycombining:

andsynthesizing:

à AdenosineTriPhosphate orATP

– Glucose– AminoAcids– FattyAcids– Oxygen

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BACTERIA-BASEDNANOMACHINES

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DNAinNucleoidandPlasmids=Nano-Memory/Processor

CellMembrane=Nano-PowerUnit

Flagellum=Nano-Actuator

Proteinreceptor=Nano-Receivers

Ribosomes=Nano-TransmittersPili

=Nano-Sensors/Actuators

SensingFunction Communication

Functions

ActuationFunction

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EukaryoticCells

ProkaryoticCells

Molecules (Proteins,Ions,Hormones)

Molecules (e.g.,AutoinducerexchangeforQuorumSensing)

TxRx

Tx/Rx

Rx/TxRx

Tx

ConjugationConjugation

Chemotaxis

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BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES:COMMUNICATIONTHROUGHMOLECULES

Molecules (DNAplasmids)

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BIOLOGICALNANOMACHINES

nCanwecreateman-madebiologicalnanomachines(Bio-NanoThings)?

à YES!!!

Cellscanbe“reprogrammed”viaDNAmanipulation(geneticengineering)

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BIO-NANOTHINGS APPLICATIONS:ADVANCEDHEALTHSYSTEMS

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Cancer Monitoring Network

InterconnectedIntrabodyNanonetworks

HeartMonitoringNetwork

BloodSugarMonitoringNetwork

Alzheimer,Epilepsy,DepressionMonitoring

Networks

GlucoseMonitoringNano-sensors

InterfacewithExternalNetworks

BrainCellsMonitoringNetworks

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TARGETEDDRUGDELIVERY

73

Y.Chahibi,M.Pierobon,S.O.Song,andI.F.Akyildiz“MolecularCommunicationModelingofaParticulateDrugDeliverySystem”IEEETr.onBiomedicalEngineering,2013.

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BIO-NANOTHINGS:LONG-TERMAPPLICATION

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n Bacteria-basedSensorNetworkintheGastrointestinalTract

Nanosensor/Actuator/TransceiverEngineeredBacteria

BacteriaPopulation

BacteriaMotionbyChemotaxis

PropagationofMolecularSignal

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MOLECULARCOMMUNICATION

ShortRange(nmtoµm)

MediumRange(µmtomm)

LongRange(mmtom)

MolecularMotors

CalciumIons

Bacteria

(Chemotaxis)Pheremones

andHormones

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VeryShortRange(nm)

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NOBELPRIZEINCHEMISTRY2016

76

”forthedesignandsynthesisofmolecularmotors”

Jean-PierreSauvageUniversityofStrasbourg

France

SirJ.FraserStoddartNorthwesternUniversity

USA

BernardL.FeringaUniversityofGroningen

TheNetherlands

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MEDIUMRANGEMOLECULARCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHBACTERIALCHEMOTAXISM.Gregori andI.F.Akyildiz,"ANewNanoNetwork ArchitectureusingFlagellatedBacteriaand CatalyticNanomotors” ,IEEEJSAC(JournalofSelectedAreasinCommunications),May2010.

– Bacteriaaremicroorganismscomposedonlybyoneprokaryoticcell– Flagellumallowsthemtoconvertchemicalenergyintomotion– 4and10flagella(movedbyrotarymotors,fuelledbychemicalcompounds)– Approximately2µm longand1µm indiameter.

Rx

ConjugationConjugation

Chemotaxis

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MEDIUMRANGEMOLECULARCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHBACTERIALCHEMOTAXIS

78

Tx Rx

RX releaseschemicalattractantto“guide”thebacteriumuntilitobtainstheinformation

TX insertstheinformation(plasmid)inthebacterium(conjugation)

ChemicalAttractant

Plasmid

Bacterium movesinaseriesofruns andtumbles

< 1 mm

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NSFMONACO PROJECTI.F.Akyildiz,F.Fekri,C.R.Forest,B.K.Hammer,andR.Sivakumar,“MONACO:FundamentalsofMolecularNano-CommunicationNetworks,’’IEEEWirelessCommunicationsMagazine,October2012.

nNSFFunding:– $3Min4years(2012-2016)– 5PIsinwirelesscommunicationandnetworks,biology andmicrofluidicengineering

nProjectwebpage:http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/monaco/index.html

This material isbased upon worksupported by theNational ScienceFoundation underGrant No. 1110947

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MONACOTEAM(2012AND2016)

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NSFMONACO PROJECT:SPECIFICOUTCOMES

81

CommunicationModels

Simulation(NS-3)

NetworkArchitectureandProtocols

PhysicalExperiments

Generic

BacteriaCase

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ENDTOENDMODEL(2NODES)M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“APhysicalEndtoEndModelforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEEJSAC(JournalofSelectedAreasinCommunications),May2010.

82

ChemicalReceptor

DiffusingMolecules

Emissionrateattransmitter

Concentrationatreceiver

Inputsignal

Outputsignal

EmissionProcess

ReceptionProcess

DiffusionProcess

nAttenuation– Ashighas150dBin50µmdistance

nDelay– Intherangeofsecondsper50µm

IFA’2017 TUNIS

* M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“Diffusion-basedNoiseAnalysisforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEETr.onSignalProcessing,June2011.

*M.Pierobon,andI.F.Akyildiz,“NoiseAnalysisinLigand-bindingReceptionforMolecularCommunicationinNanonetworks,’’IEEETr.onSignalProcessing,Sept.2011.

End-to-EndMolecularCommunication

Transmitter Propagation Receiver

83

NOISEMODELS

Inputsignal

Outputsignal

Emission Process

Reception Process

Diffusion Process

Counting Noise

Sampling Noise

Ligand-receptor Kinetic Noise

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n Foundanalyticalclosed-formexpressionofthetheoreticalmaximumachievablerate(capacity)in[bits/sec]

n FocusontheDiffusionProcesspropagation

84

INFORMATIONCAPACITYM.PierobonandI.F.Akyildiz,“CapacityofaDiffusion-basedMolecularCommunicationSystemwithChannelMemoryandMolecularNoise,”IEEETr.onInformationTheory,Feb.2013.(ShorterversionappearedinProc.ofIEEEINFOCOM2011).

Inputsignal

Outputsignal

EmissionProcess

ReceptionProcess

ChannelMemory CountingNoise

DiffusionProcess

Persistencyofemittedmoleculesinthespace GeneratedbyMoleculessubjecttoBrownianmotion

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n Theoreticalupperboundofthecommunicationperformanceofadiffusion-basedmolecularcommunication

85

C = 2W 1+ log22PH

3WKbT⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟− 2 log2 πDd( )− 4d

3ln2πWD

+

−2W4PHRVR9W 2dKbT

+ 2W ln WRVRD

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟+

−2W ln Γ4PHRVR9W 2dKbT

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

⎛

⎝⎜⎞

⎠⎟+

−2W 1−4PHRVR9W 2dKbT

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ψ

4PHRVR9W 2dKbT

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

Fick’sDiffusion

MoleculeLocationDisplacement

Variables

DiffusivityTemperatureTransmissionrangeBandwidthTransmissionpowerReceiverradius

INFORMATIONCAPACITY

DT

dW

PH

RVR

KB = Boltzmann's constantΓ(.) = Gamma function

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tInput

tOutput

Source0,1,1,0,0,1…DestinationTRANSMITTER

CHANNEL

RECEIVER

0,1,1,0,0,1…

VALIDATIONPLATFORM

§ Analyze thechannelandinformationcapacity

§ Design informationencoding/decodingtechniques,andmodulationschemes

First Annual Report CNS-1110947 MoNaCo: Fundamentals of Molecular Nano-Communication Networks

(a) PDMS Device (b) Flow paths (c) Dimensioned schematic

Figure 82: Design of the microfluidic validation platform for the receiver bacteria. (a) shows the PDMS blockon a glass coverslip. (b) shows the microfluidic channels, the bacteria chamber, and the fluid port configuration.(c) shows the dimensions of the flow channel and the bacteria chamber.

(a) Immediately after seeding (b) 11 hours after seeding

(c) Fluorescence immediately afterseeding

(d) Fluorescence 11 hours afterseeding

Figure 83: (a) and (b) are white light images of the growth in the bacteria chamber and (c) and (d) are fluores-cence microscope images showing the fluorescence due to GFP production.

134

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CalciumSignaling

Bacteria Communication

MolecularMotors

HormonesInternet

HealthcareProvider

Bio-CyberInterface

INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS:I.F. AKYILDIZ, M. PIEROBON, S. BALASUBRAMANIAM, Y. KOUCHERYAVY, "THE INTERNET OF BIO-NANOTHINGS”, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE, MARCH 2015

Objective:To interconnect the heterogeneous Bio-NanoThing Networks to the Internet

Neurons

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CalciumSignaling

BacteriaCommunication

MolecularMotors

Hormones

HETEROGENEOUS BIO-NANOTHINGS NETWORK

Challengen Translatinginformationbetweenthe

differentBio-NanoThings networks.

Approachn DesignArtificialcells fortranslating

betweendifferentmoleculetypes.

ArtificialCells(Gateway)

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BIO-CYBERINTERFACE:EMNANOMACHINE GATEWAYSWITHGRAPHENE

MCReceiver

ProcessingUnit

EMAntenna

Battery

Hormones,calciumions,

etc.EMWaves

n Graphene-basedsensorsforbiologicaldetectionofMCsignalsn Graphene-basedtransistorsforinformationprocessingn Graphene–basedplasmonic nano-antenna

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EngineeredCell

ElectronicTattoo

BIO-CYBERINTERFACE:ELECTRONICTATTOO

n Integratedcircuitwithwirelessinterfacetattooed ontheskin

n Sensesbio-chemicalinformationfromcellsontheepidermis,sweatglands,ornervousterminations.

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FURTHER CHALLENGES

Security nEmergence of new forms of terrorism:

Bio-cyber terrorism that utilize IoBNT

– Interacts and hacks the biological environment

– Steal personal health information

– Create new disease to disrupt legitimate Bio-NanoThing networks

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FURTHER CHALLENGES

Localization and Tracking

nDesign of Bio-NanoThings to cooperatively:

– Monitor disease locations (e.g., follow biomarkers from cancer cells)

– Identification of toxic agents within the environment

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FURTHER CHALLENGES

Interconnecting IoBNT to IoNT to µIoT

* Interconnection will:– Escalate “Big Data” to a new level.

– Require new services to semantically map data from IoBNT and IoNT to IoT.

– Require new service discovery required to search deep into the biological environment to collect information.