International Water Supply International Water Supply and Sanitation Development: and Sanitation Development:

Goals and ChallengesGoals and Challenges

Eric S. HershEric S. HershCE397CE397

October 11, 2005October 11, 2005

(National Geographic, 2003)

the challengethe challenge 2000 world population: 6.1 billion2000 world population: 6.1 billion

Water SupplyWater Supply Sanitation Sanitation

1.1

5

2.6

3.5

without access,

in billions

(81%) (57%)

(WHO, 2000)

UN Millennium AssemblyUN Millennium Assembly

September 2000, New YorkSeptember 2000, New York

(B.Liu, Princeton, 2004)

Millennium Development GoalsMillennium Development Goals

1. poverty and hunger1. poverty and hunger

2. primary education2. primary education

3. gender equality3. gender equality

4. child mortality4. child mortality

5. maternal health5. maternal health

6. HIV/AIDS, malaria, diseases6. HIV/AIDS, malaria, diseases

7. environmental sustainability7. environmental sustainability

8. development partnerships8. development partnerships

Goal 7, Target 10Goal 7, Target 10

““Reduce by half the proportion of people without Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water…” sustainable access to safe drinking water…”

(UN (UN MDGs)MDGs)

“…“…and basic sanitation.”and basic sanitation.”

(WSSD, Johannesburg, (WSSD, Johannesburg, 2002)2002)

WSS as a preconditionWSS as a precondition

1. poverty and hunger1. poverty and hunger 2. primary education2. primary education 3. gender equality3. gender equality 4. child mortality4. child mortality 5. maternal health5. maternal health 6. HIV/AIDS, malaria, diseases6. HIV/AIDS, malaria, diseases 7. environmental sustainability7. environmental sustainability 8. development partnerships8. development partnerships

some definitionssome definitions

““sustainable access to safe drinking water”sustainable access to safe drinking water” lack of WQ data to define ‘safe’lack of WQ data to define ‘safe’ indicator: indicator: reasonable accessreasonable access to an to an improved sourceimproved source

““sustainable accesssustainable access to to improved sanitationimproved sanitation””

some definitionssome definitions

““sustainable access to safe sustainable access to safe drinking water”drinking water” lack of WQ data to define ‘safe’lack of WQ data to define ‘safe’ indicator: indicator: reasonable accessreasonable access to to

an an improved sourceimproved source

““sustainable accesssustainable access to to improved sanitationimproved sanitation”” (AusAID)

what does it take?what does it take?

$$ Official Development AssistanceOfficial Development Assistance 0.7% GNP (magic number)0.7% GNP (magic number)

• 1970 UN General Assembly, 2002 Monterrey, 2002 WSSD1970 UN General Assembly, 2002 Monterrey, 2002 WSSD

implementationimplementation educationeducation pro-poor entitiespro-poor entities

a thought experimenta thought experiment

extreme poverty: < $1/dayextreme poverty: < $1/day

in 2001, 1.1 billion peoplein 2001, 1.1 billion people

$113 per capita per year below: $113 per capita per year below: $124 billion$124 billion

~0.6% of GDP~0.6% of GDP

World Bank revision: World Bank revision: $25 billion$25 billion

2001 aid: $46 billion2001 aid: $46 billion

by Jeffrey Sachs, PhDby Jeffrey Sachs, PhD

So, poverty gap is filled, right?So, poverty gap is filled, right?

why not?why not?

If action were measured in words rather than If action were measured in words rather than dollars, then the problems of development dollars, then the problems of development finance would have been solved long ago.finance would have been solved long ago.

-UN University -UN University World Institute for Development World Institute for Development

Economics Research, 2005Economics Research, 2005

0.16%0.25%

(OECD, 2005)

cost of MDGscost of MDGs

20062006 $135 billion$135 billion 0.44%0.44%

20152015 $195 billion$195 billion 0.54%0.54%

20042004 $80 billion$80 billion 0.25%0.25%

WSS: $100 billion for 2001-2015WSS: $100 billion for 2001-2015 $6.7 billion per year$6.7 billion per year

UN Millennium Project, 2005UN Millennium Project, 2005

MDG challengesMDG challenges

population growthpopulation growth

absorptive capacity of least developed countriesabsorptive capacity of least developed countries

pro-poor entitiespro-poor entities

debt and disaster reliefdebt and disaster relief

““tied” aidtied” aid

rural and urban slum populationsrural and urban slum populations

traditional water supply and traditional water supply and sanitation challengessanitation challenges

high capital investmenthigh capital investment

long payback periodlong payback period

low rate of returnlow rate of return

foreign exchange riskforeign exchange risk

non-transferable assetsnon-transferable assets(CU Denver, 2000)

financial and technical capacity of responsible financial and technical capacity of responsible agencyagency

regulatory and political uncertaintyregulatory and political uncertainty

new paradigmnew paradigm capacity-buildingcapacity-building community involvement and community involvement and

ownershipownership educationeducation untied aiduntied aid

(Water for People, 2004)

(Kenya Water for Health Organization, 2004)

MDG progressMDG progress water supplywater supply

1990 to 2002: 77% to 83%1990 to 2002: 77% to 83% India, 1990 to 2002: 68% to 86%India, 1990 to 2002: 68% to 86%

sanitationsanitation 1990 to 2002: 55% to 58%1990 to 2002: 55% to 58%

ODAODA 0.23% in 2002, 0.25% in 20040.23% in 2002, 0.25% in 2004 16 countries pledged to meet 0.7% by 201516 countries pledged to meet 0.7% by 2015 32% tied in 1990, 8% tied in 200332% tied in 1990, 8% tied in 2003

(WHO/UNICEF, OECD, 2005)

MDG progress, 2005MDG progress, 2005

(UN, September 2005)

MDG outlookMDG outlook

With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa, theWith the exception of sub-Saharan Africa, theworld is well on its way to meeting the drinkingworld is well on its way to meeting the drinkingwater target by 2015…water target by 2015…

……but progress in sanitation is stalled but progress in sanitation is stalled in many developing regions.in many developing regions.

-WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring -WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply Programme on Water Supply

and Sanitation, 2004and Sanitation, 2004

questions for discussionquestions for discussion

1.1. Are the MDGs realistic and practical? Is an increase in Official Are the MDGs realistic and practical? Is an increase in Official Development Assistance to 0.7% simply the answer to meeting Development Assistance to 0.7% simply the answer to meeting them?them?

2.2. For the current case of limited ODA, should water supply and For the current case of limited ODA, should water supply and sanitation be priorities? Does the return, as measured in sanitation be priorities? Does the return, as measured in improvements to the human condition, benefits to the receiving improvements to the human condition, benefits to the receiving nation, or financial return to the donor(s) justify the expenditure?nation, or financial return to the donor(s) justify the expenditure?

3.3. Are you willing to pay 70 cents on every 100 dollars you earn per Are you willing to pay 70 cents on every 100 dollars you earn per year to eradicate extreme poverty and improve the human year to eradicate extreme poverty and improve the human

condition worldwide?condition worldwide?